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1 00:00:14,492 00:00:15,841 Previously on "The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen.." Previously on "The Men Who Built America: Frontiersmen.."
2 00:00:23,110 00:00:26,896 Brave pioneers like Daniel Boone Brave pioneers like Daniel Boone
3 00:00:26,939 00:00:28,941 blazed a trail into the wilderness.. blazed a trail into the wilderness..
4 00:00:31,683 00:00:34,077 ...moving west to fulfill a dream. ...moving west to fulfill a dream.
5 00:00:40,301 00:00:42,651 They fought to forge a new nation.. They fought to forge a new nation..
6 00:00:44,740 00:00:46,829 ...the United States of America. ...the United States of America.
7 00:00:49,223 00:00:52,922 Now, the young country Now, the young country
8 00:00:52,965 00:00:55,620 must hold its ground to survive. must hold its ground to survive.
9 00:01:06,196 00:01:11,767 Whoa-oa-oa whoa-oa-oa Whoa-oa-oa whoa-oa-oa
10 00:02:08,389 00:02:11,174 The American Revolution has been over for nine years.. The American Revolution has been over for nine years..
11 00:02:14,264 00:02:17,398 ...but the frontier remains a war zone. ...but the frontier remains a war zone.
12 00:02:34,154 00:02:36,199 Like other Native American leaders Like other Native American leaders
13 00:02:36,243 00:02:38,462 Shawnee war-chief, Tecumseh Shawnee war-chief, Tecumseh
14 00:02:38,506 00:02:40,682 has watched thousands of pioneers has watched thousands of pioneers
15 00:02:40,725 00:02:42,597 surge into his homeland. surge into his homeland.
16 00:02:43,946 00:02:46,035 And now he's fighting back. And now he's fighting back.
17 00:02:49,647 00:02:52,259 The Americans continued to push the frontier. The Americans continued to push the frontier.
18 00:02:52,302 00:02:54,435 The pressure was on the Indians The pressure was on the Indians
19 00:02:54,478 00:02:56,785 to move and get out of the way. to move and get out of the way.
20 00:02:56,828 00:02:59,353 The frontiersmen were out there trying to scrape out The frontiersmen were out there trying to scrape out
21 00:02:59,396 00:03:02,138 a living trying to get rich, taking land. a living trying to get rich, taking land.
22 00:03:02,182 00:03:04,662 The Indians did what any person does The Indians did what any person does
23 00:03:04,706 00:03:06,969 to defend your homeland and your life. to defend your homeland and your life.
24 00:03:57,498 00:03:59,543 The Shawnee are one of over 20 tribes The Shawnee are one of over 20 tribes
25 00:03:59,587 00:04:00,675 in the Ohio Territory.. in the Ohio Territory..
26 00:04:04,679 00:04:06,594 ...part of the area surrendered by the British ...part of the area surrendered by the British
27 00:04:06,637 00:04:08,335 in the Treaty of Paris in the Treaty of Paris
28 00:04:08,378 00:04:11,163 which ended the American Revolution. which ended the American Revolution.
29 00:04:11,207 00:04:12,904 But it's land that Native Americans But it's land that Native Americans
30 00:04:12,948 00:04:15,907 have claimed for generations. have claimed for generations.
31 00:04:15,951 00:04:17,518 The key provision of the Treaty of Paris The key provision of the Treaty of Paris
32 00:04:17,561 00:04:20,347 is that the British have to leave the Midwest is that the British have to leave the Midwest
33 00:04:20,390 00:04:22,697 giving this huge territory giving this huge territory
34 00:04:22,740 00:04:26,048 over to the Americans. over to the Americans.
35 00:04:26,091 00:04:28,442 But you still have, of course, the Native American tribes But you still have, of course, the Native American tribes
36 00:04:28,485 00:04:30,531 who were not party to the treaty who were not party to the treaty
37 00:04:30,574 00:04:33,664 and who were not about to just accept all these Americans and who were not about to just accept all these Americans
38 00:04:33,708 00:04:35,623 flooding over the Appalachian Mountains. flooding over the Appalachian Mountains.
39 00:04:44,196 00:04:47,591 Tecumseh spent his whole life fighting American expansion. Tecumseh spent his whole life fighting American expansion.
40 00:04:50,420 00:04:53,336 He was raised by legendary Shawnee warrior He was raised by legendary Shawnee warrior
41 00:04:53,380 00:04:56,861 Chief Blackfish, who died fighting as a British ally Chief Blackfish, who died fighting as a British ally
42 00:04:56,905 00:04:58,167 during the Revolution. during the Revolution.
43 00:05:01,388 00:05:04,739 Tecumseh's childhood was nothing short of traumatic. Tecumseh's childhood was nothing short of traumatic.
44 00:05:09,744 00:05:12,529 In the attacks by whites In the attacks by whites
45 00:05:12,573 00:05:15,532 he lost his father and his infant brother he lost his father and his infant brother
46 00:05:15,576 00:05:17,404 at a very early age. at a very early age.
47 00:05:20,711 00:05:22,713 He was constantly moving He was constantly moving
48 00:05:22,757 00:05:25,716 to try to avoid attack. to try to avoid attack.
49 00:05:31,592 00:05:35,726 At the age of ten, he was taken in to Blackfish's family At the age of ten, he was taken in to Blackfish's family
50 00:05:35,770 00:05:37,772 and treated as a foster son. and treated as a foster son.
51 00:05:43,168 00:05:45,214 And then the loss of Blackfish And then the loss of Blackfish
52 00:05:45,257 00:05:47,434 was the loss of yet another father figure was the loss of yet another father figure
53 00:05:47,477 00:05:49,740 and yet another hero. and yet another hero.
54 00:05:54,615 00:05:57,879 Determined to force settlers out of Ohio Determined to force settlers out of Ohio
55 00:05:57,922 00:06:01,361 Tecumseh joins warriors from over a dozen tribes Tecumseh joins warriors from over a dozen tribes
56 00:06:01,404 00:06:03,537 in guerilla attacks along the frontier. in guerilla attacks along the frontier.
57 00:06:04,929 00:06:06,583 Over the next year Over the next year
58 00:06:06,627 00:06:08,542 2500 Americans are killed. 2500 Americans are killed.
59 00:06:11,719 00:06:14,417 In one attack alone, Native American warriors In one attack alone, Native American warriors
60 00:06:14,461 00:06:17,072 wipe out 1000 local militiamen. wipe out 1000 local militiamen.
61 00:06:18,247 00:06:20,292 Native people see Native people see
62 00:06:20,336 00:06:24,601 the United States as weak, militarily. the United States as weak, militarily.
63 00:06:24,645 00:06:27,691 In native people's minds, they could defeat the Americans In native people's minds, they could defeat the Americans
64 00:06:27,735 00:06:30,215 and take control of Ohio again. and take control of Ohio again.
65 00:06:32,261 00:06:34,437 By 1793 By 1793
66 00:06:34,481 00:06:37,919 the flow of settlers grinds to a halt the flow of settlers grinds to a halt
67 00:06:37,962 00:06:40,661 creating a crisis in the nation's capital. creating a crisis in the nation's capital.
68 00:06:51,933 00:06:55,806 President George Washington is starting his second term President George Washington is starting his second term
69 00:06:55,850 00:06:59,201 and the government owes over 75 million dollars and the government owes over 75 million dollars
70 00:06:59,244 00:07:01,943 to France, Spain and the Netherlands.. to France, Spain and the Netherlands..
71 00:07:01,986 00:07:05,903 ...nations that helped finance the Revolutionary War. ...nations that helped finance the Revolutionary War.
72 00:07:05,947 00:07:07,862 Washington's plan to pay it off Washington's plan to pay it off
73 00:07:07,905 00:07:12,040 hinges on settlers buying frontier land. hinges on settlers buying frontier land.
74 00:07:12,083 00:07:14,782 Each acre costs one dollar Each acre costs one dollar
75 00:07:14,825 00:07:16,000 and the government has and the government has
76 00:07:16,044 00:07:20,744 a 160 million acres to sell. a 160 million acres to sell.
77 00:07:20,788 00:07:23,660 The only hope to get out of these massive debts The only hope to get out of these massive debts
78 00:07:23,704 00:07:26,968 is to sell those lands in the west. is to sell those lands in the west.
79 00:07:27,011 00:07:30,319 But, the Native American people there, uh, were not about But, the Native American people there, uh, were not about
80 00:07:30,362 00:07:32,887 to accept all these Americans flooding over the Appalachians. to accept all these Americans flooding over the Appalachians.
81 00:07:32,930 00:07:35,498 And they attack. And they attack.
82 00:07:35,542 00:07:37,979 Well, this now starts to inhibit Well, this now starts to inhibit
83 00:07:38,022 00:07:40,242 the sale of all these lands the sale of all these lands
84 00:07:40,285 00:07:41,678 that the federal government is counting on that the federal government is counting on
85 00:07:41,722 00:07:43,593 to balance their budget. to balance their budget.
86 00:07:47,945 00:07:50,905 Four years earlier, Washington commissioned Four years earlier, Washington commissioned
87 00:07:50,948 00:07:53,255 the nation's first professional army. the nation's first professional army.
88 00:07:55,649 00:07:59,435 Now he sends over 2000 troops to the Ohio Territory Now he sends over 2000 troops to the Ohio Territory
89 00:07:59,479 00:08:02,046 to crush Native American resistance to crush Native American resistance
90 00:08:02,090 00:08:05,572 and reopen the frontier to land sales. and reopen the frontier to land sales.
91 00:08:05,615 00:08:09,489 Washington recognizes that the bloodshed has to stop. Washington recognizes that the bloodshed has to stop.
92 00:08:09,532 00:08:11,491 It compels Washington to send troops It compels Washington to send troops
93 00:08:11,534 00:08:13,797 to provide a barrier of protection to provide a barrier of protection
94 00:08:13,841 00:08:15,756 for American settlers in the region for American settlers in the region
95 00:08:15,799 00:08:17,845 and, in some sense, to encourage people and, in some sense, to encourage people
96 00:08:17,888 00:08:19,847 to continue to move out into the frontier to continue to move out into the frontier
97 00:08:19,890 00:08:21,631 which everyone understood at that point which everyone understood at that point
98 00:08:21,675 00:08:23,459 would be the future of the United States. would be the future of the United States.
99 00:08:33,600 00:08:35,166 Among the army's officers Among the army's officers
100 00:08:35,210 00:08:37,473 is a man who will one day be president.. is a man who will one day be president..
101 00:08:39,344 00:08:42,260 ...William Henry Harrison. ...William Henry Harrison.
102 00:08:42,304 00:08:46,047 William Henry Harrison was a very ambitious man. William Henry Harrison was a very ambitious man.
103 00:08:46,090 00:08:50,225 And he saw the west as a stepping stone And he saw the west as a stepping stone
104 00:08:50,268 00:08:53,794 to reach national stature and leadership. to reach national stature and leadership.
105 00:08:58,015 00:09:01,105 One of Harrison's officers is a young lieutenant One of Harrison's officers is a young lieutenant
106 00:09:01,149 00:09:03,760 who in just 12 years will help lead one of who in just 12 years will help lead one of
107 00:09:03,804 00:09:06,720 the greatest expeditions in American history. the greatest expeditions in American history.
108 00:09:08,417 00:09:11,289 His name is William Clark. His name is William Clark.
109 00:09:11,333 00:09:14,684 His brother fought with Daniel Boone in the revolution His brother fought with Daniel Boone in the revolution
110 00:09:14,728 00:09:16,643 and now he's determined and now he's determined
111 00:09:16,686 00:09:20,255 to make a name for himself. to make a name for himself.
112 00:09:20,298 00:09:21,996 William Clark was the younger brother William Clark was the younger brother
113 00:09:22,039 00:09:24,955 of a very famous man, George Rogers Clark. of a very famous man, George Rogers Clark.
114 00:09:24,999 00:09:28,176 George Rogers Clark had played this really important role George Rogers Clark had played this really important role
115 00:09:28,219 00:09:31,527 in America's successful Revolutionary War in the west. in America's successful Revolutionary War in the west.
116 00:09:31,571 00:09:34,399 All of his life, William had been comparing himself All of his life, William had been comparing himself
117 00:09:34,443 00:09:36,445 to his older and famous brother. to his older and famous brother.
118 00:09:36,488 00:09:39,143 He wanted to prove his own worth. He wanted to prove his own worth.
119 00:09:42,930 00:09:45,367 The army's mission is clear. The army's mission is clear.
120 00:09:45,410 00:09:47,587 Eradicate the Native American threat. Eradicate the Native American threat.
121 00:09:58,859 00:10:02,297 But the resistance has grown to 1500 warriors But the resistance has grown to 1500 warriors
122 00:10:02,340 00:10:05,474 from dozens of tribes.. from dozens of tribes..
123 00:10:05,517 00:10:08,042 ...including Tecumseh's Shawnee. ...including Tecumseh's Shawnee.
124 00:10:10,174 00:10:11,654 And they've been secretly tracking And they've been secretly tracking
125 00:10:11,698 00:10:13,438 the army through Ohio. the army through Ohio.
126 00:10:36,940 00:10:38,289 Return fire! Return fire!
127 00:11:02,009 00:11:05,534 Fall back! Fall back!
128 00:11:42,702 00:11:45,574 On the northwestern edge of modern-day Ohio.. On the northwestern edge of modern-day Ohio..
129 00:11:47,445 00:11:49,317 ...William Henry Harrison ...William Henry Harrison
130 00:11:49,360 00:11:52,363 and the US Army brigade sent by George Washington and the US Army brigade sent by George Washington
131 00:11:52,407 00:11:54,322 to secure the frontier to secure the frontier
132 00:11:54,365 00:11:56,628 are under a surprise attack are under a surprise attack
133 00:11:56,672 00:11:59,544 by native warriors, including Tecumseh. by native warriors, including Tecumseh.
134 00:12:02,373 00:12:03,679 Fall back! Fall back!
