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1 | 00:00:01,394 | 00:00:05,872 | ? | ? |
2 | 00:00:05,881 | 00:00:08,839 | Narrator: Ever since humanity went into space, | Narrator: Ever since humanity went into space, |
3 | 00:00:08,914 | 00:00:12,359 | We've looked down on the marvels of our civilization. | We've looked down on the marvels of our civilization. |
4 | 00:00:16,121 | 00:00:20,199 | We've achieved incredible things, | We've achieved incredible things, |
5 | 00:00:20,274 | 00:00:25,072 | But we didn't do this alone. | But we didn't do this alone. |
6 | 00:00:25,081 | 00:00:29,152 | Thanks to space technology, we are gaining new insight | Thanks to space technology, we are gaining new insight |
7 | 00:00:29,161 | 00:00:32,352 | Into how the dynamic life of our planet | Into how the dynamic life of our planet |
8 | 00:00:32,361 | 00:00:36,912 | Has influenced the rise of our species. | Has influenced the rise of our species. |
9 | 00:00:36,921 | 00:00:41,072 | ? | ? |
10 | 00:00:41,081 | 00:00:44,159 | We're finding evidence that our exceptional brains | We're finding evidence that our exceptional brains |
11 | 00:00:44,201 | 00:00:49,632 | May be an evolutionary response to an unpredictable climate. | May be an evolutionary response to an unpredictable climate. |
12 | 00:00:49,641 | 00:00:53,072 | Man: When you really look at what our brains do, | Man: When you really look at what our brains do, |
13 | 00:00:53,081 | 00:00:56,519 | They're our organ of adaptability. | They're our organ of adaptability. |
14 | 00:00:56,594 | 00:00:59,559 | Narrator: We're revealing how a lifestyle revolution | Narrator: We're revealing how a lifestyle revolution |
15 | 00:00:59,634 | 00:01:03,399 | Triggered the growth of civilization. | Triggered the growth of civilization. |
16 | 00:01:03,474 | 00:01:06,919 | Man: These are probably the earliest ancient roadways | Man: These are probably the earliest ancient roadways |
17 | 00:01:06,994 | 00:01:09,199 | In the world. | In the world. |
18 | 00:01:09,241 | 00:01:12,839 | Narrator: And we're uncovering the full power and peril | Narrator: And we're uncovering the full power and peril |
19 | 00:01:12,914 | 00:01:16,439 | Of unleashing the energy stored within our planet | Of unleashing the energy stored within our planet |
20 | 00:01:16,514 | 00:01:19,872 | Hundreds of millions of years ago. | Hundreds of millions of years ago. |
21 | 00:01:19,881 | 00:01:21,639 | Man: That's an energy revolution, | Man: That's an energy revolution, |
22 | 00:01:21,714 | 00:01:26,199 | And there are climatic and ecosystem consequences to that | And there are climatic and ecosystem consequences to that |
23 | 00:01:26,274 | 00:01:32,432 | That are going to be present for thousands of years to come. | That are going to be present for thousands of years to come. |
24 | 00:01:32,441 | 00:01:35,632 | Narrator: Humanity's very success is pushing us | Narrator: Humanity's very success is pushing us |
25 | 00:01:35,641 | 00:01:38,992 | And our environment to the edge. | And our environment to the edge. |
26 | 00:01:39,001 | 00:01:42,839 | Man: We have become a force to match anything that you see | Man: We have become a force to match anything that you see |
27 | 00:01:42,914 | 00:01:46,119 | In a billion years of earth history. | In a billion years of earth history. |
28 | 00:01:46,194 | 00:01:49,199 | Narrator: But our technology gives us a chance | Narrator: But our technology gives us a chance |
29 | 00:01:49,241 | 00:01:52,512 | To shape what happens next. | To shape what happens next. |
30 | 00:01:52,521 | 00:01:56,032 | Man: We can actually conceive of a desirable future | Man: We can actually conceive of a desirable future |
31 | 00:01:56,041 | 00:01:58,439 | And build a global plan to get to that future. | And build a global plan to get to that future. |
32 | 00:01:58,514 | 00:02:02,592 | That's the challenge for humanity in the 21st century. | That's the challenge for humanity in the 21st century. |
33 | 00:02:02,601 | 00:02:13,312 | ? | ? |
34 | 00:02:13,321 | 00:02:16,119 | Narrator: This is the story of us, | Narrator: This is the story of us, |
35 | 00:02:16,194 | 00:02:20,992 | Of the life of earth in the age of humans. | Of the life of earth in the age of humans. |
36 | 00:02:21,001 | 00:02:30,999 | ? | ? |
37 | 00:02:31,001 | 00:02:36,752 | ? | ? |
38 | 00:02:36,761 | 00:02:40,592 | From its birth 4.5 billion years ago, | From its birth 4.5 billion years ago, |
39 | 00:02:40,601 | 00:02:45,639 | Planet earth has endured constant change-- | Planet earth has endured constant change-- |
40 | 00:02:45,714 | 00:02:51,312 | Devastating impacts from asteroids and comets, | Devastating impacts from asteroids and comets, |
41 | 00:02:51,321 | 00:02:53,399 | And tectonic shifts generated | And tectonic shifts generated |
42 | 00:02:53,474 | 00:02:56,912 | By the churning heat beneath its crust, | By the churning heat beneath its crust, |
43 | 00:02:56,921 | 00:03:00,832 | Transforming the planet's environment. | Transforming the planet's environment. |
44 | 00:03:00,841 | 00:03:03,239 | All life that clings to its surface | All life that clings to its surface |
45 | 00:03:03,314 | 00:03:07,199 | Evolves to survive | Evolves to survive |
46 | 00:03:07,241 | 00:03:09,639 | Or succumbs to extinction. | Or succumbs to extinction. |
47 | 00:03:13,081 | 00:03:16,959 | Our story begins 300,000 years ago. | Our story begins 300,000 years ago. |
48 | 00:03:19,314 | 00:03:22,112 | Earth's climate is colder than today, | Earth's climate is colder than today, |
49 | 00:03:22,121 | 00:03:28,079 | With ice sheets extending from both poles. | With ice sheets extending from both poles. |
50 | 00:03:28,121 | 00:03:32,272 | In the warmer equatorial zone on the african continent, | In the warmer equatorial zone on the african continent, |
51 | 00:03:32,281 | 00:03:37,159 | A new creature arises, | A new creature arises, |
52 | 00:03:37,234 | 00:03:41,319 | A species of ape with great potential. | A species of ape with great potential. |
53 | 00:03:41,394 | 00:03:44,119 | They are us... | They are us... |
54 | 00:03:48,161 | 00:03:49,879 | Homo sapiens. | Homo sapiens. |
55 | 00:03:54,034 | 00:03:56,599 | But 300,000 years ago, | But 300,000 years ago, |
56 | 00:03:56,674 | 00:03:58,999 | We were not the only two-legged ape | We were not the only two-legged ape |
57 | 00:03:59,074 | 00:04:02,079 | Wandering the african plains. | Wandering the african plains. |
58 | 00:04:04,514 | 00:04:07,639 | 2015, southern africa. | 2015, southern africa. |
59 | 00:04:10,194 | 00:04:13,559 | In a region rich in ancient human fossils, | In a region rich in ancient human fossils, |
60 | 00:04:13,634 | 00:04:19,759 | A fantastic new discovery awaits deep underground. | A fantastic new discovery awaits deep underground. |
61 | 00:04:21,474 | 00:04:22,679 | It's the first time | It's the first time |
62 | 00:04:22,754 | 00:04:25,639 | Paleoanthropologist dr. Lee berger | Paleoanthropologist dr. Lee berger |
63 | 00:04:25,714 | 00:04:31,312 | Has explored the rising star cave system. | Has explored the rising star cave system. |
64 | 00:04:31,321 | 00:04:32,999 | Lee berger: I had this map I'd created | Lee berger: I had this map I'd created |
65 | 00:04:33,074 | 00:04:34,999 | Of almost 800 cave sites | Of almost 800 cave sites |
66 | 00:04:35,074 | 00:04:37,072 | That were all entryways into the underworld | That were all entryways into the underworld |
67 | 00:04:37,081 | 00:04:40,599 | That I hadn't been in yet, and that was the mission. | That I hadn't been in yet, and that was the mission. |
68 | 00:04:42,114 | 00:04:45,072 | Narrator: Berger has heard rumors of human remains | Narrator: Berger has heard rumors of human remains |
69 | 00:04:45,081 | 00:04:47,759 | Glimpsed down one of these passageways. | Glimpsed down one of these passageways. |
70 | 00:04:51,154 | 00:04:56,199 | It's challenging terrain for the scientific team. | It's challenging terrain for the scientific team. |
71 | 00:04:56,274 | 00:04:57,472 | Berger: To travel just 100 meters | Berger: To travel just 100 meters |