135 00:12:05,376 00:12:06,638 Fall back! Fall back!
136 00:12:20,087 00:12:21,741 Lieutenant William Clark Lieutenant William Clark
137 00:12:21,784 00:12:24,613 regroups his men for a counter strike. regroups his men for a counter strike.
138 00:12:25,745 00:12:26,963 Fix bayonets. Fix bayonets.
139 00:12:30,010 00:12:31,141 'On my command.' 'On my command.'
140 00:12:38,975 00:12:40,847 Charge! Charge!
141 00:12:56,471 00:12:57,472 Fire! Fire!
142 00:13:04,653 00:13:05,785 'Fire!' 'Fire!'
143 00:13:10,528 00:13:12,922 It's the largest US Army force It's the largest US Army force
144 00:13:12,966 00:13:16,752 Native Americans like Tecumseh have faced in battle. Native Americans like Tecumseh have faced in battle.
145 00:13:16,796 00:13:18,406 Fire! Fire!
146 00:13:18,449 00:13:20,582 It turns into a bloodbath. It turns into a bloodbath.
147 00:13:41,908 00:13:44,562 Overwhelmed and outnumbered Overwhelmed and outnumbered
148 00:13:44,606 00:13:46,869 the Native Americans retreat. the Native Americans retreat.
149 00:13:46,913 00:13:49,437 The battle was something of a turning point. The battle was something of a turning point.
150 00:13:49,480 00:13:53,354 The natives had a sense of hope. The natives had a sense of hope.
151 00:13:53,397 00:13:57,358 They believed that they were in a position of power They believed that they were in a position of power
152 00:13:57,401 00:14:00,361 in comparison to the US. in comparison to the US.
153 00:14:00,404 00:14:04,495 And here they realize that is not the case. And here they realize that is not the case.
154 00:14:04,539 00:14:06,628 The conflict will become known The conflict will become known
155 00:14:06,671 00:14:09,283 as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. as the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
156 00:14:09,326 00:14:12,547 And it changes the balance of power on the frontier. And it changes the balance of power on the frontier.
157 00:14:25,429 00:14:27,910 Within a year.. Within a year..
158 00:14:27,954 00:14:31,696 ...at Fort Greenville in western Ohio.. ...at Fort Greenville in western Ohio..
159 00:14:31,740 00:14:34,917 ...the victorious Harrison finalizes a peace treaty ...the victorious Harrison finalizes a peace treaty
160 00:14:34,961 00:14:36,484 with the Native American leaders. with the Native American leaders.
161 00:14:45,754 00:14:49,584 Convinced they can't defeat the powerful US Army Convinced they can't defeat the powerful US Army
162 00:14:49,627 00:14:52,108 over a dozen tribes surrender their lands over a dozen tribes surrender their lands
163 00:14:52,152 00:14:53,980 in the Ohio Territory.. in the Ohio Territory..
164 00:14:56,460 00:14:59,637 ...opening 25,000 square miles ...opening 25,000 square miles
165 00:14:59,681 00:15:01,509 to peaceful settlement. to peaceful settlement.
166 00:15:05,817 00:15:08,690 But some tribes refuse to accept defeat. But some tribes refuse to accept defeat.
167 00:15:13,434 00:15:16,611 Tecumseh did not sign the Treaty of Greenville Tecumseh did not sign the Treaty of Greenville
168 00:15:16,654 00:15:19,570 because this was the land, his home space because this was the land, his home space
169 00:15:19,614 00:15:21,007 that his people had always had that his people had always had
170 00:15:21,050 00:15:23,183 that his, his father gave his life for that his, his father gave his life for
171 00:15:23,226 00:15:25,011 that his older brother gave his life for. that his older brother gave his life for.
172 00:15:29,232 00:15:30,668 If he was going to sign with anything If he was going to sign with anything
173 00:15:30,712 00:15:32,235 he was gonna sign with his own blood. he was gonna sign with his own blood.
174 00:15:38,633 00:15:41,157 Tecumseh retreats beyond the Ohio River.. Tecumseh retreats beyond the Ohio River..
175 00:15:43,072 00:15:45,118 ...to plan his next move. ...to plan his next move.
176 00:15:51,951 00:15:53,474 Over the next decade.. Over the next decade..
177 00:15:55,128 00:15:57,434 ...42,000 pioneers ...42,000 pioneers
178 00:15:57,478 00:16:00,307 take advantage of the new-found peace take advantage of the new-found peace
179 00:16:00,350 00:16:04,615 streaming into modern-day Ohio and Indiana streaming into modern-day Ohio and Indiana
180 00:16:04,659 00:16:06,966 to carve out a new life on the frontier. to carve out a new life on the frontier.
181 00:16:12,232 00:16:14,625 The people that went to the frontier The people that went to the frontier
182 00:16:14,669 00:16:17,367 were people that wanted a new life. were people that wanted a new life.
183 00:16:17,411 00:16:18,716 They wanted to make some money. They wanted to make some money.
184 00:16:18,760 00:16:21,371 They wanted to get land. They wanted to get land.
185 00:16:21,415 00:16:24,418 One thing that characterizes this country One thing that characterizes this country
186 00:16:24,461 00:16:28,944 is that we like the idea of charting our own destiny is that we like the idea of charting our own destiny
187 00:16:28,988 00:16:31,991 and that was the frontier for so many Americans. and that was the frontier for so many Americans.
188 00:16:41,174 00:16:43,437 With the frontier seemingly at peace With the frontier seemingly at peace
189 00:16:43,480 00:16:45,482 many Americans feel confident. many Americans feel confident.
190 00:16:48,746 00:16:50,357 But in Washington But in Washington
191 00:16:50,400 00:16:52,794 newly-elected president, Thomas Jefferson newly-elected president, Thomas Jefferson
192 00:16:52,837 00:16:54,970 isn't convinced. isn't convinced.
193 00:16:55,014 00:16:56,885 He sees a young nation He sees a young nation
194 00:16:56,928 00:17:01,585 surrounded by powerful empires hungry for land. surrounded by powerful empires hungry for land.
195 00:17:01,629 00:17:05,198 France to the south, Spain to the southwest France to the south, Spain to the southwest
196 00:17:05,241 00:17:08,375 and the biggest threat of all, Great Britain to the north. and the biggest threat of all, Great Britain to the north.
197 00:17:11,639 00:17:14,207 When the British acknowledged American independence When the British acknowledged American independence
198 00:17:14,250 00:17:16,209 they did so with an understanding they did so with an understanding
199 00:17:16,252 00:17:18,863 that they still intended to be influential. that they still intended to be influential.
200 00:17:18,907 00:17:20,474 And they still had designs And they still had designs
201 00:17:20,517 00:17:22,128 on the western part of North America. on the western part of North America.
202 00:17:22,171 00:17:24,217 And they were very suspicious And they were very suspicious
203 00:17:24,260 00:17:27,698 of the emergence of the United States. of the emergence of the United States.
204 00:17:27,742 00:17:29,135 Jefferson believes there's only Jefferson believes there's only
205 00:17:29,178 00:17:30,875 one way to protect America. one way to protect America.
206 00:17:32,747 00:17:34,705 Expand. Expand.
207 00:17:34,749 00:17:36,011 Jefferson has a vision Jefferson has a vision
208 00:17:36,055 00:17:37,708 for the future of America. for the future of America.
209 00:17:37,752 00:17:39,623 And his idea is that And his idea is that
210 00:17:39,667 00:17:44,193 in order for America to be a free and independent country in order for America to be a free and independent country
211 00:17:44,237 00:17:46,587 it's gotta be a country of independent land owners. it's gotta be a country of independent land owners.
212 00:17:48,458 00:17:51,026 And in order for that to happen, it's gotta spread. And in order for that to happen, it's gotta spread.
213 00:17:54,290 00:17:57,989 When Jefferson looked west, he saw empty space. When Jefferson looked west, he saw empty space.
214 00:17:58,033 00:18:00,253 He saw a sort of blank slate. He saw a sort of blank slate.
215 00:18:00,296 00:18:02,168 He didn't want to share America He didn't want to share America
216 00:18:02,211 00:18:05,823 with old-world powers like France and Spain and Britain. with old-world powers like France and Spain and Britain.
217 00:18:05,867 00:18:08,130 So he wanted, effectively pave the way So he wanted, effectively pave the way
218 00:18:08,174 00:18:12,047 for America's control of the entire American continent for America's control of the entire American continent
219 00:18:12,091 00:18:13,570 between the Atlantic and the Pacific. between the Atlantic and the Pacific.
220 00:18:16,573 00:18:18,097 To realize his vision To realize his vision
221 00:18:18,140 00:18:20,099 Jefferson takes a huge risk. Jefferson takes a huge risk.
222 00:18:22,231 00:18:25,060 In the spring of 1803 In the spring of 1803
223 00:18:25,104 00:18:28,194 he secretly negotiates with Napoleon he secretly negotiates with Napoleon
224 00:18:28,237 00:18:30,500 to buy the French port of New Orleans. to buy the French port of New Orleans.
225 00:18:33,808 00:18:37,159 Jefferson understood that whoever controlled New Orleans Jefferson understood that whoever controlled New Orleans
226 00:18:37,203 00:18:38,987 controlled the Mississippi Valley. controlled the Mississippi Valley.
227 00:18:42,208 00:18:44,471 To his surprise, the French government said To his surprise, the French government said
228 00:18:44,514 00:18:46,255 "Why don't you take the rest of Louisiana?" "Why don't you take the rest of Louisiana?"
229 00:18:52,174 00:18:55,090 Jefferson had not gone out looking for Louisiana. Jefferson had not gone out looking for Louisiana.
230 00:18:55,134 00:18:57,179 Napoleon essentially dropped it in Jefferson's lap. Napoleon essentially dropped it in Jefferson's lap.
231 00:19:02,532 00:19:05,013 Known as the Louisiana Purchase Known as the Louisiana Purchase
232 00:19:05,056 00:19:08,669 this vast tract of land costs 15 million dollars. this vast tract of land costs 15 million dollars.
233 00:19:10,236 00:19:12,368 About 250 million today. About 250 million today.
234 00:19:15,893 00:19:18,722 It stretches from the Mississippi to the Rockies It stretches from the Mississippi to the Rockies
235 00:19:18,766 00:19:22,248 and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada
236 00:19:22,291 00:19:25,512 doubling America's size overnight. doubling America's size overnight.
237 00:19:25,555 00:19:29,733 The Louisiana Purchase was the greatest real-estate deal The Louisiana Purchase was the greatest real-estate deal
238 00:19:29,777 00:19:32,388 in the history of the world, not just in American history. in the history of the world, not just in American history.
239 00:19:34,608 00:19:37,959 And Thomas Jefferson had the boldness And Thomas Jefferson had the boldness
240 00:19:38,002 00:19:41,267 to run quickly and make that deal. to run quickly and make that deal.
241 00:19:44,966 00:19:46,881 But not everyone sees the value But not everyone sees the value
242 00:19:46,924 00:19:49,710 of the Louisiana Purchase. of the Louisiana Purchase.
243 00:19:49,753 00:19:52,756 Jefferson's enemies said, "The President is buying land Jefferson's enemies said, "The President is buying land
244 00:19:52,800 00:19:56,369 that we don't require, with money that we don't have." that we don't require, with money that we don't have."
245 00:19:56,412 00:19:58,588 But Jefferson realized two things But Jefferson realized two things
246 00:19:58,632 00:20:00,590 a great bargain when he saw it a great bargain when he saw it
247 00:20:00,634 00:20:04,246 and that this was probably the most important moment and that this was probably the most important moment
248 00:20:04,290 00:20:06,248 thus far in American history. thus far in American history.
249 00:20:08,294 00:20:09,556 The president has a plan The president has a plan
250 00:20:09,599 00:20:11,949 to prove his doubters wrong. to prove his doubters wrong.
251 00:20:11,993 00:20:13,777 He'll send an expedition He'll send an expedition
252 00:20:13,821 00:20:16,867 to explore the new land. to explore the new land.
253 00:20:16,911 00:20:18,608 But he won't stop there. But he won't stop there.
254 00:20:18,652 00:20:21,916 His goal is to go all the way to the Pacific His goal is to go all the way to the Pacific
255 00:20:21,959 00:20:25,876 and claim the western coast of the continent for America. and claim the western coast of the continent for America.
256 00:20:25,920 00:20:27,922 It took Jefferson, a man who never traveled It took Jefferson, a man who never traveled
257 00:20:27,965 00:20:30,664 more than 50 miles west of his birthplace more than 50 miles west of his birthplace
258 00:20:30,707 00:20:33,144 to have the vision to do this thing to have the vision to do this thing
259 00:20:33,188 00:20:35,669 and to create what he called an "Empire for Liberty." and to create what he called an "Empire for Liberty."
260 00:20:35,712 00:20:39,803 So this story is as important a foundation story So this story is as important a foundation story
261 00:20:39,847 00:20:42,415 of American greatness as any other story we have. of American greatness as any other story we have.
262 00:20:56,211 00:20:58,561 President Thomas Jefferson has to explore President Thomas Jefferson has to explore
263 00:20:58,605 00:21:02,696 over 800,000 square miles of newly-purchased land over 800,000 square miles of newly-purchased land
264 00:21:02,739 00:21:05,220 and find a trade route to the Pacific Ocean. and find a trade route to the Pacific Ocean.
265 00:21:06,787 00:21:08,441 To lead the mission To lead the mission
266 00:21:08,484 00:21:11,313 Jefferson turns to his most trusted aide Jefferson turns to his most trusted aide
267 00:21:11,357 00:21:15,012 an old family friend named Meriwether Lewis. an old family friend named Meriwether Lewis.
268 00:21:15,056 00:21:16,666 Send this out right away. Send this out right away.
269 00:21:19,452 00:21:22,759 Thomas Jefferson had known Meriwether Lewis' father. Thomas Jefferson had known Meriwether Lewis' father.