72 | 00:04:57,481 | 00:04:59,712 | Takes 20, 30, 40 minutes, | Takes 20, 30, 40 minutes, |
73 | 00:04:59,721 | 00:05:01,712 | Depending on how fit you are and how good you are | Depending on how fit you are and how good you are |
74 | 00:05:01,721 | 00:05:04,512 | At squeezing through very tight spaces. | At squeezing through very tight spaces. |
75 | 00:05:04,521 | 00:05:06,992 | It's a torturous journey. | It's a torturous journey. |
76 | 00:05:07,001 | 00:05:13,072 | ? | ? |
77 | 00:05:13,081 | 00:05:17,319 | Narrator: The effort is worth it. | Narrator: The effort is worth it. |
78 | 00:05:17,394 | 00:05:20,832 | They make an incredible find. | They make an incredible find. |
79 | 00:05:20,841 | 00:05:21,639 | Berger: I was speechless. | Berger: I was speechless. |
80 | 00:05:21,714 | 00:05:23,392 | I mean, there I saw something | I mean, there I saw something |
81 | 00:05:23,401 | 00:05:26,352 | I thought I would never see in my entire career. | I thought I would never see in my entire career. |
82 | 00:05:26,361 | 00:05:28,832 | There was a clearly primitive hominid | There was a clearly primitive hominid |
83 | 00:05:28,841 | 00:05:31,319 | Just lying there on the surface in the dirt. | Just lying there on the surface in the dirt. |
84 | 00:05:31,394 | 00:05:37,232 | ? | ? |
85 | 00:05:37,241 | 00:05:41,072 | Narrator: The body is just the beginning. | Narrator: The body is just the beginning. |
86 | 00:05:41,081 | 00:05:43,072 | Berger and his team uncover bones | Berger and his team uncover bones |
87 | 00:05:43,081 | 00:05:46,032 | From 15 separate skeletons, | From 15 separate skeletons, |
88 | 00:05:46,041 | 00:05:50,999 | Dating from the time humans first spread across africa. | Dating from the time humans first spread across africa. |
89 | 00:05:51,074 | 00:05:54,839 | Berger: We've had everything from individuals just born, | Berger: We've had everything from individuals just born, |
90 | 00:05:54,914 | 00:05:56,999 | All the way to the extreme elderly, | All the way to the extreme elderly, |
91 | 00:05:57,074 | 00:06:00,359 | And everybody in between. | And everybody in between. |
92 | 00:06:00,434 | 00:06:03,239 | Narrator: But the bones are not human. | Narrator: But the bones are not human. |
93 | 00:06:05,881 | 00:06:10,752 | They belong to a totally new species-- | They belong to a totally new species-- |
94 | 00:06:10,761 | 00:06:12,439 | Homo naledi. | Homo naledi. |
95 | 00:06:15,074 | 00:06:17,399 | Berger: Imagine if you're standing out here | Berger: Imagine if you're standing out here |
96 | 00:06:17,474 | 00:06:21,239 | 300,000 years ago. | 300,000 years ago. |
97 | 00:06:21,314 | 00:06:24,319 | A group of homo naledis from 500 meters... | A group of homo naledis from 500 meters... |
98 | 00:06:26,834 | 00:06:28,359 | They'd look very little different from humans | They'd look very little different from humans |
99 | 00:06:28,434 | 00:06:32,279 | Because they're walking on two legs. | Because they're walking on two legs. |
100 | 00:06:32,354 | 00:06:33,959 | As they approach, | As they approach, |
101 | 00:06:34,034 | 00:06:36,439 | You're going to start seeing things that are different. | You're going to start seeing things that are different. |
102 | 00:06:36,514 | 00:06:38,519 | You're going to notice that the proportions aren't right, | You're going to notice that the proportions aren't right, |
103 | 00:06:38,594 | 00:06:42,192 | That the heads are small, that the shoulders are narrow. | That the heads are small, that the shoulders are narrow. |
104 | 00:06:42,201 | 00:06:45,799 | When they got about 50 meters from you, | When they got about 50 meters from you, |
105 | 00:06:45,874 | 00:06:48,199 | You'd realize that's not a human coming at you. | You'd realize that's not a human coming at you. |
106 | 00:06:48,274 | 00:06:52,359 | There'd be no mistaking. | There'd be no mistaking. |
107 | 00:06:52,434 | 00:06:54,032 | Narrator: Naledi now joined the ranks | Narrator: Naledi now joined the ranks |
108 | 00:06:54,041 | 00:06:57,472 | Of at least three other human-like species | Of at least three other human-like species |
109 | 00:06:57,481 | 00:07:00,679 | That existed in parallel to homo sapiens | That existed in parallel to homo sapiens |
110 | 00:07:00,754 | 00:07:03,472 | 300,000 years ago, | 300,000 years ago, |
111 | 00:07:03,481 | 00:07:08,919 | Exhibited here in the national museum of natural history. | Exhibited here in the national museum of natural history. |
112 | 00:07:08,994 | 00:07:11,392 | Rick potts: We used to see human evolutionary history | Rick potts: We used to see human evolutionary history |
113 | 00:07:11,401 | 00:07:16,159 | As that March of progress from ape-like to human beings. | As that March of progress from ape-like to human beings. |
114 | 00:07:16,201 | 00:07:20,359 | Instead, what we've learned is that there were contemporaries. | Instead, what we've learned is that there were contemporaries. |
115 | 00:07:20,434 | 00:07:24,272 | Our evolutionary tree is branching and diverse, | Our evolutionary tree is branching and diverse, |
116 | 00:07:24,281 | 00:07:25,632 | Like the evolutionary trees | Like the evolutionary trees |
117 | 00:07:25,641 | 00:07:29,559 | Of almost all other organisms on earth. | Of almost all other organisms on earth. |
118 | 00:07:29,634 | 00:07:32,079 | Narrator: But if all these human-like competitors | Narrator: But if all these human-like competitors |
119 | 00:07:32,121 | 00:07:34,159 | Once shared our planet, | Once shared our planet, |
120 | 00:07:34,201 | 00:07:37,552 | Why are we the only ones left? | Why are we the only ones left? |
121 | 00:07:37,561 | 00:07:40,039 | Potts: None of them now exist on earth. | Potts: None of them now exist on earth. |
122 | 00:07:40,201 | 00:07:42,599 | We are the last bipeds standing. | We are the last bipeds standing. |
123 | 00:07:44,914 | 00:07:47,952 | Narrator: Humanity's survival advantage may have its roots | Narrator: Humanity's survival advantage may have its roots |
124 | 00:07:47,961 | 00:07:52,039 | In dramatic changes in the earth's unstable climate. | In dramatic changes in the earth's unstable climate. |
125 | 00:07:52,201 | 00:07:59,559 | ? | ? |
126 | 00:07:59,634 | 00:08:02,999 | Satellite images of the western sahara | Satellite images of the western sahara |
127 | 00:08:03,074 | 00:08:08,439 | Reveal remains of a major river system 250 miles long... | Reveal remains of a major river system 250 miles long... |
128 | 00:08:10,521 | 00:08:15,479 | Evidence that this was once a lush valley. | Evidence that this was once a lush valley. |
129 | 00:08:15,554 | 00:08:18,592 | It's now believed that every 20,000 years | It's now believed that every 20,000 years |
130 | 00:08:18,601 | 00:08:20,592 | Throughout humanity's evolution, | Throughout humanity's evolution, |
131 | 00:08:20,601 | 00:08:24,039 | Periodic ice ages swing the african environment | Periodic ice ages swing the african environment |
132 | 00:08:24,114 | 00:08:28,512 | From wet to dry and back again. | From wet to dry and back again. |
133 | 00:08:28,521 | 00:08:29,959 | Potts: The past six million years | Potts: The past six million years |
134 | 00:08:30,034 | 00:08:32,032 | Have been the most dramatic period | Have been the most dramatic period |
135 | 00:08:32,041 | 00:08:35,232 | Of climate oscillation and change in landscapes | Of climate oscillation and change in landscapes |
136 | 00:08:35,241 | 00:08:37,879 | Ever since the extinction of the dinosaurs | Ever since the extinction of the dinosaurs |
137 | 00:08:37,954 | 00:08:40,199 | 65 million years ago. | 65 million years ago. |
138 | 00:08:42,361 | 00:08:44,199 | Narrator: Any species that can't cope | Narrator: Any species that can't cope |
139 | 00:08:44,274 | 00:08:48,832 | With rapid environmental change will not endure. | With rapid environmental change will not endure. |
140 | 00:08:48,841 | 00:08:53,472 | Potts: The boundary between survival and extinction | Potts: The boundary between survival and extinction |
141 | 00:08:53,481 | 00:08:54,999 | Was really adaptability, | Was really adaptability, |
142 | 00:08:55,074 | 00:08:59,439 | The ability to adjust to changes in the landscape. | The ability to adjust to changes in the landscape. |