270 00:21:22,803 00:21:24,152 He had known Meriwether Lewis He had known Meriwether Lewis
271 00:21:24,195 00:21:26,807 since he was a child, practically. since he was a child, practically.
272 00:21:26,850 00:21:29,244 He served as President Thomas Jefferson's He served as President Thomas Jefferson's
273 00:21:29,288 00:21:32,334 private secretary for two years. private secretary for two years.
274 00:21:32,378 00:21:33,944 Thomas Jefferson knew Thomas Jefferson knew
275 00:21:33,988 00:21:36,382 Meriwether Lewis was a very intelligent person Meriwether Lewis was a very intelligent person
276 00:21:36,425 00:21:38,253 and he knew that Meriwether Lewis and he knew that Meriwether Lewis
277 00:21:38,297 00:21:41,169 would understand what his objectives were. would understand what his objectives were.
278 00:21:41,212 00:21:44,041 And he certainly expected him to carry those out. And he certainly expected him to carry those out.
279 00:21:47,175 00:21:49,873 For Lewis, it's the opportunity of a lifetime.. For Lewis, it's the opportunity of a lifetime..
280 00:21:51,875 00:21:55,270 ...one that comes despite a troubled past. ...one that comes despite a troubled past.
281 00:22:02,408 00:22:06,150 While serving in the army, a series of barroom brawls While serving in the army, a series of barroom brawls
282 00:22:06,194 00:22:08,283 earns young Lewis a court martial.. earns young Lewis a court martial..
283 00:22:11,417 00:22:14,898 ...and a transfer to a remote outpost in the Ohio Territory. ...and a transfer to a remote outpost in the Ohio Territory.
284 00:22:16,813 00:22:19,860 His commander, William Clark His commander, William Clark
285 00:22:19,903 00:22:22,689 a hero from the Battle of Fallen Timbers a hero from the Battle of Fallen Timbers
286 00:22:22,732 00:22:25,561 and a man who will alter the course of his life. and a man who will alter the course of his life.
287 00:22:46,539 00:22:47,801 I will not tolerate any fighting I will not tolerate any fighting
288 00:22:47,844 00:22:50,151 amongst the men under my command. amongst the men under my command.
289 00:22:50,194 00:22:52,240 Is that clear? Is that clear?
290 00:22:52,283 00:22:53,459 Yes, sir. Yes, sir.
291 00:22:55,112 00:22:56,244 You're dismissed. You're dismissed.
292 00:23:01,684 00:23:05,166 Lewis' father died when he was just a boy. Lewis' father died when he was just a boy.
293 00:23:05,209 00:23:06,863 It's possible to see Lewis It's possible to see Lewis
294 00:23:06,907 00:23:09,475 as searching for, perhaps, a father figure as searching for, perhaps, a father figure
295 00:23:09,518 00:23:12,565 or a figure of stability in his life. or a figure of stability in his life.
296 00:23:12,608 00:23:15,306 And I think Clark immediately recognized And I think Clark immediately recognized
297 00:23:15,350 00:23:18,571 that Lewis was extremely intelligent that Lewis was extremely intelligent
298 00:23:18,614 00:23:22,139 but that he also was troubled in some essential way. but that he also was troubled in some essential way.
299 00:23:24,751 00:23:28,842 Under Clark, Lewis learns structure and discipline Under Clark, Lewis learns structure and discipline
300 00:23:28,885 00:23:30,974 and he rises through the military ranks. and he rises through the military ranks.
301 00:23:33,499 00:23:36,023 By 1800, he's promoted to captain. By 1800, he's promoted to captain.
302 00:23:39,243 00:23:42,725 Clark had an enormous stabilizing effect Clark had an enormous stabilizing effect
303 00:23:42,769 00:23:44,553 on Meriwether Lewis. on Meriwether Lewis.
304 00:23:44,597 00:23:46,642 And from that moment on And from that moment on
305 00:23:46,686 00:23:49,471 they formed a-a very close friendship. they formed a-a very close friendship.
306 00:23:49,515 00:23:51,604 Clark was always the older brother Clark was always the older brother
307 00:23:51,647 00:23:53,040 who was doing what he could who was doing what he could
308 00:23:53,083 00:23:55,303 to calm down his mercurial friend to calm down his mercurial friend
309 00:23:55,346 00:23:58,393 and to keep him on task. and to keep him on task.
310 00:23:58,437 00:24:01,309 In 1801, Lewis is called to the White House. In 1801, Lewis is called to the White House.
311 00:24:06,662 00:24:09,099 Now, two years later Now, two years later
312 00:24:09,143 00:24:11,624 he prepares for the most ambitious expedition he prepares for the most ambitious expedition
313 00:24:11,667 00:24:14,322 in the young nation's history in the young nation's history
314 00:24:14,365 00:24:17,673 exploring the newly-acquired Louisiana Territory. exploring the newly-acquired Louisiana Territory.
315 00:24:21,068 00:24:23,766 The Missouri could possibly lead The Missouri could possibly lead
316 00:24:23,810 00:24:25,594 all the way to the western coast. all the way to the western coast.
317 00:24:25,638 00:24:26,813 Look. Look.
318 00:24:33,341 00:24:35,125 Lewis spends nearly a year Lewis spends nearly a year
319 00:24:35,169 00:24:37,301 learning everything he can about the frontier. learning everything he can about the frontier.
320 00:24:39,347 00:24:42,045 Jefferson has one of the world's best libraries Jefferson has one of the world's best libraries
321 00:24:42,089 00:24:44,221 and he gives Lewis a crash course and he gives Lewis a crash course
322 00:24:44,265 00:24:46,833 in geography and science. in geography and science.
323 00:24:46,876 00:24:50,227 Jefferson helped him to learn latitude and longitude. Jefferson helped him to learn latitude and longitude.
324 00:24:50,271 00:24:53,796 Lewis worked with America's most famous botanist. Lewis worked with America's most famous botanist.
325 00:24:53,840 00:24:56,059 He learned something about medicine. He learned something about medicine.
326 00:24:56,103 00:24:59,410 And so in the, in the course of a couple of months And so in the, in the course of a couple of months
327 00:24:59,454 00:25:02,109 Lewis got a smattering of all of the enlightenment arts Lewis got a smattering of all of the enlightenment arts
328 00:25:02,152 00:25:03,937 that an explorer ought to have. that an explorer ought to have.
329 00:25:07,549 00:25:09,595 But despite their preparations But despite their preparations
330 00:25:09,638 00:25:11,988 neither Lewis nor Jefferson can predict neither Lewis nor Jefferson can predict
331 00:25:12,032 00:25:15,731 what the expedition might face. what the expedition might face.
332 00:25:15,775 00:25:16,906 The middle part of the continent The middle part of the continent
333 00:25:16,950 00:25:19,039 was completely a blank map. was completely a blank map.
334 00:25:19,082 00:25:21,694 They didn't know what was out there. They didn't know what was out there.
335 00:25:21,737 00:25:24,348 No Americans, no Europeans No Americans, no Europeans
336 00:25:24,392 00:25:27,090 had been across that part of the continent. had been across that part of the continent.
337 00:25:27,134 00:25:30,093 And Jefferson, in fact, thought there were dinosaurs out there. And Jefferson, in fact, thought there were dinosaurs out there.
338 00:25:41,278 00:25:43,585 In May 1804 In May 1804
339 00:25:43,629 00:25:45,761 Lewis arrives in Missouri Lewis arrives in Missouri
340 00:25:45,805 00:25:48,808 the staging ground for his expedition the staging ground for his expedition
341 00:25:48,851 00:25:50,810 and is reunited with the mentor and is reunited with the mentor
342 00:25:50,853 00:25:52,638 he handpicked for the mission. he handpicked for the mission.
343 00:25:56,380 00:25:57,730 Captain Lewis. Captain Lewis.
344 00:25:59,470 00:26:00,863 Captain Clark. Captain Clark.
345 00:26:02,952 00:26:05,825 A pleasure to see you again. A pleasure to see you again.
346 00:26:05,868 00:26:09,829 Clark recognized that Lewis was a genius. Clark recognized that Lewis was a genius.
347 00:26:09,872 00:26:13,006 He was asked almost at the last minute to join Lewis. He was asked almost at the last minute to join Lewis.
348 00:26:13,049 00:26:15,138 He was quite happy to do so. He was quite happy to do so.
349 00:26:15,182 00:26:17,924 He wanted to be a part of the great, heroic crossing He wanted to be a part of the great, heroic crossing
350 00:26:17,967 00:26:19,099 of the continent. of the continent.
351 00:26:24,017 00:26:26,541 Careful, boys. Come on, two hands, two hands. Careful, boys. Come on, two hands, two hands.
352 00:26:27,847 00:26:31,894 There we go. Good. There we go. Good.
353 00:26:31,938 00:26:33,287 Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark
354 00:26:33,330 00:26:36,290 their strengths and strong qualities their strengths and strong qualities
355 00:26:36,333 00:26:37,508 complement each other. complement each other.
356 00:26:38,901 00:26:39,815 Alright. Alright.
357 00:26:41,687 00:26:43,776 There could not have been a better duo There could not have been a better duo
358 00:26:43,819 00:26:46,822 uniquely positioned to help lead America into that area. uniquely positioned to help lead America into that area.
359 00:26:52,654 00:26:56,179 Lewis and Clark will lead 45 men west Lewis and Clark will lead 45 men west
360 00:26:56,223 00:26:58,791 past the boundaries of known civilization. past the boundaries of known civilization.
361 00:27:00,706 00:27:02,403 They hope the Missouri River They hope the Missouri River
362 00:27:02,446 00:27:05,406 will connect directly to the Pacific Ocean will connect directly to the Pacific Ocean
363 00:27:05,449 00:27:07,495 but it's uncharted wilderness. but it's uncharted wilderness.
364 00:27:10,150 00:27:13,588 The map that Lewis and Clark took went to, like, St. Louis The map that Lewis and Clark took went to, like, St. Louis
365 00:27:13,632 00:27:15,590 and then was blank, blank, blank, blank, blank. and then was blank, blank, blank, blank, blank.
366 00:27:22,379 00:27:24,686 Move those to the front. Thank you. Move those to the front. Thank you.
367 00:27:24,730 00:27:27,428 Not knowing what dangers might lie ahead Not knowing what dangers might lie ahead
368 00:27:27,471 00:27:30,344 the expedition amasses the largest arsenal the expedition amasses the largest arsenal
369 00:27:30,387 00:27:32,302 the frontier has ever seen. the frontier has ever seen.
370 00:27:34,740 00:27:37,525 Let's make sure these stay dry. Let's make sure these stay dry.
371 00:27:37,568 00:27:40,441 It was as brilliantly planned an expedition It was as brilliantly planned an expedition
372 00:27:40,484 00:27:43,400 as has ever been mounted by anybody. as has ever been mounted by anybody.
373 00:27:43,444 00:27:47,796 They had weapons, gunpowder, ball, lead They had weapons, gunpowder, ball, lead
374 00:27:47,840 00:27:49,842 and they carried medicine. and they carried medicine.
375 00:27:51,931 00:27:54,194 The best estimate is that they were starting out The best estimate is that they were starting out
376 00:27:54,237 00:27:57,327 with about 60,000 pounds worth of gear. with about 60,000 pounds worth of gear.
377 00:27:59,852 00:28:02,506 On May 21st, 1804.. On May 21st, 1804..
378 00:28:04,770 00:28:08,121 ...Lewis and Clark begin their journey west. ...Lewis and Clark begin their journey west.
379 00:28:08,164 00:28:10,906 I mean, to try to make it I mean, to try to make it
380 00:28:10,950 00:28:12,908 all the way across our continent all the way across our continent
381 00:28:12,952 00:28:15,302 and get to the Pacific Ocean and get to the Pacific Ocean
382 00:28:15,345 00:28:18,131 is similar to what Neil and Buzz had is similar to what Neil and Buzz had
383 00:28:18,174 00:28:21,003 on Apollo 11, possibly.. on Apollo 11, possibly..
384 00:28:21,047 00:28:24,833 ...going, uh, all the way to the surface of the moon. ...going, uh, all the way to the surface of the moon.
385 00:28:24,877 00:28:28,358 Lewis and Clark have no idea what they'll find Lewis and Clark have no idea what they'll find
386 00:28:28,402 00:28:31,100 or if they'll make it back alive. or if they'll make it back alive.
387 00:28:43,591 00:28:46,246 President Thomas Jefferson has sent Lewis and Clark President Thomas Jefferson has sent Lewis and Clark
388 00:28:46,289 00:28:48,814 on a mission to explore the Louisiana Territory.. on a mission to explore the Louisiana Territory..
389 00:28:50,816 00:28:54,080 ...and find a route to the Pacific Ocean. ...and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.
390 00:28:54,123 00:28:57,387 If they succeed, it will open up vast new areas If they succeed, it will open up vast new areas
391 00:28:57,431 00:29:00,216 to American trade and settlement to American trade and settlement
392 00:29:00,260 00:29:04,568 and justify the boldest move of Jefferson's career. and justify the boldest move of Jefferson's career.
393 00:29:04,612 00:29:07,093 Well, for Thomas Jefferson, he knew there was something Well, for Thomas Jefferson, he knew there was something
394 00:29:07,136 00:29:09,965 out there in our great land, but he didn't know what it was. out there in our great land, but he didn't know what it was.
395 00:29:10,009 00:29:14,796 It was a gamble to send Lewis and Clark. It was a gamble to send Lewis and Clark.
396 00:29:14,840 00:29:16,755 Their plan is to use the Missouri River Their plan is to use the Missouri River
397 00:29:16,798 00:29:19,627 as a highway following it as a highway following it
398 00:29:19,670 00:29:22,064 as far west as possible. as far west as possible.