143 | 00:09:01,721 | 00:09:03,392 | Narrator: Scientists think the need | Narrator: Scientists think the need |
144 | 00:09:03,401 | 00:09:06,039 | To solve environmental challenges | To solve environmental challenges |
145 | 00:09:06,114 | 00:09:11,119 | Spurred homo sapiens to evolve a uniquely adaptive brain. | Spurred homo sapiens to evolve a uniquely adaptive brain. |
146 | 00:09:13,474 | 00:09:16,432 | We developed imagination and language skills | We developed imagination and language skills |
147 | 00:09:16,441 | 00:09:18,679 | Our rivals lacked. | Our rivals lacked. |
148 | 00:09:21,081 | 00:09:24,272 | Potts: When you really look at what our brains do, | Potts: When you really look at what our brains do, |
149 | 00:09:24,281 | 00:09:27,072 | They're our organ of adaptability. | They're our organ of adaptability. |
150 | 00:09:27,081 | 00:09:29,472 | With language, we have the ability | With language, we have the ability |
151 | 00:09:29,481 | 00:09:34,039 | Of not just having our brains being inside our skulls, | Of not just having our brains being inside our skulls, |
152 | 00:09:34,114 | 00:09:38,279 | We have the possibility of our brains being shared with others | We have the possibility of our brains being shared with others |
153 | 00:09:38,354 | 00:09:40,519 | In ways that go far beyond | In ways that go far beyond |
154 | 00:09:40,594 | 00:09:42,839 | What any other organism was capable of doing | What any other organism was capable of doing |
155 | 00:09:42,914 | 00:09:45,879 | Up to that time, including earlier humans, | Up to that time, including earlier humans, |
156 | 00:09:45,954 | 00:09:50,039 | And that capacity to socially network our brains | And that capacity to socially network our brains |
157 | 00:09:50,121 | 00:09:54,992 | Meant that innovations could start to not only be invented | Meant that innovations could start to not only be invented |
158 | 00:09:55,001 | 00:09:57,879 | But also to accumulate. | But also to accumulate. |
159 | 00:09:57,954 | 00:10:00,279 | That was our real card | That was our real card |
160 | 00:10:00,354 | 00:10:03,472 | That we could put down on the survival table. | That we could put down on the survival table. |
161 | 00:10:03,481 | 00:10:07,239 | ? | ? |
162 | 00:10:07,314 | 00:10:10,999 | Narrator: Over 200,000 years of intense competition | Narrator: Over 200,000 years of intense competition |
163 | 00:10:11,074 | 00:10:12,992 | In a fluctuating climate, | In a fluctuating climate, |
164 | 00:10:13,001 | 00:10:17,959 | We become the only homo species still surviving in africa. | We become the only homo species still surviving in africa. |
165 | 00:10:20,674 | 00:10:23,952 | Homo naledi and our other african rivals | Homo naledi and our other african rivals |
166 | 00:10:23,961 | 00:10:25,599 | Are overwhelmed. | Are overwhelmed. |
167 | 00:10:28,114 | 00:10:32,959 | And it's time for our mental advantage to go global. | And it's time for our mental advantage to go global. |
168 | 00:10:36,281 | 00:10:39,072 | An extreme ice age causes sea levels | An extreme ice age causes sea levels |
169 | 00:10:39,081 | 00:10:42,439 | To drop nearly 250 feet. | To drop nearly 250 feet. |
170 | 00:10:43,961 | 00:10:48,592 | Sections of the red sea narrow to just a few miles wide. | Sections of the red sea narrow to just a few miles wide. |
171 | 00:10:48,601 | 00:10:54,512 | ? | ? |
172 | 00:10:54,521 | 00:10:58,119 | It's a new route out of africa | It's a new route out of africa |
173 | 00:10:58,194 | 00:11:00,999 | That some of our ancestors now use | That some of our ancestors now use |
174 | 00:11:01,074 | 00:11:03,439 | To spread across the world. | To spread across the world. |
175 | 00:11:07,241 | 00:11:08,832 | The decline and disappearance | The decline and disappearance |
176 | 00:11:08,841 | 00:11:12,039 | Of all remaining rival homo species | Of all remaining rival homo species |
177 | 00:11:12,114 | 00:11:15,239 | Can be traced to this great migration. | Can be traced to this great migration. |
178 | 00:11:18,121 | 00:11:22,839 | And our rivals are not the only casualties. | And our rivals are not the only casualties. |
179 | 00:11:22,914 | 00:11:25,872 | We now begin to have an impact on the planet | We now begin to have an impact on the planet |
180 | 00:11:25,881 | 00:11:30,279 | Unlike any other animal before or since. | Unlike any other animal before or since. |
181 | 00:11:38,114 | 00:11:41,919 | The latest ice age approaches its peak. | The latest ice age approaches its peak. |
182 | 00:11:47,154 | 00:11:49,479 | Over the last 30,000 years, | Over the last 30,000 years, |
183 | 00:11:49,554 | 00:11:56,192 | Our ancestors have spread across the globe. | Our ancestors have spread across the globe. |
184 | 00:11:56,201 | 00:12:00,192 | But their path to the americas was hindered. | But their path to the americas was hindered. |
185 | 00:12:00,201 | 00:12:05,952 | Deep oceans proved a formidable obstruction, | Deep oceans proved a formidable obstruction, |
186 | 00:12:05,961 | 00:12:09,319 | But now this barrier disappears. | But now this barrier disappears. |
187 | 00:12:09,394 | 00:12:12,119 | Expanding ice caps cause sea levels | Expanding ice caps cause sea levels |
188 | 00:12:12,194 | 00:12:15,799 | To dip to record lows. | To dip to record lows. |
189 | 00:12:15,874 | 00:12:21,312 | In 2014, a satellite survey between siberia and alaska | In 2014, a satellite survey between siberia and alaska |
190 | 00:12:21,321 | 00:12:25,319 | Measures the shallow contours of the seabed. | Measures the shallow contours of the seabed. |
191 | 00:12:25,394 | 00:12:29,399 | Here is conclusive proof that 25,000 years ago, | Here is conclusive proof that 25,000 years ago, |
192 | 00:12:29,474 | 00:12:33,479 | A 600-mile land corridor opens up. | A 600-mile land corridor opens up. |
193 | 00:12:33,554 | 00:12:38,592 | ? | ? |
194 | 00:12:38,601 | 00:12:43,479 | Across it, animals and humans start to migrate. | Across it, animals and humans start to migrate. |
195 | 00:12:46,834 | 00:12:53,472 | But evidence from this late migration tells a bigger story-- | But evidence from this late migration tells a bigger story-- |
196 | 00:12:53,481 | 00:12:55,479 | That humans have by now amassed | That humans have by now amassed |
197 | 00:12:55,554 | 00:13:00,359 | The power to unbalance an entire ecosystem. | The power to unbalance an entire ecosystem. |
198 | 00:13:00,434 | 00:13:06,919 | ? | ? |
199 | 00:13:06,994 | 00:13:10,439 | In michigan, a team of paleontologists investigates | In michigan, a team of paleontologists investigates |
200 | 00:13:10,514 | 00:13:13,072 | The remains of an ice age lake. | The remains of an ice age lake. |
201 | 00:13:13,161 | 00:13:16,999 | ? | ? |
202 | 00:13:17,074 | 00:13:21,559 | Team leader dr. Dan fisher unearths incredible evidence | Team leader dr. Dan fisher unearths incredible evidence |
203 | 00:13:21,634 | 00:13:25,519 | Of the deadly impact of this human migration. | Of the deadly impact of this human migration. |
204 | 00:13:28,754 | 00:13:30,119 | Dan fisher: What's that? | Dan fisher: What's that? |
205 | 00:13:30,194 | 00:13:31,879 | There's something there. | There's something there. |
206 | 00:13:31,954 | 00:13:34,272 | Okay, this shape right here | Okay, this shape right here |
207 | 00:13:34,281 | 00:13:37,959 | Is the central column-like section of a vertebra, | Is the central column-like section of a vertebra, |
208 | 00:13:38,034 | 00:13:40,592 | The part that supports weight. | The part that supports weight. |
209 | 00:13:40,601 | 00:13:44,192 | Oh! There's another one below this. | Oh! There's another one below this. |
210 | 00:13:44,201 | 00:13:48,239 | Narrator: These are the remains of an icon of the ice age... | Narrator: These are the remains of an icon of the ice age... |
211 | 00:13:50,834 | 00:13:52,759 | The woolly mammoth. | The woolly mammoth. |
212 | 00:13:52,834 | 00:13:54,759 | Fisher: Humans living here at this time | Fisher: Humans living here at this time |
213 | 00:13:54,834 | 00:13:56,199 | Would absolutely have encountered them | Would absolutely have encountered them |
214 | 00:13:56,274 | 00:14:00,432 | On a more or less daily basis. | On a more or less daily basis. |
215 | 00:14:00,441 | 00:14:02,039 | Narrator: Before humans arrived, | Narrator: Before humans arrived, |
216 | 00:14:02,114 | 00:14:06,039 | Mammoths and other large animals roamed throughout the americas. | Mammoths and other large animals roamed throughout the americas. |
217 | 00:14:08,674 | 00:14:12,719 | But they had never faced a predator this cunning. | But they had never faced a predator this cunning. |
218 | 00:14:16,274 | 00:14:17,959 | Fisher's evidence shows | Fisher's evidence shows |
219 | 00:14:18,034 | 00:14:21,552 | Just how sophisticated these hunters were. | Just how sophisticated these hunters were. |
220 | 00:14:21,561 | 00:14:24,512 | Fisher: I think this comes from the base of the skull | Fisher: I think this comes from the base of the skull |
221 | 00:14:24,521 | 00:14:26,512 | That was cleaved off. | That was cleaved off. |
222 | 00:14:26,521 | 00:14:28,512 | This would suggest, not in a single piece, | This would suggest, not in a single piece, |
223 | 00:14:28,521 | 00:14:30,839 | Maybe in multiple pieces, | Maybe in multiple pieces, |
224 | 00:14:30,914 | 00:14:34,352 | We have this very targeted damage on the skull. | We have this very targeted damage on the skull. |
225 | 00:14:34,361 | 00:14:37,639 | They broke in just where it was necessary | They broke in just where it was necessary |
226 | 00:14:37,714 | 00:14:40,359 | To most easily remove the entire brain. | To most easily remove the entire brain. |
227 | 00:14:42,041 | 00:14:44,112 | Narrator: The early humans aren't just eating | Narrator: The early humans aren't just eating |
228 | 00:14:44,121 | 00:14:46,192 | The nutritious brain. | The nutritious brain. |
229 | 00:14:46,201 | 00:14:50,679 | They know how to prepare and preserve it. | They know how to prepare and preserve it. |
230 | 00:14:50,754 | 00:14:53,559 | Fisher: The fact that it's found in the pond | Fisher: The fact that it's found in the pond |
231 | 00:14:53,634 | 00:14:55,639 | Is consistent with the notion | Is consistent with the notion |
232 | 00:14:55,714 | 00:14:59,792 | That they store brains in skulls in lakes for a month or two | That they store brains in skulls in lakes for a month or two |
233 | 00:14:59,801 | 00:15:01,312 | To sort of season them | To sort of season them |
234 | 00:15:01,321 | 00:15:05,319 | And, and get them sort of to just the right consistency, | And, and get them sort of to just the right consistency, |
235 | 00:15:05,394 | 00:15:07,199 | But then they'll eat them directly. | But then they'll eat them directly. |
236 | 00:15:10,754 | 00:15:14,079 | Narrator: Mammoths once dominated this landscape. | Narrator: Mammoths once dominated this landscape. |
237 | 00:15:17,794 | 00:15:22,359 | But fossil evidence shows that by 10,000 years ago, | But fossil evidence shows that by 10,000 years ago, |
238 | 00:15:22,434 | 00:15:26,832 | Their numbers are in steep decline. | Their numbers are in steep decline. |
239 | 00:15:26,841 | 00:15:30,519 | And the clues point to one culprit. | And the clues point to one culprit. |
240 | 00:15:33,401 | 00:15:35,552 | Fisher: You might think that a small human population | Fisher: You might think that a small human population |
241 | 00:15:35,561 | 00:15:40,279 | Would never make a dent in the populations like this, | Would never make a dent in the populations like this, |
242 | 00:15:40,354 | 00:15:44,039 | But these are slow-reproducing animals. | But these are slow-reproducing animals. |
243 | 00:15:44,201 | 00:15:47,552 | When they suffer losses to hunting year after year, | When they suffer losses to hunting year after year, |
244 | 00:15:47,561 | 00:15:50,039 | It has the potential to have a serious impact | It has the potential to have a serious impact |
245 | 00:15:50,114 | 00:15:52,039 | On the population as a whole. | On the population as a whole. |
246 | 00:15:55,794 | 00:15:58,912 | The evidence strongly supports human activity | The evidence strongly supports human activity |
247 | 00:15:58,921 | 00:16:03,519 | As the principal cause of the mammoths' extinction. | As the principal cause of the mammoths' extinction. |
248 | 00:16:07,161 | 00:16:09,392 | Narrator: The end of the mammoths is proof | Narrator: The end of the mammoths is proof |
249 | 00:16:09,401 | 00:16:12,039 | That as early as 10,000 years ago, | That as early as 10,000 years ago, |
250 | 00:16:12,114 | 00:16:15,872 | Our adaptive brain gives us enormous influence | Our adaptive brain gives us enormous influence |
251 | 00:16:15,881 | 00:16:17,639 | Over our environment. | Over our environment. |
252 | 00:16:19,554 | 00:16:22,352 | But globally, our scattered populations | But globally, our scattered populations |
253 | 00:16:22,361 | 00:16:25,519 | Still total fewer than five million. | Still total fewer than five million. |
254 | 00:16:27,721 | 00:16:30,359 | In this ice age world, our numbers are limited | In this ice age world, our numbers are limited |
255 | 00:16:30,434 | 00:16:34,279 | By the scarcity of the wild resources we depend on. | By the scarcity of the wild resources we depend on. |
256 | 00:16:37,641 | 00:16:40,839 | But the planet itself will soon create opportunity | But the planet itself will soon create opportunity |
257 | 00:16:40,914 | 00:16:43,472 | For a new way of life. | For a new way of life. |
258 | 00:16:43,481 | 00:16:47,479 | Humans will harness the power of cultivation, | Humans will harness the power of cultivation, |
259 | 00:16:47,554 | 00:16:50,112 | Transforming not just our population, | Transforming not just our population, |
260 | 00:16:50,121 | 00:16:54,919 | But our societies, even the whole ecosystem. | But our societies, even the whole ecosystem. |
261 | 00:17:03,394 | 00:17:07,199 | Our planet today is lit up by civilization. | Our planet today is lit up by civilization. |
262 | 00:17:15,161 | 00:17:18,112 | But 10,000 years ago, | But 10,000 years ago, |
263 | 00:17:18,121 | 00:17:21,599 | Not a single town or city exists. | Not a single town or city exists. |
264 | 00:17:25,074 | 00:17:27,792 | All humans are nomads. | All humans are nomads. |
265 | 00:17:27,801 | 00:17:32,039 | They live in small groups of hunter-gatherers, | They live in small groups of hunter-gatherers, |
266 | 00:17:32,121 | 00:17:34,199 | Always on the move, | Always on the move, |
267 | 00:17:34,274 | 00:17:40,359 | Hunting wild animals and foraging wild plants. | Hunting wild animals and foraging wild plants. |
268 | 00:17:40,434 | 00:17:45,479 | This lifestyle has changed little for over 100,000 years. | This lifestyle has changed little for over 100,000 years. |
269 | 00:17:45,554 | 00:17:50,359 | ? | ? |
270 | 00:17:50,434 | 00:17:55,239 | But just 5,000 years later, grand structures appear | But just 5,000 years later, grand structures appear |
271 | 00:17:55,314 | 00:17:58,439 | Alongside teeming cities, | Alongside teeming cities, |
272 | 00:17:58,514 | 00:18:01,319 | Hallmarks of civilization. | Hallmarks of civilization. |
273 | 00:18:02,521 | 00:18:04,832 | It's a dramatic turning point. | It's a dramatic turning point. |
274 | 00:18:04,841 | 00:18:08,759 | ? | ? |
275 | 00:18:08,834 | 00:18:11,319 | And a set of top secret photographs | And a set of top secret photographs |
276 | 00:18:11,394 | 00:18:14,679 | May just have revealed where it all began. | May just have revealed where it all began. |
277 | 00:18:20,514 | 00:18:24,672 | In the 1960s, at the height of the cold war, | In the 1960s, at the height of the cold war, |
278 | 00:18:24,681 | 00:18:28,119 | America launches a spy satellite program... | America launches a spy satellite program... |
279 | 00:18:32,841 | 00:18:35,599 | Code name: Corona. | Code name: Corona. |
280 | 00:18:39,401 | 00:18:42,919 | For decades, the 800,000 satellite photographs | For decades, the 800,000 satellite photographs |
281 | 00:18:42,994 | 00:18:48,119 | Of the corona program remain top secret, | Of the corona program remain top secret, |