399 00:29:22,108 00:29:24,719 In his greatest fantasy, Jefferson almost seems to see In his greatest fantasy, Jefferson almost seems to see
400 00:29:24,763 00:29:27,853 a, a sort of interstate highway system of rivers a, a sort of interstate highway system of rivers
401 00:29:27,896 00:29:30,116 where there are no barriers, where you somehow can just where there are no barriers, where you somehow can just
402 00:29:30,159 00:29:32,205 thread your way across the continent thread your way across the continent
403 00:29:32,248 00:29:34,860 with the greatest of ease. He should've known better. with the greatest of ease. He should've known better.
404 00:29:39,081 00:29:42,302 By early winter 1804 By early winter 1804
405 00:29:42,345 00:29:46,393 Lewis and Clark are stalled in present-day North Dakota. Lewis and Clark are stalled in present-day North Dakota.
406 00:29:46,436 00:29:48,395 They've come less than a thousand miles They've come less than a thousand miles
407 00:29:48,438 00:29:51,050 from St. Louis. from St. Louis.
408 00:29:51,093 00:29:55,663 They build a shelter called Fort Mandan. They build a shelter called Fort Mandan.
409 00:29:55,706 00:29:58,231 It attracts a handful of trappers and traders It attracts a handful of trappers and traders
410 00:29:58,274 00:29:59,406 venturing west. venturing west.
411 00:30:03,976 00:30:05,499 While they were at Fort Mandan While they were at Fort Mandan
412 00:30:05,542 00:30:08,894 there were also British and French traders there were also British and French traders
413 00:30:08,937 00:30:10,939 who were embedded amongst the Mandan. who were embedded amongst the Mandan.
414 00:30:10,983 00:30:12,462 And so they were asking questions And so they were asking questions
415 00:30:12,506 00:30:14,160 of anybody they could find of anybody they could find
416 00:30:14,203 00:30:17,424 what-what they should expect. what-what they should expect.
417 00:30:17,467 00:30:21,645 They soon learn that further travel by water is impossible They soon learn that further travel by water is impossible
418 00:30:21,689 00:30:24,561 and they'll have to continue overland. and they'll have to continue overland.
419 00:30:24,605 00:30:26,041 Then, in November.. Then, in November..
420 00:30:28,000 00:30:31,786 ...they meet a French-Canadian trapper and his wife ...they meet a French-Canadian trapper and his wife
421 00:30:31,830 00:30:34,658 a 17-year-old Shoshone a 17-year-old Shoshone
422 00:30:34,702 00:30:36,356 named Sacagawea. named Sacagawea.
423 00:30:38,184 00:30:39,968 Sacagawea was incredibly important Sacagawea was incredibly important
424 00:30:40,012 00:30:42,231 to the Lewis and Clark expedition. to the Lewis and Clark expedition.
425 00:30:42,275 00:30:43,798 She could be an ambassador for them She could be an ambassador for them
426 00:30:43,842 00:30:46,018 somebody who could talk to the local Indians somebody who could talk to the local Indians
427 00:30:46,061 00:30:49,325 and, uh, tell them what Lewis and Clark were doing there. and, uh, tell them what Lewis and Clark were doing there.
428 00:30:49,369 00:30:51,719 And having a woman and especially a woman with a baby And having a woman and especially a woman with a baby
429 00:30:51,762 00:30:53,286 with your party with your party
430 00:30:53,329 00:30:57,943 was a universal sign that you came in peace. was a universal sign that you came in peace.
431 00:30:57,986 00:30:59,945 With new plans in place With new plans in place
432 00:30:59,988 00:31:02,904 Lewis and Clark wait out the winter in North Dakota. Lewis and Clark wait out the winter in North Dakota.
433 00:31:05,428 00:31:08,040 Over a thousand miles away Over a thousand miles away
434 00:31:08,083 00:31:11,173 settlers continue to pour into Native American lands settlers continue to pour into Native American lands
435 00:31:11,217 00:31:13,784 in the Ohio Territory. in the Ohio Territory.
436 00:31:13,828 00:31:16,918 With them comes the spread of a deadly disease.. With them comes the spread of a deadly disease..
437 00:31:19,660 00:31:21,967 ...smallpox. ...smallpox.
438 00:31:22,010 00:31:25,622 And it hits Tecumseh's Shawnee tribe hard. And it hits Tecumseh's Shawnee tribe hard.
439 00:31:25,666 00:31:27,842 The smallpox epidemics The smallpox epidemics
440 00:31:27,886 00:31:30,801 were a tremendous blow were a tremendous blow
441 00:31:30,845 00:31:34,153 to the Shawnees and to their neighbors. to the Shawnees and to their neighbors.
442 00:31:34,196 00:31:37,112 There was, of course, widespread death There was, of course, widespread death
443 00:31:37,156 00:31:41,900 brought to a people who were already destabilized brought to a people who were already destabilized
444 00:31:41,943 00:31:44,293 by so many other factors. by so many other factors.
445 00:31:48,297 00:31:50,909 Tecumseh had retreated to present-day Indiana Tecumseh had retreated to present-day Indiana
446 00:31:50,952 00:31:53,476 after his defeat by the US Army after his defeat by the US Army
447 00:31:53,520 00:31:54,956 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.. at the Battle of Fallen Timbers..
448 00:31:56,740 00:31:58,786 ...hoping to plot a new strategy ...hoping to plot a new strategy
449 00:31:58,829 00:32:02,703 to resist America's western expansion. to resist America's western expansion.
450 00:32:02,746 00:32:06,402 But this unexpected crisis derails all his plans. But this unexpected crisis derails all his plans.
451 00:32:12,321 00:32:15,542 In spring 1805 In spring 1805
452 00:32:15,585 00:32:19,285 Lewis and Clark follow their new guide, Sacagawea Lewis and Clark follow their new guide, Sacagawea
453 00:32:19,328 00:32:20,373 into the wilderness. into the wilderness.
454 00:32:22,418 00:32:25,987 They're trying to find an overland route to the Pacific. They're trying to find an overland route to the Pacific.
455 00:32:26,031 00:32:27,989 If they succeed, they will open If they succeed, they will open
456 00:32:28,033 00:32:30,339 the west to Jefferson's dream the west to Jefferson's dream
457 00:32:30,383 00:32:32,298 and Tecumseh's worst fear.. and Tecumseh's worst fear..
458 00:32:34,343 00:32:35,997 ...more settlers. ...more settlers.
459 00:32:42,264 00:32:44,832 They've moved beyond any known map They've moved beyond any known map
460 00:32:44,875 00:32:46,703 charting new ones as they go. charting new ones as they go.
461 00:32:51,621 00:32:54,624 They also identify over 300 new varieties They also identify over 300 new varieties
462 00:32:54,668 00:32:57,018 of plants and animals of plants and animals
463 00:32:57,062 00:32:59,803 completely changing what's known about wildlife completely changing what's known about wildlife
464 00:32:59,847 00:33:00,979 in North America. in North America.
465 00:33:03,068 00:33:04,808 It was part of Jefferson's plan It was part of Jefferson's plan
466 00:33:04,852 00:33:08,160 to make this a scientific expedition. to make this a scientific expedition.
467 00:33:08,203 00:33:10,814 Jefferson had always been curious about the frontier. Jefferson had always been curious about the frontier.
468 00:33:10,858 00:33:12,512 He was curious about lots of things He was curious about lots of things
469 00:33:12,555 00:33:15,384 including the flora and the fauna of the frontier including the flora and the fauna of the frontier
470 00:33:15,428 00:33:17,256 things that he hadn't seen. things that he hadn't seen.
471 00:33:21,477 00:33:23,827 Lewis and Clark spent literally hundreds of hours Lewis and Clark spent literally hundreds of hours
472 00:33:23,871 00:33:25,525 taking down data taking down data
473 00:33:25,568 00:33:28,441 and making repeated observations. and making repeated observations.
474 00:33:28,484 00:33:31,792 Latitude, longitude, descriptions of animals Latitude, longitude, descriptions of animals
475 00:33:31,835 00:33:35,491 descriptions of plants, mineral samples. descriptions of plants, mineral samples.
476 00:33:35,535 00:33:38,494 Lewis discovered a 122 animals. Lewis discovered a 122 animals.
477 00:33:38,538 00:33:40,975 The big-horned sheep and the grizzly bear The big-horned sheep and the grizzly bear
478 00:33:41,019 00:33:42,890 and the pronghorn antelope. and the pronghorn antelope.
479 00:33:42,933 00:33:45,153 Clark was working by dead reckoning Clark was working by dead reckoning
480 00:33:45,197 00:33:47,938 and he produced a stunningly accurate map and he produced a stunningly accurate map
481 00:33:47,982 00:33:50,332 of the American West. of the American West.
482 00:33:50,376 00:33:53,422 This was a very rich expedition of discovery. This was a very rich expedition of discovery.
483 00:33:57,296 00:33:59,428 But it's a journey full of peril. But it's a journey full of peril.
484 00:34:02,214 00:34:04,781 If you want to get a sense for how mysterious If you want to get a sense for how mysterious
485 00:34:04,825 00:34:06,653 the western lands were the western lands were
486 00:34:06,696 00:34:08,176 to the Lewis and Clark expedition to the Lewis and Clark expedition
487 00:34:08,220 00:34:10,439 consider that they felt consider that they felt
488 00:34:10,483 00:34:12,876 that it was a very real possibility that it was a very real possibility
489 00:34:12,920 00:34:16,402 that they would run in to wooly mammoths along the way. that they would run in to wooly mammoths along the way.
490 00:34:16,445 00:34:19,100 That was as strange to them That was as strange to them
491 00:34:19,144 00:34:21,233 as it would be for you or me as it would be for you or me
492 00:34:21,276 00:34:23,931 to step foot on planet Mars. to step foot on planet Mars.
493 00:34:30,894 00:34:34,811 When Lewis left on April 7th, 1805 When Lewis left on April 7th, 1805
494 00:34:34,855 00:34:38,424 they were entering into an extremely hazardous land. they were entering into an extremely hazardous land.
495 00:34:38,467 00:34:40,730 Gonna be a long journey, maybe a fatal one. Gonna be a long journey, maybe a fatal one.
496 00:34:40,774 00:34:44,952 And they were all alone, essentially vulnerable And they were all alone, essentially vulnerable
497 00:34:44,995 00:34:46,258 in the midst of the wilderness. in the midst of the wilderness.
498 00:35:28,952 00:35:31,477 ored American wilderness.. ored American wilderness..
499 00:35:33,435 00:35:35,742 ...beyond the edge of any known map.. ...beyond the edge of any known map..
500 00:35:40,660 00:35:44,272 ...Lewis and Clark are ambushed by an unknown tribe. ...Lewis and Clark are ambushed by an unknown tribe.
501 00:35:47,406 00:35:49,886 They're badly outnumbered and have no choice They're badly outnumbered and have no choice
502 00:35:49,930 00:35:53,325 but to trust their 17-year-old guide, Sacagawea. but to trust their 17-year-old guide, Sacagawea.
503 00:36:12,996 00:36:14,215 This was without question This was without question
504 00:36:14,259 00:36:16,130 the most tense moment the most tense moment
505 00:36:16,174 00:36:18,611 of the entire expedition. of the entire expedition.
506 00:36:18,654 00:36:21,875 Lewis and Clark spoke English only Lewis and Clark spoke English only
507 00:36:21,918 00:36:25,226 and she's now having this conversation. and she's now having this conversation.
508 00:36:25,270 00:36:27,228 They were very frightened, maybe she was leading them They were very frightened, maybe she was leading them
509 00:36:27,272 00:36:29,230 into an ambush, maybe something worse. into an ambush, maybe something worse.
510 00:36:53,994 00:36:55,430 Sacagawea. Sacagawea.
511 00:36:59,739 00:37:01,393 By sheer coincidence By sheer coincidence
512 00:37:01,436 00:37:05,005 the tribal leader is Sacagawea's long-lost brother. the tribal leader is Sacagawea's long-lost brother.
513 00:37:07,964 00:37:10,358 She was born Shoshone She was born Shoshone
514 00:37:10,402 00:37:12,839 out on the Montana-Idaho border. out on the Montana-Idaho border.
515 00:37:12,882 00:37:14,754 At about the age of 11 or so At about the age of 11 or so
516 00:37:14,797 00:37:17,539 she was captured by a Hidatsa raiding party she was captured by a Hidatsa raiding party
517 00:37:17,583 00:37:19,715 had been gone for many years had been gone for many years
518 00:37:19,759 00:37:21,500 was presumably never coming back. was presumably never coming back.
519 00:37:21,543 00:37:22,892 Suddenly, here she is Suddenly, here she is
520 00:37:22,936 00:37:25,852 in the presence of these white strangers in the presence of these white strangers
521 00:37:25,895 00:37:27,854 and she looked at this man and she looked at this man
522 00:37:27,897 00:37:31,466 and recognized him to be her brother. and recognized him to be her brother.
523 00:37:31,510 00:37:34,121 That's sort of like a Shoshone miracle. That's sort of like a Shoshone miracle.
524 00:37:47,308 00:37:50,224 Lewis and Clark are welcomed by the Shoshone Lewis and Clark are welcomed by the Shoshone
525 00:37:50,268 00:37:52,792 and Sacagawea helps broker trade. and Sacagawea helps broker trade.
526 00:37:55,403 00:37:59,277 Now that the expedition has to travel overland Now that the expedition has to travel overland
527 00:37:59,320 00:38:02,628 they need horses. they need horses.
528 00:38:02,671 00:38:04,369 The greatest thing that she may have done The greatest thing that she may have done
529 00:38:04,412 00:38:06,458 for the expedition was helping for the expedition was helping
530 00:38:06,501 00:38:08,851 to solidify that relationship to solidify that relationship
531 00:38:08,895 00:38:12,246 because the Shoshone then sold Lewis and Clark 28 horses. because the Shoshone then sold Lewis and Clark 28 horses.
532 00:38:16,381 00:38:18,818 At that point, Lewis and Clark offered to leave her behind At that point, Lewis and Clark offered to leave her behind
533 00:38:18,861 00:38:22,212 with her birth people, the Shoshone with her birth people, the Shoshone
534 00:38:22,256 00:38:25,215 but she chose to go on with them. but she chose to go on with them.
535 00:38:25,259 00:38:27,261 I think that she felt I think that she felt
536 00:38:27,305 00:38:29,132 that she was part of something bigger that she was part of something bigger
537 00:38:29,176 00:38:30,482 than anything else that she could have than anything else that she could have
538 00:38:30,525 00:38:33,311 imagined in her life. imagined in her life.
539 00:38:33,354 00:38:35,791 Lewis and Clark continue west Lewis and Clark continue west
540 00:38:35,835 00:38:38,359 determined to fulfill Jefferson's mission determined to fulfill Jefferson's mission
541 00:38:38,403 00:38:39,752 to reach the Pacific. to reach the Pacific.
542 00:38:42,972 00:38:46,367 Further east, in the Indiana Territory Further east, in the Indiana Territory
543 00:38:46,411 00:38:48,500 the smallpox epidemic continues the smallpox epidemic continues
544 00:38:48,543 00:38:50,153 with devastating effect.. with devastating effect..
545 00:38:51,894 00:38:54,723 ...killing thousands of Shawnee. ...killing thousands of Shawnee.
546 00:38:54,767 00:38:56,725 I mean, what happens to a culture I mean, what happens to a culture
547 00:38:56,769 00:38:58,423 what happens to a society what happens to a society
548 00:38:58,466 00:39:01,600 when 80% of the people die out? when 80% of the people die out?
549 00:39:01,643 00:39:04,342 This was a disaster for the Shawnee This was a disaster for the Shawnee
550 00:39:04,385 00:39:06,126 and they became very weak. and they became very weak.
551 00:39:08,346 00:39:11,392 There was confusion, there was despair. There was confusion, there was despair.
552 00:39:11,436 00:39:12,698 It bred It bred
553 00:39:12,741 00:39:16,310 a kind of religious mania a kind of religious mania
554 00:39:16,354 00:39:18,486 a search for the answer a search for the answer
555 00:39:18,530 00:39:20,967 why these people were being judged in this way. why these people were being judged in this way.
556 00:39:23,926 00:39:27,495 A path forward comes from a surprising source A path forward comes from a surprising source
557 00:39:27,539 00:39:30,150 Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa. Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa.
558 00:39:47,733 00:39:51,084 Tecumseh's younger brother was the family embarrassment. Tecumseh's younger brother was the family embarrassment.
559 00:39:51,127 00:39:55,610 He was clumsy, he was not known for his physical courage. He was clumsy, he was not known for his physical courage.
560 00:39:55,654 00:39:58,483 He was an alcoholic. He was an alcoholic.
561 00:39:58,526 00:40:02,356 And that was when his life turned around. And that was when his life turned around.
562 00:40:14,194 00:40:17,458 He had a kind of spiritual vision He had a kind of spiritual vision
563 00:40:17,502 00:40:21,070 and he believed that he was and he believed that he was
564 00:40:21,114 00:40:23,595 the embodiment of the message the embodiment of the message
565 00:40:23,638 00:40:26,380 that would save the Shawnee people. that would save the Shawnee people.
566 00:40:28,774 00:40:31,167 Tenskwatawa claims his vision Tenskwatawa claims his vision
567 00:40:31,211 00:40:34,257 reveals the tribe's past and future. reveals the tribe's past and future.
568 00:40:34,301 00:40:38,305 Showing salvation lies in rejecting modern influences Showing salvation lies in rejecting modern influences
569 00:40:38,348 00:40:40,873 and returning to traditional ways. and returning to traditional ways.
570 00:40:43,702 00:40:45,878 As word of his vision spreads.. As word of his vision spreads..
571 00:40:47,967 00:40:50,926 ...Native Americans from different, even warring tribes ...Native Americans from different, even warring tribes
572 00:40:50,970 00:40:52,232 come to hear him. come to hear him.
573 00:40:54,060 00:40:57,063 Tecumseh sees a strategic opportunity Tecumseh sees a strategic opportunity
574 00:40:57,106 00:40:59,239 in these unprecedented gatherings. in these unprecedented gatherings.
575 00:41:20,565 00:41:23,655 Shawnee leader Tecumseh recognizes that Shawnee leader Tecumseh recognizes that
576 00:41:23,698 00:41:26,396 if the natives are to survive white incursion if the natives are to survive white incursion
577 00:41:26,440 00:41:28,529 they need to band together. they need to band together.
578 00:41:35,057 00:41:37,495 Tecumseh knew he could not lead his people Tecumseh knew he could not lead his people
579 00:41:37,538 00:41:39,540 as just one Indian Nation. as just one Indian Nation.
580 00:41:39,584 00:41:43,283 He would have to build a larger Indian nation. He would have to build a larger Indian nation.
581 00:41:43,326 00:41:45,546 It's a strategy inspired by the example It's a strategy inspired by the example
582 00:41:45,590 00:41:48,375 of the United States itself. of the United States itself.
583 00:41:48,418 00:41:51,596 As Tecumseh saw the different colonies come together As Tecumseh saw the different colonies come together
584 00:41:51,639 00:41:53,685 following the American Revolution following the American Revolution
585 00:41:53,728 00:41:55,338 in seeing this new United States in seeing this new United States
586 00:41:55,382 00:41:57,558 and actually it begin to work, he thought and actually it begin to work, he thought
587 00:41:57,602 00:42:01,736 why not then a United Indian Nations? why not then a United Indian Nations?
588 00:42:01,780 00:42:03,216 Why not bring them together? Why not bring them together?
589 00:42:05,523 00:42:08,308 His goal, establish a sovereign His goal, establish a sovereign
590 00:42:08,351 00:42:11,746 Pan-Indian Nation next door to the US. Pan-Indian Nation next door to the US.
591 00:42:11,790 00:42:13,705 From the Appalachian Mountains From the Appalachian Mountains
592 00:42:13,748 00:42:15,271 to the Mississippi River. to the Mississippi River.
593 00:42:17,404 00:42:20,320 Never before had someone tried Never before had someone tried
594 00:42:20,363 00:42:23,062 to bring other native nations together to bring other native nations together
595 00:42:23,105 00:42:26,369 in a way that then could effectively stop in a way that then could effectively stop
596 00:42:26,413 00:42:29,111 land cessions to the United States. land cessions to the United States.
597 00:42:29,155 00:42:32,898 Tecumseh was at the forefront of this kind of movement Tecumseh was at the forefront of this kind of movement
598 00:42:32,941 00:42:35,901 and it would change Native America forever. and it would change Native America forever.
599 00:42:39,208 00:42:41,646 To do it, Tecumseh launches To do it, Tecumseh launches
600 00:42:41,689 00:42:43,517 a diplomatic mission a diplomatic mission
601 00:42:43,561 00:42:45,519 traveling across the frontier traveling across the frontier
602 00:42:45,563 00:42:47,390 and recruiting an army. and recruiting an army.
603 00:42:51,046 00:42:53,179 Tecumseh essentially went on tour. Tecumseh essentially went on tour.
604 00:42:53,222 00:42:56,269 He was face to face talking He was face to face talking
605 00:42:56,312 00:42:58,619 about what it would mean to stand up about what it would mean to stand up
606 00:42:58,663 00:43:01,274 for their lands and for their ways of life for their lands and for their ways of life
607 00:43:01,317 00:43:03,276 and for their identities. and for their identities.
608 00:43:03,319 00:43:05,191 He was a gifted orator. He was a gifted orator.
609 00:43:16,681 00:43:18,987 He won hearts and he won minds. He won hearts and he won minds.
610 00:43:21,903 00:43:23,818 As his influence grows As his influence grows
611 00:43:23,862 00:43:26,473 word of Tecumseh's campaign spreads word of Tecumseh's campaign spreads
612 00:43:26,516 00:43:28,606 creating growing concern creating growing concern
613 00:43:28,649 00:43:30,738 across frontier settlements. across frontier settlements.
614 00:43:30,782 00:43:34,786 The concept of a Pan-Indian alliance The concept of a Pan-Indian alliance
615 00:43:34,829 00:43:37,440 struck fear in the American government struck fear in the American government
616 00:43:37,484 00:43:38,441 and the American public. and the American public.
617 00:43:38,485 00:43:39,660 You have to remember You have to remember
618 00:43:39,704 00:43:42,881 the American Revolution succeeded the American Revolution succeeded
619 00:43:42,924 00:43:45,579 because you had these different colonies.. because you had these different colonies..
620 00:43:47,537 00:43:50,410 ...coming together and then working as a collective. ...coming together and then working as a collective.
621 00:43:50,453 00:43:53,935 Theoretically, if Tecumseh is able to unite Theoretically, if Tecumseh is able to unite
622 00:43:53,979 00:43:56,982 the tribes in the Midwest, from the Mississippi Delta the tribes in the Midwest, from the Mississippi Delta
623 00:43:57,025 00:43:58,592 all the way up to Minnesota all the way up to Minnesota
624 00:43:58,636 00:44:02,161 maybe they could defeat America. maybe they could defeat America.
625 00:44:02,204 00:44:04,380 With the future of the frontier at stake With the future of the frontier at stake
626 00:44:04,424 00:44:07,122 Tecumseh's Pan-Indian alliance Tecumseh's Pan-Indian alliance
627 00:44:07,166 00:44:08,994 prepares for war. prepares for war.
628 00:44:24,574 00:44:26,359 Lewis and Clark have spent a year Lewis and Clark have spent a year
629 00:44:26,402 00:44:29,057 crossing a thousand miles of uncharted wilderness.. crossing a thousand miles of uncharted wilderness..
630 00:44:31,233 00:44:33,845 ...to find a land route to the Pacific.. ...to find a land route to the Pacific..
631 00:44:35,542 00:44:38,110 ...and expand the American nation. ...and expand the American nation.
632 00:44:46,074 00:44:48,729 Now, they face a daunting obstacle.. Now, they face a daunting obstacle..
633 00:44:52,515 00:44:54,343 ...the Rocky Mountains. ...the Rocky Mountains.
634 00:44:58,478 00:45:01,176 They rise over 14,000 feet.. They rise over 14,000 feet..
635 00:45:03,701 00:45:08,009 ...stretching 3000 miles across the continent ...stretching 3000 miles across the continent
636 00:45:08,053 00:45:10,055 and winter is closing in. and winter is closing in.
637 00:45:12,057 00:45:13,841 Lewis and Clark had never seen anything Lewis and Clark had never seen anything
638 00:45:13,885 00:45:15,974 like the Rocky Mountains. like the Rocky Mountains.
639 00:45:16,017 00:45:18,411 Their idea of mountains were the Appalachians Their idea of mountains were the Appalachians
640 00:45:18,454 00:45:20,108 so they couldn't even begin so they couldn't even begin
641 00:45:20,152 00:45:22,023 to understand what they were facing. to understand what they were facing.
642 00:45:22,067 00:45:24,722 Not only were the mountains much higher Not only were the mountains much higher
643 00:45:24,765 00:45:26,898 but Lewis said the western mountains were covered but Lewis said the western mountains were covered
644 00:45:26,941 00:45:29,944 with almost eternal snow and you couldn't see with almost eternal snow and you couldn't see
645 00:45:29,988 00:45:32,294 from one end to the other end of the mountains. from one end to the other end of the mountains.
646 00:45:45,612 00:45:47,309 When Meriwether Lewis When Meriwether Lewis
647 00:45:47,353 00:45:50,312 sees 60 to 70 miles of snow-capped peaks sees 60 to 70 miles of snow-capped peaks
648 00:45:50,356 00:45:52,619 he must have been distraught. he must have been distraught.
649 00:45:52,662 00:45:54,839 He must have thought the expedition was over He must have thought the expedition was over
650 00:45:54,882 00:45:57,319 and they had no chance of success. and they had no chance of success.
651 00:46:02,107 00:46:04,631 Over 700 miles from the nearest settlement.. Over 700 miles from the nearest settlement..
652 00:46:10,811 00:46:13,205 ...Lewis and Clark can either turn back.. ...Lewis and Clark can either turn back..
653 00:46:16,948 00:46:19,689 ...or attempt to cross the mountains before winter. ...or attempt to cross the mountains before winter.
654 00:46:26,784 00:46:29,134 For them, the choice is clear. For them, the choice is clear.
655 00:46:36,924 00:46:38,534 On September 1st On September 1st
656 00:46:38,578 00:46:40,841 the expedition begins their ascent.. the expedition begins their ascent..
657 00:46:44,758 00:46:46,934 ...embarking on the most dangerous leg ...embarking on the most dangerous leg
658 00:46:46,978 00:46:48,806 of their journey yet. of their journey yet.
659 00:46:56,988 00:46:59,251 Having been somebody who has flown in combat Having been somebody who has flown in combat
660 00:46:59,294 00:47:01,557 as a Navy pilot, has been a test pilot as a Navy pilot, has been a test pilot
661 00:47:01,601 00:47:03,255 and an astronaut, you know, I think and an astronaut, you know, I think
662 00:47:03,298 00:47:05,344 when you're doing really hard things when you're doing really hard things
663 00:47:05,387 00:47:07,520 inevitably there are inevitably there are
664 00:47:07,563 00:47:11,654 incredibly difficult roadblocks and challenges. incredibly difficult roadblocks and challenges.
665 00:47:11,698 00:47:13,613 And I think if you're the type of person And I think if you're the type of person
666 00:47:13,656 00:47:15,267 that just kind of throws your hands up that just kind of throws your hands up
667 00:47:15,310 00:47:18,400 and, and surrenders, uh, then you don't win. and, and surrenders, uh, then you don't win.
668 00:47:20,272 00:47:23,884 My definition of courage would be somebody My definition of courage would be somebody
669 00:47:23,928 00:47:28,323 who would be able to work hard towards an objective who would be able to work hard towards an objective
670 00:47:28,367 00:47:30,891 that is inherently not good for their health. that is inherently not good for their health.