282 | 00:18:48,194 | 00:18:52,999 | But in 1995, an archaeologist from the smithsonian institution | But in 1995, an archaeologist from the smithsonian institution |
283 | 00:18:53,074 | 00:18:58,359 | Persuades the government to declassify the images. | Persuades the government to declassify the images. |
284 | 00:18:58,434 | 00:19:00,199 | This treasure trove of data | This treasure trove of data |
285 | 00:19:00,274 | 00:19:04,799 | May just have identified the world's first city. | May just have identified the world's first city. |
286 | 00:19:08,921 | 00:19:12,919 | Anthropologist dr. Jesse casana has spent years | Anthropologist dr. Jesse casana has spent years |
287 | 00:19:12,994 | 00:19:19,072 | Studying corona spy photographs of the middle east. | Studying corona spy photographs of the middle east. |
288 | 00:19:19,081 | 00:19:21,072 | The images are invaluable | The images are invaluable |
289 | 00:19:21,081 | 00:19:24,359 | Because 50 years ago when the photos were taken, | Because 50 years ago when the photos were taken, |
290 | 00:19:24,434 | 00:19:28,512 | The countryside was far less industrialized. | The countryside was far less industrialized. |
291 | 00:19:31,161 | 00:19:36,672 | Ancient details remain visible, if you know what to look for. | Ancient details remain visible, if you know what to look for. |
292 | 00:19:36,681 | 00:19:38,359 | Jesse casana: We were able to document | Jesse casana: We were able to document |
293 | 00:19:38,434 | 00:19:42,839 | Something like 10,000 previously unknown archaeological sites | Something like 10,000 previously unknown archaeological sites |
294 | 00:19:42,914 | 00:19:46,032 | That, through the history of 150 years | That, through the history of 150 years |
295 | 00:19:46,041 | 00:19:48,192 | Of archaeologists working in the middle east, | Of archaeologists working in the middle east, |
296 | 00:19:48,201 | 00:19:50,079 | No one had ever documented. | No one had ever documented. |
297 | 00:19:51,721 | 00:19:53,232 | Narrator: In 2007, | Narrator: In 2007, |
298 | 00:19:53,241 | 00:19:57,079 | The spy images herald a breakthrough, | The spy images herald a breakthrough, |
299 | 00:19:57,154 | 00:19:59,872 | Revealing details that are causing experts | Revealing details that are causing experts |
300 | 00:19:59,881 | 00:20:05,199 | To reclassify one settlement as the world's first city. | To reclassify one settlement as the world's first city. |
301 | 00:20:06,841 | 00:20:10,992 | 4,000 years older than the pyramids of egypt, | 4,000 years older than the pyramids of egypt, |
302 | 00:20:11,001 | 00:20:14,599 | It's called tell brak. | It's called tell brak. |
303 | 00:20:14,674 | 00:20:17,072 | Casana: It looks like a gigantic hill today, | Casana: It looks like a gigantic hill today, |
304 | 00:20:17,081 | 00:20:21,079 | And surrounding the big hill is a fan of other settlement | And surrounding the big hill is a fan of other settlement |
305 | 00:20:21,154 | 00:20:24,279 | That encompasses a very large area. | That encompasses a very large area. |
306 | 00:20:24,354 | 00:20:26,759 | It's the remains of an ancient city | It's the remains of an ancient city |
307 | 00:20:26,834 | 00:20:31,792 | That was probably first founded more than 6,000 years ago, | That was probably first founded more than 6,000 years ago, |
308 | 00:20:31,801 | 00:20:37,079 | And that makes it perhaps the oldest city in the world. | And that makes it perhaps the oldest city in the world. |
309 | 00:20:37,154 | 00:20:40,599 | Narrator: Settlements like tell brak only start to appear | Narrator: Settlements like tell brak only start to appear |
310 | 00:20:40,674 | 00:20:45,039 | After a dramatic event transforms the environment. | After a dramatic event transforms the environment. |
311 | 00:20:48,681 | 00:20:53,072 | It's the end of the last ice age. | It's the end of the last ice age. |
312 | 00:20:53,121 | 00:20:56,039 | Earth's climate radically shifts. | Earth's climate radically shifts. |
313 | 00:20:56,114 | 00:21:04,512 | ? | ? |
314 | 00:21:04,521 | 00:21:11,319 | The planet is at its warmest point in 100,000 years. | The planet is at its warmest point in 100,000 years. |
315 | 00:21:11,394 | 00:21:15,199 | Where tell brak lies is an area of the middle east | Where tell brak lies is an area of the middle east |
316 | 00:21:15,241 | 00:21:18,672 | Known as the fertile crescent. | Known as the fertile crescent. |
317 | 00:21:18,681 | 00:21:22,039 | It's now that it becomes fertile. | It's now that it becomes fertile. |
318 | 00:21:22,121 | 00:21:26,352 | ? | ? |
319 | 00:21:26,361 | 00:21:30,192 | Rainfall and temperatures increase, | Rainfall and temperatures increase, |
320 | 00:21:30,201 | 00:21:34,039 | Leading to a great expansion of grassland. | Leading to a great expansion of grassland. |
321 | 00:21:34,114 | 00:21:40,839 | ? | ? |
322 | 00:21:40,914 | 00:21:45,479 | Climate change is about to fuel a food revolution. | Climate change is about to fuel a food revolution. |
323 | 00:21:47,954 | 00:21:53,552 | For millennia, humans foraged wild grass seeds, | For millennia, humans foraged wild grass seeds, |
324 | 00:21:53,561 | 00:21:56,432 | But now abundant wheat and barley | But now abundant wheat and barley |
325 | 00:21:56,441 | 00:21:59,679 | Prove easy to grow and to control. | Prove easy to grow and to control. |
326 | 00:22:02,274 | 00:22:04,359 | Some people begin to settle, | Some people begin to settle, |
327 | 00:22:04,434 | 00:22:09,872 | To nurture and protect their crops. | To nurture and protect their crops. |
328 | 00:22:09,881 | 00:22:13,399 | They gradually give up the hunter-gatherer lifestyle | They gradually give up the hunter-gatherer lifestyle |
329 | 00:22:13,474 | 00:22:18,352 | To become farmers. | To become farmers. |
330 | 00:22:18,361 | 00:22:20,079 | From this point forward, | From this point forward, |
331 | 00:22:20,121 | 00:22:25,072 | Human reliance on cultivated plants and domesticated animals | Human reliance on cultivated plants and domesticated animals |
332 | 00:22:25,121 | 00:22:27,759 | Will begin to change the landscape. | Will begin to change the landscape. |
333 | 00:22:31,081 | 00:22:34,592 | Potts: With agriculture, people began to have an impact, | Potts: With agriculture, people began to have an impact, |
334 | 00:22:34,601 | 00:22:37,792 | Taking a few plants, then breeding them, | Taking a few plants, then breeding them, |
335 | 00:22:37,801 | 00:22:41,399 | Growing them, and rejecting all of the other plants around them, | Growing them, and rejecting all of the other plants around them, |
336 | 00:22:41,474 | 00:22:44,832 | Simplifying those ecosystems. | Simplifying those ecosystems. |
337 | 00:22:44,841 | 00:22:48,079 | Narrator: Tell brak is special because the earliest evidence | Narrator: Tell brak is special because the earliest evidence |
338 | 00:22:48,121 | 00:22:49,792 | Of this shift to agriculture | Of this shift to agriculture |
339 | 00:22:49,801 | 00:22:52,912 | Is visible in the corona images-- | Is visible in the corona images-- |
340 | 00:22:52,921 | 00:22:55,319 | The world's first roads. | The world's first roads. |
341 | 00:22:55,394 | 00:22:56,672 | Casana: What we can see | Casana: What we can see |
342 | 00:22:56,681 | 00:22:59,072 | Are these, these dark linear features | Are these, these dark linear features |
343 | 00:22:59,121 | 00:23:03,472 | That extend out from the site like the spokes on a wheel. | That extend out from the site like the spokes on a wheel. |
344 | 00:23:03,481 | 00:23:04,999 | They're really long. | They're really long. |
345 | 00:23:05,074 | 00:23:08,512 | They extend four or five kilometers, and what they are | They extend four or five kilometers, and what they are |
346 | 00:23:08,521 | 00:23:12,279 | Are the remains of probably the earliest known roadways | Are the remains of probably the earliest known roadways |
347 | 00:23:12,354 | 00:23:14,272 | In the world. | In the world. |
348 | 00:23:14,281 | 00:23:15,952 | What we are able to reconstruct | What we are able to reconstruct |
349 | 00:23:15,961 | 00:23:19,152 | Is that, in the immediate hinterland surrounding the city, | Is that, in the immediate hinterland surrounding the city, |