671 00:47:38,725 00:47:41,119 With every peak they pass With every peak they pass
672 00:47:41,162 00:47:43,861 the temperature drops by ten degrees. the temperature drops by ten degrees.
673 00:47:49,127 00:47:50,693 When that cold sets in When that cold sets in
674 00:47:50,737 00:47:52,608 you know, everything gets harder. you know, everything gets harder.
675 00:47:52,652 00:47:54,872 Your brain slows down, your body slows down Your brain slows down, your body slows down
676 00:47:54,915 00:47:56,743 you need more energy to do things you need more energy to do things
677 00:47:56,786 00:47:58,919 there's less energy available, less food there's less energy available, less food
678 00:47:58,963 00:48:01,704 less fire, and so what happens is less fire, and so what happens is
679 00:48:01,748 00:48:03,315 people start to crumble. people start to crumble.
680 00:48:03,358 00:48:04,838 And if they don't keep moving And if they don't keep moving
681 00:48:04,882 00:48:07,667 if they don't find the will if they don't find the will
682 00:48:07,710 00:48:09,147 they're just plain dead. they're just plain dead.
683 00:48:14,761 00:48:17,329 Their pace slows to just ten miles a day. Their pace slows to just ten miles a day.
684 00:48:22,160 00:48:25,641 And at high altitude, there's no game And at high altitude, there's no game
685 00:48:25,685 00:48:29,254 so they're forced to eat their pack horses to survive. so they're forced to eat their pack horses to survive.
686 00:48:29,297 00:48:31,517 A team of men like Lewis and Clark A team of men like Lewis and Clark
687 00:48:31,560 00:48:33,388 traveling forward through rugged terrain traveling forward through rugged terrain
688 00:48:33,432 00:48:34,955 and especially in cold weather and especially in cold weather
689 00:48:34,999 00:48:37,697 requires an enormous amount of food. requires an enormous amount of food.
690 00:48:37,740 00:48:40,004 The human body in those conditions The human body in those conditions
691 00:48:40,047 00:48:44,225 needs from 2000 to 4000 calories per day. needs from 2000 to 4000 calories per day.
692 00:48:53,626 00:48:55,845 Nearly two weeks after entering the Rockies.. Nearly two weeks after entering the Rockies..
693 00:48:58,022 00:49:00,807 ...the expedition has depleted its food supply.. ...the expedition has depleted its food supply..
694 00:49:10,860 00:49:12,514 ...and is forced to eat candles ...and is forced to eat candles
695 00:49:12,558 00:49:15,082 made from animal fat to stay alive. made from animal fat to stay alive.
696 00:49:43,067 00:49:46,113 After 28 days of grueling hardship.. After 28 days of grueling hardship..
697 00:49:48,202 00:49:50,552 ...Lewis and Clark clear the Rockies.. ...Lewis and Clark clear the Rockies..
698 00:49:53,077 00:49:56,341 ...and head toward the Pacific. ...and head toward the Pacific.
699 00:49:56,384 00:49:58,778 In order to continue pushing In order to continue pushing
700 00:49:58,821 00:50:01,911 they had to have some other motivation. they had to have some other motivation.
701 00:50:01,955 00:50:03,870 It's not really about the food It's not really about the food
702 00:50:03,913 00:50:07,439 or about the chance of-of surviving or not. or about the chance of-of surviving or not.
703 00:50:07,482 00:50:09,919 It was a sense of, of duty, of mission. It was a sense of, of duty, of mission.
704 00:50:12,270 00:50:14,359 One month later One month later
705 00:50:14,402 00:50:16,883 the expedition reaches the Columbia River the expedition reaches the Columbia River
706 00:50:16,926 00:50:18,450 in modern-day Oregon. in modern-day Oregon.
707 00:50:21,801 00:50:24,673 And then, on November 15th, 1805.. And then, on November 15th, 1805..
708 00:50:27,502 00:50:30,157 ...after traveling more than 4000 miles.. ...after traveling more than 4000 miles..
709 00:50:32,638 00:50:36,076 ...Lewis and Clark finally reach the Pacific. ...Lewis and Clark finally reach the Pacific.
710 00:50:38,339 00:50:40,646 It's almost mind-boggling to think It's almost mind-boggling to think
711 00:50:40,689 00:50:43,083 of the challenges that they faced. of the challenges that they faced.
712 00:50:43,127 00:50:45,433 And that these individuals were doing it And that these individuals were doing it
713 00:50:45,477 00:50:47,522 for months on end for months on end
714 00:50:47,566 00:50:49,263 living off the land, uh living off the land, uh
715 00:50:49,307 00:50:52,788 living by their own self-reliance. living by their own self-reliance.
716 00:50:55,095 00:50:56,662 Lewis and Clark deserve credit Lewis and Clark deserve credit
717 00:50:56,705 00:50:58,838 as the greatest expeditioners as the greatest expeditioners
718 00:50:58,881 00:51:01,188 in certainly American history in certainly American history
719 00:51:01,232 00:51:04,061 that brought America new territory that brought America new territory
720 00:51:04,104 00:51:06,672 and a new identity as a country. and a new identity as a country.
721 00:51:09,153 00:51:12,112 The Lewis and Clark expedition is the first The Lewis and Clark expedition is the first
722 00:51:12,156 00:51:14,897 to cross the North American continent overland. to cross the North American continent overland.
723 00:51:24,211 00:51:26,213 They build a fort near the coastline They build a fort near the coastline
724 00:51:26,257 00:51:28,302 in the Oregon Territory in the Oregon Territory
725 00:51:28,346 00:51:31,610 proudly claiming the land for the US. proudly claiming the land for the US.
726 00:51:45,406 00:51:47,104 Congratulations, captain. Congratulations, captain.
727 00:51:49,497 00:51:51,804 Lewis and Clark had wanted the world to know Lewis and Clark had wanted the world to know
728 00:51:51,847 00:51:53,458 that we had been there. that we had been there.
729 00:51:53,501 00:51:55,024 This just wasn't boasting. This just wasn't boasting.
730 00:51:55,068 00:51:57,723 This was also claiming the country This was also claiming the country
731 00:51:57,766 00:52:00,943 on which they had built this temporary compound. on which they had built this temporary compound.
732 00:52:03,120 00:52:07,515 This was the first and most significant gesture This was the first and most significant gesture
733 00:52:07,559 00:52:11,040 for what became the completion of the American continent. for what became the completion of the American continent.
734 00:52:20,963 00:52:22,704 But Great Britain also has interests But Great Britain also has interests
735 00:52:22,748 00:52:25,011 in the Pacific Northwest in the Pacific Northwest
736 00:52:25,054 00:52:27,883 and sees this American fort and sees this American fort
737 00:52:27,927 00:52:30,234 as an act of aggression. as an act of aggression.
738 00:52:39,808 00:52:42,855 In March 1806 In March 1806
739 00:52:42,898 00:52:46,119 after establishing a fort on the Pacific Coast.. after establishing a fort on the Pacific Coast..
740 00:52:48,469 00:52:50,689 ...and fulfilling Thomas Jefferson's vision ...and fulfilling Thomas Jefferson's vision
741 00:52:50,732 00:52:52,604 for expanding the nation.. for expanding the nation..
742 00:52:55,172 00:52:56,651 ...Lewis and Clark begin ...Lewis and Clark begin
743 00:52:56,695 00:53:00,351 their 4000-mile journey home. their 4000-mile journey home.
744 00:53:00,394 00:53:02,048 When Jefferson heard that Lewis and Clark When Jefferson heard that Lewis and Clark
745 00:53:02,091 00:53:04,268 had crossed the continent successfully, he said had crossed the continent successfully, he said
746 00:53:04,311 00:53:06,966 he read the news in Lewis' letter he read the news in Lewis' letter
747 00:53:07,009 00:53:09,055 with unspeakable joy. with unspeakable joy.
748 00:53:09,098 00:53:11,188 He was vindicated in his belief He was vindicated in his belief
749 00:53:11,231 00:53:13,799 that the continent could be crossed that the continent could be crossed
750 00:53:13,842 00:53:16,584 and that it could be mapped. and that it could be mapped.
751 00:53:16,628 00:53:18,325 Lewis and Clark opened the west Lewis and Clark opened the west
752 00:53:18,369 00:53:20,501 to those frontiersmen who would follow to those frontiersmen who would follow
753 00:53:20,545 00:53:22,286 because once they described what was out there because once they described what was out there
754 00:53:22,329 00:53:25,158 then the unknown became partially known. then the unknown became partially known.
755 00:53:25,202 00:53:26,638 And from being partially known to being settled And from being partially known to being settled
756 00:53:26,681 00:53:27,943 was just one more step. was just one more step.
757 00:53:32,383 00:53:34,863 Great Britain sees this American expansion Great Britain sees this American expansion
758 00:53:34,907 00:53:37,170 as an immediate threat. as an immediate threat.
759 00:53:37,214 00:53:39,041 When Lewis and Clark raise the American flag When Lewis and Clark raise the American flag
760 00:53:39,085 00:53:40,869 they were clearly beyond they were clearly beyond
761 00:53:40,913 00:53:43,785 the boundaries of the Louisiana purchase. the boundaries of the Louisiana purchase.
762 00:53:43,829 00:53:46,048 The Pacific is extremely important to Britain. The Pacific is extremely important to Britain.
763 00:53:46,092 00:53:48,660 They have an active fur trade They have an active fur trade
764 00:53:48,703 00:53:52,011 on the West Coast, and it's threatened on the West Coast, and it's threatened
765 00:53:52,054 00:53:54,579 by the coming of the Americans. by the coming of the Americans.
766 00:53:56,842 00:53:58,060 While the Pacific northwest While the Pacific northwest
767 00:53:58,104 00:54:00,237 is technically unclaimed is technically unclaimed
768 00:54:00,280 00:54:03,762 the British are entrenched beyond the Canadian border the British are entrenched beyond the Canadian border
769 00:54:03,805 00:54:06,155 and they have a powerful interest and they have a powerful interest
770 00:54:06,199 00:54:08,114 in dominating the fur trade here. in dominating the fur trade here.
771 00:54:09,246 00:54:11,900 From 1800 to 1810 From 1800 to 1810
772 00:54:11,944 00:54:16,601 the British earned 2.8 million pounds from selling fur.. the British earned 2.8 million pounds from selling fur..
773 00:54:16,644 00:54:20,344 ...the equivalent of $22 billion USD today. ...the equivalent of $22 billion USD today.
774 00:54:20,387 00:54:22,737 The fur trade and especially the fur trade The fur trade and especially the fur trade
775 00:54:22,781 00:54:24,783 to China in sea otter pelts to China in sea otter pelts
776 00:54:24,826 00:54:26,611 was probably the most lucrative was probably the most lucrative
777 00:54:26,654 00:54:29,266 economic activity in the world at that time. economic activity in the world at that time.
778 00:54:31,572 00:54:33,661 To keep the US out To keep the US out
779 00:54:33,705 00:54:37,056 Britain stirs up trouble on the American frontier Britain stirs up trouble on the American frontier
780 00:54:37,099 00:54:39,580 a tactic used during the Revolution. a tactic used during the Revolution.
781 00:54:52,201 00:54:54,334 The British understood they were never going The British understood they were never going
782 00:54:54,378 00:54:56,293 to bring the United States back to bring the United States back
783 00:54:56,336 00:54:58,773 into the British Empire as colonies. into the British Empire as colonies.
784 00:54:58,817 00:55:02,081 But what they wanted to do is they wanted to protect Canada. But what they wanted to do is they wanted to protect Canada.
785 00:55:02,124 00:55:04,213 And the best way they saw of protecting Canada And the best way they saw of protecting Canada
786 00:55:04,257 00:55:06,564 and the Northwest was to create and the Northwest was to create
787 00:55:06,607 00:55:09,262 a Native American buffer state at the frontier. a Native American buffer state at the frontier.
788 00:55:13,614 00:55:16,487 The British seek an alliance with a growing power The British seek an alliance with a growing power
789 00:55:16,530 00:55:20,447 on the frontier...Tecumseh. on the frontier...Tecumseh.
790 00:55:20,491 00:55:23,363 He now heads a force of 5000 warriors.. He now heads a force of 5000 warriors..
791 00:55:24,799 00:55:27,280 ...and they invite him to meet. ...and they invite him to meet.
792 00:55:34,505 00:55:37,377 'Thank you for meeting with us.' 'Thank you for meeting with us.'
793 00:55:37,421 00:55:41,207 Your people and mine, we have a common enemy. Your people and mine, we have a common enemy.
794 00:55:41,250 00:55:42,861 'The Americans have taken your land' 'The Americans have taken your land'
795 00:55:42,904 00:55:46,125 'and now they want ours as well.' 'and now they want ours as well.'
796 00:55:46,168 00:55:50,390 Together, we can drive the Americans back. Together, we can drive the Americans back.
797 00:55:50,434 00:55:54,263 The British invite Tecumseh to Canada to talk The British invite Tecumseh to Canada to talk
798 00:55:54,307 00:55:59,486 and many of their messages are familiar to him. and many of their messages are familiar to him.
799 00:55:59,530 00:56:01,619 Don't trust the United States. Don't trust the United States.
800 00:56:01,662 00:56:04,622 If Great Britain can re-establish control If Great Britain can re-establish control
801 00:56:04,665 00:56:06,275 then there will be a halt then there will be a halt
802 00:56:06,319 00:56:09,322 to westward expansion. to westward expansion.
803 00:56:09,366 00:56:12,978 But Tecumseh doesn't trust Great Britain. But Tecumseh doesn't trust Great Britain.
804 00:56:15,850 00:56:18,244 Confident in his power Confident in his power
805 00:56:18,287 00:56:20,725 Tecumseh rejects their offer Tecumseh rejects their offer
806 00:56:20,768 00:56:23,118 and continues building his alliance. and continues building his alliance.