350 | 00:23:19,161 | 00:23:21,072 | There would have been extensive fields | There would have been extensive fields |
351 | 00:23:21,201 | 00:23:25,392 | Of intensively cultivated wheat and barley. | Of intensively cultivated wheat and barley. |
352 | 00:23:25,401 | 00:23:27,159 | The sheep and goat that lived with the people | The sheep and goat that lived with the people |
353 | 00:23:27,234 | 00:23:28,439 | Here in tell brak, | Here in tell brak, |
354 | 00:23:28,514 | 00:23:31,792 | They would need to pass by those fields, | They would need to pass by those fields, |
355 | 00:23:31,801 | 00:23:33,152 | And they didn't want to trample the wheat, | And they didn't want to trample the wheat, |
356 | 00:23:33,161 | 00:23:35,072 | So they would be kind of constrained, | So they would be kind of constrained, |
357 | 00:23:35,081 | 00:23:37,159 | And so that's how we get these roadways forming. | And so that's how we get these roadways forming. |
358 | 00:23:37,234 | 00:23:38,752 | They served as passage | They served as passage |
359 | 00:23:38,761 | 00:23:41,479 | For large herds of sheep and goat and other animals | For large herds of sheep and goat and other animals |
360 | 00:23:41,554 | 00:23:43,799 | To come in and out of the city. | To come in and out of the city. |
361 | 00:23:46,201 | 00:23:49,392 | Narrator: The settled populations expand, | Narrator: The settled populations expand, |
362 | 00:23:49,401 | 00:23:53,072 | Overwhelming the remaining hunter-gatherers, | Overwhelming the remaining hunter-gatherers, |
363 | 00:23:53,081 | 00:23:56,079 | Transforming the landscape | Transforming the landscape |
364 | 00:23:56,121 | 00:24:01,079 | With fields, villages, towns, | With fields, villages, towns, |
365 | 00:24:01,154 | 00:24:05,152 | And eventually cities. | And eventually cities. |
366 | 00:24:05,161 | 00:24:09,952 | As these cities become the hubs of great civilizations, | As these cities become the hubs of great civilizations, |
367 | 00:24:09,961 | 00:24:14,919 | This is the moment humanity becomes visible from space. | This is the moment humanity becomes visible from space. |
368 | 00:24:16,914 | 00:24:19,239 | Over the next few thousand years, | Over the next few thousand years, |
369 | 00:24:19,314 | 00:24:24,112 | Agricultural revolutions occur across the globe. | Agricultural revolutions occur across the globe. |
370 | 00:24:24,121 | 00:24:26,039 | Each civilization is built | Each civilization is built |
371 | 00:24:26,114 | 00:24:31,152 | Around locally cultivated plants. | Around locally cultivated plants. |
372 | 00:24:31,161 | 00:24:35,319 | In china and southeast asia, rice and millet. | In china and southeast asia, rice and millet. |
373 | 00:24:35,394 | 00:24:38,839 | In the americas, corn or potatoes. | In the americas, corn or potatoes. |
374 | 00:24:41,721 | 00:24:44,119 | And wherever agriculture takes hold, | And wherever agriculture takes hold, |
375 | 00:24:44,194 | 00:24:48,352 | There is a population explosion. | There is a population explosion. |
376 | 00:24:48,361 | 00:24:50,359 | By the first century a.D., | By the first century a.D., |
377 | 00:24:50,434 | 00:24:55,392 | The world population is over 170 million. | The world population is over 170 million. |
378 | 00:24:55,401 | 00:24:59,159 | By 1500, it's 500 million. | By 1500, it's 500 million. |
379 | 00:25:02,441 | 00:25:05,632 | The footprint of expanding human populations | The footprint of expanding human populations |
380 | 00:25:05,641 | 00:25:10,119 | Spreads over the entire surface of the earth. | Spreads over the entire surface of the earth. |
381 | 00:25:10,194 | 00:25:12,592 | But now, as long as we rely solely | But now, as long as we rely solely |
382 | 00:25:12,601 | 00:25:15,079 | On plants and animals for energy, | On plants and animals for energy, |
383 | 00:25:15,154 | 00:25:18,599 | Our growth is constrained. | Our growth is constrained. |
384 | 00:25:21,481 | 00:25:23,792 | Further progress is unlikely | Further progress is unlikely |
385 | 00:25:23,801 | 00:25:29,239 | If not for a hidden source of power lying under our feet. | If not for a hidden source of power lying under our feet. |
386 | 00:25:34,274 | 00:25:36,039 | Above our heads today, | Above our heads today, |
387 | 00:25:36,161 | 00:25:39,559 | Scores of satellites orbit the earth. | Scores of satellites orbit the earth. |
388 | 00:25:39,634 | 00:25:42,999 | Their mission--treasure seeking. | Their mission--treasure seeking. |
389 | 00:25:45,234 | 00:25:49,872 | Using an array of sensors, they probe the planet's surface, | Using an array of sensors, they probe the planet's surface, |
390 | 00:25:49,881 | 00:25:51,479 | Seeking an energy bonanza | Seeking an energy bonanza |
391 | 00:25:51,554 | 00:25:54,759 | Buried hundreds of millions of years ago. | Buried hundreds of millions of years ago. |
392 | 00:25:54,834 | 00:25:59,319 | ? | ? |
393 | 00:25:59,394 | 00:26:02,672 | Over the earth's 4.5-billion-year history, | Over the earth's 4.5-billion-year history, |
394 | 00:26:02,681 | 00:26:06,519 | It has experienced many violent transformations. | It has experienced many violent transformations. |
395 | 00:26:09,881 | 00:26:11,199 | But through them all, | But through them all, |
396 | 00:26:11,241 | 00:26:15,399 | The sun has shone, bathing the surface with light, | The sun has shone, bathing the surface with light, |
397 | 00:26:15,474 | 00:26:18,519 | A source of incredible energy. | A source of incredible energy. |
398 | 00:26:18,594 | 00:26:24,112 | ? | ? |
399 | 00:26:24,121 | 00:26:26,519 | When life takes off in earnest, | When life takes off in earnest, |
400 | 00:26:26,594 | 00:26:30,079 | It does so because it has perfected photosynthesis... | It does so because it has perfected photosynthesis... |
401 | 00:26:32,521 | 00:26:36,112 | Using light energy to trap carbon from the air | Using light energy to trap carbon from the air |
402 | 00:26:36,121 | 00:26:42,079 | In leaves, stems, and trunks. | In leaves, stems, and trunks. |
403 | 00:26:42,121 | 00:26:48,199 | For over 100 million years, immense forests swamp the globe, | For over 100 million years, immense forests swamp the globe, |
404 | 00:26:48,274 | 00:26:53,079 | And the seas fill with life. | And the seas fill with life. |
405 | 00:26:53,154 | 00:26:59,632 | As plants and animals die, their remains become fossilized. | As plants and animals die, their remains become fossilized. |
406 | 00:26:59,641 | 00:27:02,832 | They lock up the solar energy that created them | They lock up the solar energy that created them |
407 | 00:27:02,841 | 00:27:08,032 | In coal, oil, and gas, | In coal, oil, and gas, |
408 | 00:27:08,041 | 00:27:09,872 | Which millions of years later | Which millions of years later |
409 | 00:27:09,881 | 00:27:13,952 | Will utterly transform human societies. | Will utterly transform human societies. |
410 | 00:27:13,961 | 00:27:23,999 | ? | ? |
411 | 00:27:24,001 | 00:27:29,879 | ? | ? |
412 | 00:27:29,954 | 00:27:32,432 | Since the start of civilization, | Since the start of civilization, |
413 | 00:27:32,441 | 00:27:34,432 | To keep the fires burning, | To keep the fires burning, |
414 | 00:27:34,441 | 00:27:37,792 | Populations rely on wood for fuel. | Populations rely on wood for fuel. |
415 | 00:27:37,801 | 00:27:45,872 | ? | ? |
416 | 00:27:45,881 | 00:27:48,272 | And by around 300 years ago, | And by around 300 years ago, |
417 | 00:27:48,281 | 00:27:51,392 | Populated areas like europe and china | Populated areas like europe and china |
418 | 00:27:51,401 | 00:27:56,032 | Burn up most of their forests. | Burn up most of their forests. |
419 | 00:27:56,041 | 00:27:58,352 | If they use up all their wood, | If they use up all their wood, |
420 | 00:27:58,361 | 00:28:01,719 | Their civilizations may soon collapse. | Their civilizations may soon collapse. |
421 | 00:28:06,194 | 00:28:08,079 | But in the 18th century, | But in the 18th century, |
422 | 00:28:08,121 | 00:28:12,359 | Humans tap the true potential of fossil fuels... | Humans tap the true potential of fossil fuels... |
423 | 00:28:14,281 | 00:28:16,272 | Developing machines to harness | Developing machines to harness |