807 00:56:28,167 00:56:29,386 In 1808.. In 1808..
808 00:56:31,170 00:56:34,913 ...he creates the first Pan-Indian village. ...he creates the first Pan-Indian village.
809 00:56:34,956 00:56:38,656 To honor his brother, he calls it Prophetstown. To honor his brother, he calls it Prophetstown.
810 00:56:45,663 00:56:47,447 For the first time ever For the first time ever
811 00:56:47,491 00:56:49,580 members of enemy tribes are living together. members of enemy tribes are living together.
812 00:56:51,408 00:56:55,281 Soon, Prophetstown has 3000 inhabitants Soon, Prophetstown has 3000 inhabitants
813 00:56:55,324 00:56:57,805 and grows larger every day. and grows larger every day.
814 00:56:57,849 00:56:59,938 Tecumseh's message traveled Tecumseh's message traveled
815 00:56:59,981 00:57:02,767 far and wide by word of mouth far and wide by word of mouth
816 00:57:02,810 00:57:05,334 by runners through the woods. by runners through the woods.
817 00:57:05,378 00:57:07,859 And there were many native people And there were many native people
818 00:57:07,902 00:57:10,252 who traveled to Prophetstown because they wanted who traveled to Prophetstown because they wanted
819 00:57:10,296 00:57:13,734 to experience his power and his message first-hand. to experience his power and his message first-hand.
820 00:57:25,877 00:57:28,619 While Tecumseh forges his ground-breaking push While Tecumseh forges his ground-breaking push
821 00:57:28,662 00:57:30,621 for Pan-Indian unity.. for Pan-Indian unity..
822 00:57:33,754 00:57:36,496 ...the two men who led the great expedition west ...the two men who led the great expedition west
823 00:57:36,540 00:57:38,019 return to St. Louis. return to St. Louis.
824 00:57:40,195 00:57:42,850 At the time it was not considered At the time it was not considered
825 00:57:42,894 00:57:44,852 such a monumental moment. such a monumental moment.
826 00:57:44,896 00:57:46,724 The-the accounts of it The-the accounts of it
827 00:57:46,767 00:57:49,466 were not even published, uh, right away were not even published, uh, right away
828 00:57:49,509 00:57:50,858 and most congressmen didn't quite get and most congressmen didn't quite get
829 00:57:50,902 00:57:52,773 what it was all about. what it was all about.
830 00:57:58,126 00:58:00,825 Lewis and Clark's paths will diverge Lewis and Clark's paths will diverge
831 00:58:00,868 00:58:02,217 in the years to come. in the years to come.
832 00:58:06,700 00:58:09,442 Clark does fairly well in the aftermath Clark does fairly well in the aftermath
833 00:58:09,486 00:58:12,750 of the Lewis and Clark expedition. of the Lewis and Clark expedition.
834 00:58:12,793 00:58:16,449 He is actually able to capitalize on the celebrity He is actually able to capitalize on the celebrity
835 00:58:16,493 00:58:18,538 and goes on to a very successful life. and goes on to a very successful life.
836 00:58:22,586 00:58:25,589 Clark becomes a brigadier general in the Army Clark becomes a brigadier general in the Army
837 00:58:25,632 00:58:28,679 and then the first governor of the Missouri Territory. and then the first governor of the Missouri Territory.
838 00:58:30,942 00:58:34,728 He stays close to Sacagawea through the years. He stays close to Sacagawea through the years.
839 00:58:34,772 00:58:38,036 And when she dies unexpectedly in 1812 And when she dies unexpectedly in 1812
840 00:58:38,079 00:58:40,865 Clark becomes legal guardian to her children. Clark becomes legal guardian to her children.
841 00:58:46,958 00:58:48,612 While Clark prospers.. While Clark prospers..
842 00:58:52,398 00:58:54,531 ...the same can't be said for his partner. ...the same can't be said for his partner.
843 00:58:57,708 00:59:01,233 Meriwether Lewis' story in some sense is tragic Meriwether Lewis' story in some sense is tragic
844 00:59:01,276 00:59:03,888 because despite what we now celebrate because despite what we now celebrate
845 00:59:03,931 00:59:05,759 as one of the greatest accomplishments as one of the greatest accomplishments
846 00:59:05,803 00:59:07,369 in American history in American history
847 00:59:07,413 00:59:09,720 Lewis himself felt like a failure. Lewis himself felt like a failure.
848 00:59:09,763 00:59:12,505 He hadn't been able to realize any material gain He hadn't been able to realize any material gain
849 00:59:12,549 00:59:14,855 or substantive material gain from all the work or substantive material gain from all the work
850 00:59:14,899 00:59:16,553 that he and Clark had done. that he and Clark had done.
851 00:59:22,036 00:59:23,603 He never marries He never marries
852 00:59:23,647 00:59:25,170 and will continue to struggle and will continue to struggle
853 00:59:25,213 00:59:27,738 with alcohol and depression. with alcohol and depression.
854 00:59:27,781 00:59:29,348 A friend of a president A friend of a president
855 00:59:29,391 00:59:31,829 the leader of the most successful exploration the leader of the most successful exploration
856 00:59:31,872 00:59:33,831 in American history and for whatever reason in American history and for whatever reason
857 00:59:33,874 00:59:37,486 his life just never quite gels his life just never quite gels
858 00:59:37,530 00:59:39,750 when he gets back. when he gets back.
859 00:59:39,793 00:59:42,404 And he felt it in a letter. And he felt it in a letter.
860 00:59:42,448 00:59:45,016 At one point he said, "I have never felt less like a hero At one point he said, "I have never felt less like a hero
861 00:59:45,059 00:59:46,974 than I do at this moment." than I do at this moment."
862 00:59:50,151 00:59:54,678 In October 1809, isolated and alone In October 1809, isolated and alone
863 00:59:54,721 00:59:57,376 Meriwether Lewis takes his own life. Meriwether Lewis takes his own life.
864 01:00:07,865 01:00:09,997 In the Indiana territory In the Indiana territory
865 01:00:10,041 01:00:12,739 Tecumseh's power and influence are growing. Tecumseh's power and influence are growing.
866 01:00:14,045 01:00:15,960 And he goes on the offensive. And he goes on the offensive.
867 01:00:20,921 01:00:24,229 In August 1810, he demands to meet In August 1810, he demands to meet
868 01:00:24,272 01:00:27,319 with old adversary, William Henry Harrison with old adversary, William Henry Harrison
869 01:00:27,362 01:00:30,714 to negotiate the peaceful return of lands seized to negotiate the peaceful return of lands seized
870 01:00:30,757 01:00:33,934 after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
871 01:00:33,978 01:00:35,849 Now, governor of Indiana Now, governor of Indiana
872 01:00:35,893 01:00:38,156 Harrison agrees to the meeting Harrison agrees to the meeting
873 01:00:38,199 01:00:41,202 but his goals could not be more different. but his goals could not be more different.
874 01:00:42,116 01:00:43,117 Fire! Fire!
875 01:00:48,819 01:00:51,169 William Henry Harrison was committed William Henry Harrison was committed
876 01:00:51,212 01:00:54,694 to the expansion of the west to the expansion of the west
877 01:00:54,738 01:00:58,655 putting land into white hands, into US hands. putting land into white hands, into US hands.
878 01:00:58,698 01:01:01,135 And he was not scrupulous And he was not scrupulous
879 01:01:01,179 01:01:03,485 in the way he pursued his goals. in the way he pursued his goals.
880 01:01:33,341 01:01:35,909 Please, have a seat. Please, have a seat.
881 01:02:05,286 01:02:07,811 How can I help you and the Shawnee? How can I help you and the Shawnee?
882 01:02:21,346 01:02:23,565 I am not here for the Shawnee. I am not here for the Shawnee.
883 01:02:23,609 01:02:26,003 I am here on behalf I am here on behalf
884 01:02:26,046 01:02:27,874 of the United Indian Nations. of the United Indian Nations.
885 01:02:30,224 01:02:33,793 You took our lands from us. We want them back. You took our lands from us. We want them back.
886 01:02:40,104 01:02:41,714 I took nothing. I took nothing.
887 01:02:44,717 01:02:46,588 'I negotiated for those lands on behalf' 'I negotiated for those lands on behalf'
888 01:02:46,632 01:02:49,156 of the United States Government. of the United States Government.
889 01:02:49,200 01:02:51,550 If you don't agree with the terms If you don't agree with the terms
890 01:02:51,593 01:02:53,508 then your quarrel is with the chiefs then your quarrel is with the chiefs
891 01:02:53,552 01:02:55,859 who signed those treaties.. who signed those treaties..
892 01:02:55,902 01:02:56,947 ...not with me. ...not with me.
893 01:03:39,598 01:03:42,035 A time for war will soon come. A time for war will soon come.
894 01:03:42,079 01:03:43,863 'But I did not come here today to fight.' 'But I did not come here today to fight.'
895 01:03:58,008 01:04:00,924 Tecumseh left that first historic meeting Tecumseh left that first historic meeting
896 01:04:00,967 01:04:03,840 with William Henry Harrison as a realist with William Henry Harrison as a realist
897 01:04:03,883 01:04:05,450 who appreciated who appreciated
898 01:04:05,493 01:04:08,496 that there was going to be that there was going to be
899 01:04:08,540 01:04:10,759 no fair resolution no fair resolution
900 01:04:10,803 01:04:12,152 with the United States with the United States
901 01:04:12,196 01:04:14,633 and that conflict was coming. and that conflict was coming.
902 01:04:16,722 01:04:17,766 Determined to win Determined to win
903 01:04:17,810 01:04:19,899 the inevitable fight to come the inevitable fight to come
904 01:04:19,943 01:04:23,381 Tecumseh doubles his efforts to recruit more warriors. Tecumseh doubles his efforts to recruit more warriors.
905 01:04:31,258 01:04:34,044 Knowing the Shawnee leader is absent.. Knowing the Shawnee leader is absent..
906 01:04:34,087 01:04:36,307 ...Harrison marches on his capital.. ...Harrison marches on his capital..
907 01:04:37,395 01:04:39,701 ...Prophetstown. ...Prophetstown.
908 01:04:39,745 01:04:42,791 Harrison claims that he is going to be Harrison claims that he is going to be
909 01:04:42,835 01:04:44,881 coming to speak in goodwill to them. coming to speak in goodwill to them.
910 01:04:48,493 01:04:50,669 But there's every evidence But there's every evidence
911 01:04:50,712 01:04:53,411 that he's coming to attack. that he's coming to attack.
912 01:04:53,454 01:04:55,456 He brings over a thousand men. He brings over a thousand men.
913 01:04:59,243 01:05:00,766 They are not in any way prepared They are not in any way prepared
914 01:05:00,809 01:05:02,855 to defend themselves from attack. to defend themselves from attack.
915 01:05:08,034 01:05:10,776 You, follow him. You, follow him.
916 01:05:10,819 01:05:15,781 Still Harrison proceeds to destroy Prophetstown. Still Harrison proceeds to destroy Prophetstown.
917 01:05:31,014 01:05:33,059 Without orders from Washington Without orders from Washington
918 01:05:33,103 01:05:36,889 Harrison strikes, reducing the village to ashes. Harrison strikes, reducing the village to ashes.
919 01:05:40,066 01:05:42,199 William Henry Harrison understands, uh William Henry Harrison understands, uh
920 01:05:42,242 01:05:45,550 that eliminating Tecumseh will make him a national hero. that eliminating Tecumseh will make him a national hero.
921 01:05:45,593 01:05:48,770 You get rid of Prophetstown while Tecumseh is away You get rid of Prophetstown while Tecumseh is away
922 01:05:48,814 01:05:51,730 and burn down their capital and burn down their capital
923 01:05:51,773 01:05:55,081 and fill all of these Indian tribes and fill all of these Indian tribes
924 01:05:55,125 01:05:56,256 with dreaded fear. with dreaded fear.
925 01:05:58,041 01:05:59,607 To send a clear message To send a clear message
926 01:05:59,651 01:06:02,393 Harrison's men do more than destroy. Harrison's men do more than destroy.
927 01:06:02,436 01:06:05,483 They commit acts of unspeakable horror. They commit acts of unspeakable horror.
928 01:06:05,526 01:06:08,486 He goes to the graves He goes to the graves
929 01:06:08,529 01:06:10,053 at Prophetstown at Prophetstown
930 01:06:10,096 01:06:12,620 orders his men to dig up the bodies orders his men to dig up the bodies
931 01:06:12,664 01:06:14,231 and mutilate the bodies and mutilate the bodies
932 01:06:14,274 01:06:16,015 and leave the bodies where they lay. and leave the bodies where they lay.
933 01:06:17,408 01:06:19,976 This was unimaginable This was unimaginable
934 01:06:20,019 01:06:22,065 psychological warfare. psychological warfare.
935 01:06:25,242 01:06:27,809 Known as the Battle of Tippecanoe Known as the Battle of Tippecanoe
936 01:06:27,853 01:06:30,638 it makes Harrison a national figure. it makes Harrison a national figure.
937 01:06:44,261 01:06:47,960 Within days, word of Prophetstown's destruction Within days, word of Prophetstown's destruction
938 01:06:48,004 01:06:49,005 reaches Tecumseh.. reaches Tecumseh..
939 01:06:50,876 01:06:54,532 ...enraging tribes across the frontier. ...enraging tribes across the frontier.
940 01:06:54,575 01:06:58,536 It lit a fire under the Native American Alliance It lit a fire under the Native American Alliance
941 01:06:58,579 01:07:00,929 that Tecumseh was already building. that Tecumseh was already building.
942 01:07:00,973 01:07:03,323 It fueled fury It fueled fury
943 01:07:03,367 01:07:06,761 toward Harrison and toward the United States. toward Harrison and toward the United States.