424 | 00:28:16,281 | 00:28:19,559 | This buried source of rich energy. | This buried source of rich energy. |
425 | 00:28:22,994 | 00:28:24,912 | Over just a few hundred years, | Over just a few hundred years, |
426 | 00:28:24,921 | 00:28:28,999 | They fuel humanity's great leap forward-- | They fuel humanity's great leap forward-- |
427 | 00:28:29,074 | 00:28:33,472 | The industrial revolution. | The industrial revolution. |
428 | 00:28:33,481 | 00:28:36,679 | Scott wing: We're tapping into this fossilized source of carbon | Scott wing: We're tapping into this fossilized source of carbon |
429 | 00:28:36,754 | 00:28:40,199 | That's been deposited over hundreds of millions of years, | That's been deposited over hundreds of millions of years, |
430 | 00:28:40,274 | 00:28:42,432 | And we're then burning that energy up, | And we're then burning that energy up, |
431 | 00:28:42,441 | 00:28:46,199 | And that's really an energy revolution that's so recent | And that's really an energy revolution that's so recent |
432 | 00:28:46,274 | 00:28:47,312 | That I, I think sometimes | That I, I think sometimes |
433 | 00:28:47,321 | 00:28:49,952 | We don't realize how important it is. | We don't realize how important it is. |
434 | 00:28:49,961 | 00:28:54,599 | ? | ? |
435 | 00:28:54,674 | 00:28:56,839 | Narrator: Access to fossilized energy | Narrator: Access to fossilized energy |
436 | 00:28:56,914 | 00:29:00,479 | Puts human civilization into overdrive. | Puts human civilization into overdrive. |
437 | 00:29:02,761 | 00:29:06,192 | Wing: The energy revolution lets all of us | Wing: The energy revolution lets all of us |
438 | 00:29:06,201 | 00:29:10,112 | Consume a huge amount of power. | Consume a huge amount of power. |
439 | 00:29:10,121 | 00:29:15,119 | The amount of energy that each one of us use in our daily lives | The amount of energy that each one of us use in our daily lives |
440 | 00:29:15,161 | 00:29:16,599 | Is equivalent to having, | Is equivalent to having, |
441 | 00:29:16,674 | 00:29:19,519 | You know, more than 100 people working for you full-time. | You know, more than 100 people working for you full-time. |
442 | 00:29:21,794 | 00:29:25,279 | Narrator: Gasoline-fueled vehicles link cities. | Narrator: Gasoline-fueled vehicles link cities. |
443 | 00:29:28,521 | 00:29:32,639 | Coal- and oil-powered ships link continents. | Coal- and oil-powered ships link continents. |
444 | 00:29:37,714 | 00:29:41,719 | Technological innovation allows instant communication | Technological innovation allows instant communication |
445 | 00:29:41,794 | 00:29:44,272 | Across the planet. | Across the planet. |
446 | 00:29:44,281 | 00:29:48,079 | Civilization is now truly global. | Civilization is now truly global. |
447 | 00:29:52,114 | 00:29:53,552 | But this energy revolution | But this energy revolution |
448 | 00:29:53,561 | 00:29:56,439 | Also unleashes humanity's potential | Also unleashes humanity's potential |
449 | 00:29:56,514 | 00:30:00,079 | For incredible destructive power. | For incredible destructive power. |
450 | 00:30:00,121 | 00:30:05,799 | [explosion] | [explosion] |
451 | 00:30:05,874 | 00:30:08,519 | The explosion of the first atomic bomb | The explosion of the first atomic bomb |
452 | 00:30:08,594 | 00:30:11,679 | Marks a turning point for humankind. | Marks a turning point for humankind. |
453 | 00:30:14,161 | 00:30:18,959 | [explosion] | [explosion] |
454 | 00:30:21,001 | 00:30:22,672 | Over the following decades, | Over the following decades, |
455 | 00:30:22,681 | 00:30:26,512 | More than 2,000 atomic warheads are tested. | More than 2,000 atomic warheads are tested. |
456 | 00:30:26,521 | 00:30:31,792 | ? | ? |
457 | 00:30:31,801 | 00:30:36,352 | They generate an unprecedented release of radioactive dust | They generate an unprecedented release of radioactive dust |
458 | 00:30:36,361 | 00:30:39,359 | That spreads across the globe. | That spreads across the globe. |
459 | 00:30:41,641 | 00:30:44,839 | Wing: If you were a geologist ten million years from now, | Wing: If you were a geologist ten million years from now, |
460 | 00:30:44,914 | 00:30:47,799 | Some of it would still be visible | Some of it would still be visible |
461 | 00:30:47,874 | 00:30:53,072 | In the sediments deposited in the mid-20th century. | In the sediments deposited in the mid-20th century. |
462 | 00:30:53,081 | 00:30:54,759 | Narrator: This is the moment | Narrator: This is the moment |
463 | 00:30:54,834 | 00:30:59,639 | Geologists consider the official start of the age of humans, | Geologists consider the official start of the age of humans, |
464 | 00:30:59,714 | 00:31:02,679 | The point when a species of ape achieved the power | The point when a species of ape achieved the power |
465 | 00:31:02,754 | 00:31:06,839 | To determine the destiny of all life on earth. | To determine the destiny of all life on earth. |
466 | 00:31:13,161 | 00:31:16,439 | So far, the fear of mutual destruction | So far, the fear of mutual destruction |
467 | 00:31:16,514 | 00:31:19,559 | Has kept us from nuclear holocaust. | Has kept us from nuclear holocaust. |
468 | 00:31:22,441 | 00:31:24,039 | But in the age of humans, | But in the age of humans, |
469 | 00:31:24,114 | 00:31:27,872 | There are other ways we can threaten our own survival. | There are other ways we can threaten our own survival. |
470 | 00:31:27,881 | 00:31:35,559 | ? | ? |
471 | 00:31:35,634 | 00:31:38,759 | It took humanity 300,000 years | It took humanity 300,000 years |
472 | 00:31:38,834 | 00:31:43,399 | To reach a population of one billion. | To reach a population of one billion. |
473 | 00:31:43,474 | 00:31:45,632 | But in just two centuries, | But in just two centuries, |
474 | 00:31:45,641 | 00:31:52,199 | Our fossil-fueled civilization has rocketed to seven billion. | Our fossil-fueled civilization has rocketed to seven billion. |
475 | 00:31:52,274 | 00:31:55,792 | We are now spread, in increasing density, | We are now spread, in increasing density, |
476 | 00:31:55,801 | 00:32:02,592 | Over the entire habitable surface of the globe. | Over the entire habitable surface of the globe. |
477 | 00:32:02,601 | 00:32:04,039 | Kirk johnson: During my life span, | Kirk johnson: During my life span, |
478 | 00:32:04,121 | 00:32:07,232 | The population of the planet has more than doubled. | The population of the planet has more than doubled. |
479 | 00:32:07,241 | 00:32:08,992 | The impact of that, of course, | The impact of that, of course, |
480 | 00:32:09,001 | 00:32:13,072 | Is that people need food, land, iphones, | Is that people need food, land, iphones, |
481 | 00:32:13,081 | 00:32:15,359 | Cars, buses, cities. | Cars, buses, cities. |
482 | 00:32:16,914 | 00:32:20,512 | So as humans grow, they're appropriating the natural world | So as humans grow, they're appropriating the natural world |
483 | 00:32:20,521 | 00:32:22,799 | At a staggering rate. | At a staggering rate. |
484 | 00:32:24,594 | 00:32:27,232 | Narrator: It's estimated that to feed everyone, | Narrator: It's estimated that to feed everyone, |
485 | 00:32:27,241 | 00:32:28,759 | Farmers will need to produce | Farmers will need to produce |
486 | 00:32:28,834 | 00:32:31,479 | As much food in the next 40 years | As much food in the next 40 years |
487 | 00:32:31,554 | 00:32:35,199 | As they have in the previous 8,000. | As they have in the previous 8,000. |
488 | 00:32:38,361 | 00:32:41,559 | But as we turn most of the globe to agriculture, | But as we turn most of the globe to agriculture, |
489 | 00:32:41,634 | 00:32:44,879 | We are destroying animal diversity. | We are destroying animal diversity. |
490 | 00:32:47,314 | 00:32:49,472 | Today, livestock farming | Today, livestock farming |
491 | 00:32:49,481 | 00:32:52,999 | Covers a quarter of all available land. | Covers a quarter of all available land. |
492 | 00:32:56,754 | 00:33:00,199 | In just 50 years, wild mammal numbers | In just 50 years, wild mammal numbers |
493 | 00:33:00,274 | 00:33:03,519 | Have dropped by almost 60 percent. | Have dropped by almost 60 percent. |