944 01:07:26,303 01:07:28,000 While rallying the Muscogee Nation While rallying the Muscogee Nation
945 01:07:28,044 01:07:30,133 in December 1811 in December 1811
946 01:07:30,176 01:07:33,397 Tecumseh tells them his revenge will shake the Earth. Tecumseh tells them his revenge will shake the Earth.
947 01:07:35,051 01:07:36,791 And the next night.. And the next night..
948 01:07:38,576 01:07:40,447 ...his words seem to come true. ...his words seem to come true.
949 01:07:49,282 01:07:51,850 ...Tecumseh's prophecy seems to come true. ...Tecumseh's prophecy seems to come true.
950 01:08:14,002 01:08:16,048 The entire frontier is rocked The entire frontier is rocked
951 01:08:16,092 01:08:19,051 by three consecutive earthquakes by three consecutive earthquakes
952 01:08:19,095 01:08:22,054 estimated to be a 7.9 on the Richter scale. estimated to be a 7.9 on the Richter scale.
953 01:08:24,665 01:08:27,538 Known as the New Madrid earthquakes Known as the New Madrid earthquakes
954 01:08:27,581 01:08:28,974 they're strong enough to be felt they're strong enough to be felt
955 01:08:29,017 01:08:32,238 in a half-dozen states. in a half-dozen states.
956 01:08:32,282 01:08:35,937 The New Madrid earthquakes were remarkable. The New Madrid earthquakes were remarkable.
957 01:08:35,981 01:08:38,766 They had tremendous impact. They had tremendous impact.
958 01:08:38,810 01:08:40,420 The Earth behaved in a way The Earth behaved in a way
959 01:08:40,464 01:08:41,769 that it hadn't before. that it hadn't before.
960 01:08:41,813 01:08:43,902 And so, this seemed to be And so, this seemed to be
961 01:08:43,945 01:08:45,033 a supernatural a supernatural
962 01:08:45,077 01:08:46,644 apocalyptic event. apocalyptic event.
963 01:08:48,689 01:08:52,084 And that being tied to Tecumseh and his message And that being tied to Tecumseh and his message
964 01:08:52,128 01:08:55,261 gained even more mythical status gained even more mythical status
965 01:08:55,305 01:08:58,438 for him and for his entire movement. for him and for his entire movement.
966 01:09:01,398 01:09:03,965 Empowered by this sign Empowered by this sign
967 01:09:04,009 01:09:07,317 Tecumseh rallies yet more warriors to his cause. Tecumseh rallies yet more warriors to his cause.
968 01:09:11,843 01:09:14,193 To ensure victory To ensure victory
969 01:09:14,237 01:09:16,108 Tecumseh now seeks an alliance Tecumseh now seeks an alliance
970 01:09:16,152 01:09:18,458 with the United States' strongest enemy.. with the United States' strongest enemy..
971 01:09:26,205 01:09:27,511 ...the British. ...the British.
972 01:09:31,602 01:09:34,213 Tecumseh decides to align himself Tecumseh decides to align himself
973 01:09:34,257 01:09:36,215 and his coalition with the British and his coalition with the British
974 01:09:36,259 01:09:38,348 because he sees a strategic advantage because he sees a strategic advantage
975 01:09:38,391 01:09:42,090 not only to end white settler incursion into native lands not only to end white settler incursion into native lands
976 01:09:42,134 01:09:45,050 but to ultimately be able to take their territory back. but to ultimately be able to take their territory back.
977 01:09:51,709 01:09:53,754 Word of Tecumseh's alliance with Britain Word of Tecumseh's alliance with Britain
978 01:09:53,798 01:09:56,453 soon reaches Washington soon reaches Washington
979 01:09:56,496 01:09:58,977 where President James Madison views it where President James Madison views it
980 01:09:59,020 01:10:01,109 as the latest in an escalating series as the latest in an escalating series
981 01:10:01,153 01:10:02,198 of British insults. of British insults.
982 01:10:04,287 01:10:06,680 Madison believed the British were not treating Madison believed the British were not treating
983 01:10:06,724 01:10:08,639 the United States with the respect the United States with the respect
984 01:10:08,682 01:10:10,554 that the Americans believed that they deserved that the Americans believed that they deserved
985 01:10:10,597 01:10:14,122 as an independent sovereign country. as an independent sovereign country.
986 01:10:14,166 01:10:16,908 The British seized American vessels on the high seas The British seized American vessels on the high seas
987 01:10:16,951 01:10:19,389 the British seized American sailors the British seized American sailors
988 01:10:19,432 01:10:21,695 the British armed and provoked the British armed and provoked
989 01:10:21,739 01:10:23,610 American Indians in the west. American Indians in the west.
990 01:10:34,665 01:10:37,015 We behold on the side of Great Britain.. We behold on the side of Great Britain..
991 01:10:38,277 01:10:40,148 ...a state of war. ...a state of war.
992 01:10:41,802 01:10:44,762 On June 18th, 1812 On June 18th, 1812
993 01:10:44,805 01:10:48,287 almost 30 years after winning its independence almost 30 years after winning its independence
994 01:10:48,331 01:10:50,681 the United States declares war the United States declares war
995 01:10:50,724 01:10:52,944 on Great Britain. on Great Britain.
996 01:10:52,987 01:10:55,294 A lot of people called the war of 1812 A lot of people called the war of 1812
997 01:10:55,338 01:10:58,297 the second war for American independence. the second war for American independence.
998 01:11:00,386 01:11:02,170 The president's first priority The president's first priority
999 01:11:02,214 01:11:05,130 is to send reinforcements to Fort Detroit is to send reinforcements to Fort Detroit
1000 01:11:05,173 01:11:08,176 in current-day Michigan. in current-day Michigan.
1001 01:11:08,220 01:11:10,309 It's on the border of British Canada It's on the border of British Canada
1002 01:11:10,353 01:11:11,789 and whoever controls it and whoever controls it
1003 01:11:11,832 01:11:14,008 controls the American frontier. controls the American frontier.
1004 01:11:23,061 01:11:25,629 As 200 US troops move north.. As 200 US troops move north..
1005 01:11:39,164 01:11:42,559 ...Tecumseh ambushes them with 24 warriors.. ...Tecumseh ambushes them with 24 warriors..
1006 01:11:44,212 01:11:45,779 ...and a clever attack plan. ...and a clever attack plan.
1007 01:11:48,956 01:11:50,697 One of the hallmarks One of the hallmarks
1008 01:11:50,741 01:11:53,613 of Tecumseh's military strategy of Tecumseh's military strategy
1009 01:11:53,657 01:11:56,790 was repeatedly making enemies think was repeatedly making enemies think
1010 01:11:56,834 01:11:59,010 he had far more warriors he had far more warriors
1011 01:11:59,053 01:12:01,055 than he actually had. than he actually had.
1012 01:12:01,099 01:12:04,494 He moved them around in such a way He moved them around in such a way
1013 01:12:04,537 01:12:07,105 making noise, kicking up dust making noise, kicking up dust
1014 01:12:07,148 01:12:08,715 made it appear that his forces made it appear that his forces
1015 01:12:08,759 01:12:10,848 were vastly superior in number. were vastly superior in number.
1016 01:12:53,281 01:12:56,459 ...they're ambushed by Tecumseh.. ...they're ambushed by Tecumseh..
1017 01:12:56,502 01:12:58,330 ...and 24 warriors. ...and 24 warriors.
1018 01:13:22,920 01:13:25,139 Even though he's vastly outnumbered Even though he's vastly outnumbered
1019 01:13:25,183 01:13:26,489 Tecumseh prevails. Tecumseh prevails.
1020 01:13:29,274 01:13:30,971 And he turns his sights And he turns his sights
1021 01:13:31,015 01:13:33,931 to Fort Detroit itself. to Fort Detroit itself.
1022 01:13:33,974 01:13:36,281 Detroit's pretty important because it's the gateway Detroit's pretty important because it's the gateway
1023 01:13:36,324 01:13:38,326 to what's called Upper Canada. to what's called Upper Canada.
1024 01:13:38,370 01:13:41,199 Basically the area we know as Ontario today. Basically the area we know as Ontario today.
1025 01:13:43,593 01:13:46,726 Detroit was, uh, the administrative center Detroit was, uh, the administrative center
1026 01:13:46,770 01:13:48,119 of The Great Lakes. of The Great Lakes.
1027 01:13:48,162 01:13:49,468 So, the control center So, the control center
1028 01:13:49,512 01:13:51,644 for the entire American west. for the entire American west.
1029 01:14:12,448 01:14:16,016 By 1812, Tecumseh is a legend across the frontier. By 1812, Tecumseh is a legend across the frontier.
1030 01:14:17,757 01:14:20,020 And terrified by his reputation And terrified by his reputation
1031 01:14:20,064 01:14:22,022 the soldiers manning the fort the soldiers manning the fort
1032 01:14:22,066 01:14:23,720 give up without a fight. give up without a fight.
1033 01:14:53,663 01:14:55,403 Because the American commander at Detroit Because the American commander at Detroit
1034 01:14:55,447 01:14:57,754 was grossly incompetent was grossly incompetent
1035 01:14:57,797 01:14:59,625 Tecumseh and his British allies Tecumseh and his British allies
1036 01:14:59,669 01:15:02,106 were able to take the American fort at Detroit were able to take the American fort at Detroit
1037 01:15:02,149 01:15:04,456 without firing a single shot. without firing a single shot.
1038 01:15:07,415 01:15:09,330 With the American surrender With the American surrender
1039 01:15:09,374 01:15:12,551 the British now control the most important fort the British now control the most important fort
1040 01:15:12,595 01:15:13,857 on the frontier. on the frontier.
1041 01:15:30,264 01:15:33,616 After a lifetime of violence under US expansion.. After a lifetime of violence under US expansion..
1042 01:15:39,665 01:15:43,234 ...this is Tecumseh's chance for revenge. ...this is Tecumseh's chance for revenge.
1043 01:15:43,277 01:15:44,583 Please. Please.
1044 01:16:08,259 01:16:11,697 Tecumseh was dedicated not only to the ideal Tecumseh was dedicated not only to the ideal
1045 01:16:11,741 01:16:14,613 of the Shawnee warrior, but to his own of the Shawnee warrior, but to his own
1046 01:16:14,657 01:16:17,050 standard of morality. standard of morality.
1047 01:16:22,012 01:16:25,493 Tecumseh's choice is more than an act of mercy. Tecumseh's choice is more than an act of mercy.
1048 01:16:25,537 01:16:27,931 It's a strategic act of diplomacy. It's a strategic act of diplomacy.
1049 01:16:29,976 01:16:31,761 Tecumseh understood Tecumseh understood
1050 01:16:31,804 01:16:33,632 that he was essentially fighting that he was essentially fighting
1051 01:16:33,676 01:16:36,156 a defensive war against the forces a defensive war against the forces
1052 01:16:36,200 01:16:38,985 of United States' expansionism. of United States' expansionism.
1053 01:16:39,029 01:16:42,423 He did not want to push the war He did not want to push the war
1054 01:16:42,467 01:16:45,862 to the depths of barbarity and savagery to the depths of barbarity and savagery
1055 01:16:45,905 01:16:48,255 that would have made it impossible for him that would have made it impossible for him
1056 01:16:48,299 01:16:51,302 to negotiate at a later time with the United States. to negotiate at a later time with the United States.
1057 01:16:54,131 01:16:55,698 With the defeat at Fort Detroit.. With the defeat at Fort Detroit..
1058 01:16:58,004 01:17:01,399 ...Britain claims the Michigan territory for the crown ...Britain claims the Michigan territory for the crown
1059 01:17:01,442 01:17:03,009 and cements their alliance and cements their alliance
1060 01:17:03,053 01:17:04,924 with Tecumseh's Pan-Indian nation.. with Tecumseh's Pan-Indian nation..
1061 01:17:06,796 01:17:09,973 ...news that alarms the US Government ...news that alarms the US Government
1062 01:17:10,016 01:17:12,192 and threatens the young country's future. and threatens the young country's future.
1063 01:17:14,804 01:17:16,632 Next time.. Next time..
1064 01:17:16,675 01:17:19,678 ...on "The Men Who Built - Frontiersmen.." ...on "The Men Who Built - Frontiersmen.."
1065 01:17:19,722 01:17:23,116 ...in Tennessee, a young general named Andrew Jackson.. ...in Tennessee, a young general named Andrew Jackson..
1066 01:17:24,204 01:17:25,684 ...vows to stop Britain ...vows to stop Britain
1067 01:17:25,728 01:17:28,426 and her allies...at any cost. and her allies...at any cost.
1068 01:17:29,470 01:17:31,734 - Ahh! - Come on, men! - Ahh! - Come on, men!
1069 01:17:31,777 01:17:33,953 Andrew Jackson was often thought of as the second coming Andrew Jackson was often thought of as the second coming
1070 01:17:33,997 01:17:35,346 of George Washington. of George Washington.
1071 01:17:35,389 01:17:36,869 George Washington wins independence George Washington wins independence
1072 01:17:36,913 01:17:38,741 for the United States, Andrew Jackson for the United States, Andrew Jackson
1073 01:17:38,784 01:17:40,656 defends independence for the United States. defends independence for the United States.
1074 01:17:40,699 01:17:43,702 Fire! Fire!
1075 01:17:43,746 01:17:46,618 He fights with famed frontiersman, Davy Crockett. He fights with famed frontiersman, Davy Crockett.
1076 01:17:46,662 01:17:49,708 David Crockett looms huge in the notion David Crockett looms huge in the notion
1077 01:17:49,752 01:17:51,971 of what the American frontier was. of what the American frontier was.
1078 01:17:52,015 01:17:55,975 He became a symbol of possibility. He became a symbol of possibility.
1079 01:17:56,019 01:17:58,021 The fate of the United States The fate of the United States
1080 01:17:58,064 01:18:01,415 depends on this new generation of frontiersmen. depends on this new generation of frontiersmen.
1081 01:18:01,459 01:18:02,852 Do not test me. Do not test me.