494 | 00:33:06,994 | 00:33:08,592 | Johnson: One of the things we've been seeing is over time | Johnson: One of the things we've been seeing is over time |
495 | 00:33:08,601 | 00:33:12,039 | Is that there are less animals than there used to be. | Is that there are less animals than there used to be. |
496 | 00:33:12,121 | 00:33:13,712 | There are less fish than there used to be. | There are less fish than there used to be. |
497 | 00:33:13,721 | 00:33:16,439 | There's less wild land than there used to be. | There's less wild land than there used to be. |
498 | 00:33:19,634 | 00:33:22,999 | Narrator: Extinction rates are 1,000 times higher | Narrator: Extinction rates are 1,000 times higher |
499 | 00:33:23,074 | 00:33:25,039 | Than ever measured before. | Than ever measured before. |
500 | 00:33:27,234 | 00:33:29,392 | Wing: How long are we going to continue | Wing: How long are we going to continue |
501 | 00:33:29,401 | 00:33:33,559 | To decrease the habitat for other species? | To decrease the habitat for other species? |
502 | 00:33:33,634 | 00:33:36,999 | Because if it continues, I think there's not much doubt | Because if it continues, I think there's not much doubt |
503 | 00:33:37,074 | 00:33:39,479 | That we will end up in a mass extinction. | That we will end up in a mass extinction. |
504 | 00:33:43,154 | 00:33:44,432 | Narrator: We may not notice | Narrator: We may not notice |
505 | 00:33:44,441 | 00:33:48,199 | The extinction of most wild animals, | The extinction of most wild animals, |
506 | 00:33:48,274 | 00:33:51,079 | But our addiction to fossilized energy | But our addiction to fossilized energy |
507 | 00:33:51,154 | 00:33:53,959 | Is becoming impossible to ignore. | Is becoming impossible to ignore. |
508 | 00:33:54,034 | 00:34:00,999 | ? | ? |
509 | 00:34:01,074 | 00:34:04,199 | Burning fossil fuels pumps huge quantities | Burning fossil fuels pumps huge quantities |
510 | 00:34:04,274 | 00:34:06,799 | Of ancient carbon into the atmosphere... | Of ancient carbon into the atmosphere... |
511 | 00:34:10,514 | 00:34:14,672 | Far too much for today's plants, soils, or oceans | Far too much for today's plants, soils, or oceans |
512 | 00:34:14,681 | 00:34:16,039 | To reabsorb. | To reabsorb. |
513 | 00:34:16,161 | 00:34:19,792 | ? | ? |
514 | 00:34:19,801 | 00:34:24,039 | [horns honking] | [horns honking] |
515 | 00:34:24,201 | 00:34:26,439 | Wing: We're using the fossil fuel reservoir | Wing: We're using the fossil fuel reservoir |
516 | 00:34:26,514 | 00:34:29,632 | A million times faster than it was generated, | A million times faster than it was generated, |
517 | 00:34:29,641 | 00:34:34,672 | And there are climatic and ecosystem consequences to that | And there are climatic and ecosystem consequences to that |
518 | 00:34:34,681 | 00:34:39,559 | That are going to be present for thousands of years to come. | That are going to be present for thousands of years to come. |
519 | 00:34:43,234 | 00:34:44,839 | Narrator: Measurements from space probes | Narrator: Measurements from space probes |
520 | 00:34:44,914 | 00:34:51,792 | Confirm that our atmosphere is altering at an alarming rate. | Confirm that our atmosphere is altering at an alarming rate. |
521 | 00:34:51,801 | 00:34:53,392 | Gavin schmidt: We've increased the amount of carbon dioxide | Gavin schmidt: We've increased the amount of carbon dioxide |
522 | 00:34:53,401 | 00:34:54,839 | By more than 40 percent. | By more than 40 percent. |
523 | 00:34:54,914 | 00:34:56,592 | We've more than doubled the amount of methane, | We've more than doubled the amount of methane, |
524 | 00:34:56,601 | 00:34:58,272 | Another trace gas in the atmosphere. | Another trace gas in the atmosphere. |
525 | 00:34:58,281 | 00:35:01,239 | Each one of those things is changing the climate, | Each one of those things is changing the climate, |
526 | 00:35:01,314 | 00:35:02,599 | Is changing the weather. | Is changing the weather. |
527 | 00:35:02,674 | 00:35:04,512 | Narrator: Earth's history tells us | Narrator: Earth's history tells us |
528 | 00:35:04,521 | 00:35:08,439 | Rapid change in climate can be disastrous. | Rapid change in climate can be disastrous. |
529 | 00:35:08,514 | 00:35:11,159 | Wing: We have past examples | Wing: We have past examples |
530 | 00:35:11,234 | 00:35:13,239 | Where the amount of co2 has gone up | Where the amount of co2 has gone up |
531 | 00:35:13,314 | 00:35:15,159 | And the earth's climate has warmed, | And the earth's climate has warmed, |
532 | 00:35:15,234 | 00:35:18,519 | So it's a fact. | So it's a fact. |
533 | 00:35:18,594 | 00:35:20,832 | Narrator: 56 million years ago, | Narrator: 56 million years ago, |
534 | 00:35:20,841 | 00:35:24,432 | The climate warmed nearly 14 degrees fahrenheit | The climate warmed nearly 14 degrees fahrenheit |
535 | 00:35:24,441 | 00:35:27,152 | Over a few thousand years. | Over a few thousand years. |
536 | 00:35:27,161 | 00:35:29,879 | Fossils show that to survive the conditions, | Fossils show that to survive the conditions, |
537 | 00:35:29,954 | 00:35:35,719 | Most species of mammal shrank in size by over a third. | Most species of mammal shrank in size by over a third. |
538 | 00:35:35,794 | 00:35:37,072 | But under our watch, | But under our watch, |
539 | 00:35:37,081 | 00:35:42,512 | The climate is changing at a much faster pace. | The climate is changing at a much faster pace. |
540 | 00:35:42,521 | 00:35:44,199 | In the last two centuries, | In the last two centuries, |
541 | 00:35:44,274 | 00:35:48,352 | Ocean acidity increased by 25 percent. | Ocean acidity increased by 25 percent. |
542 | 00:35:48,361 | 00:35:52,912 | In the last 100 years, sea levels rose 8 inches, | In the last 100 years, sea levels rose 8 inches, |
543 | 00:35:52,921 | 00:35:54,752 | And in just 50 years, | And in just 50 years, |
544 | 00:35:54,761 | 00:35:59,792 | Nearly half of our arctic ice has disappeared. | Nearly half of our arctic ice has disappeared. |
545 | 00:35:59,801 | 00:36:04,352 | We are creating a new planetary environment. | We are creating a new planetary environment. |
546 | 00:36:04,361 | 00:36:06,192 | Schmidt: We're pushing a system | Schmidt: We're pushing a system |
547 | 00:36:06,201 | 00:36:09,072 | In a direction that it's never been before. | In a direction that it's never been before. |
548 | 00:36:09,081 | 00:36:10,672 | Just in the space of 150 years, | Just in the space of 150 years, |
549 | 00:36:10,681 | 00:36:13,639 | We have become a geological force | We have become a geological force |
550 | 00:36:13,714 | 00:36:16,752 | To, to match almost anything that you see | To, to match almost anything that you see |
551 | 00:36:16,761 | 00:36:20,192 | In, in a billion years of earth history. | In, in a billion years of earth history. |
552 | 00:36:20,201 | 00:36:23,119 | Narrator: We face a calamity of our own making, | Narrator: We face a calamity of our own making, |
553 | 00:36:23,161 | 00:36:25,239 | But our species came this far | But our species came this far |
554 | 00:36:25,314 | 00:36:29,792 | Through brain power and the tools we created, | Through brain power and the tools we created, |
555 | 00:36:29,801 | 00:36:33,439 | So can our tools come to our rescue? | So can our tools come to our rescue? |
556 | 00:36:36,841 | 00:36:40,272 | The problems caused by humanity's great expansion | The problems caused by humanity's great expansion |
557 | 00:36:40,281 | 00:36:43,399 | Have been brewing for centuries. | Have been brewing for centuries. |
558 | 00:36:43,474 | 00:36:45,072 | But scientists believe | But scientists believe |
559 | 00:36:45,201 | 00:36:48,279 | It's the actions of this current generation | It's the actions of this current generation |
560 | 00:36:48,354 | 00:36:52,439 | That will decide the future of the planet. | That will decide the future of the planet. |
561 | 00:36:52,514 | 00:36:54,519 | Potts: Humans are a turning point | Potts: Humans are a turning point |
562 | 00:36:54,594 | 00:36:56,599 | In the history of life on earth. | In the history of life on earth. |
563 | 00:36:56,674 | 00:36:58,352 | We've become a global phenomenon | We've become a global phenomenon |
564 | 00:36:58,361 | 00:37:00,839 | And responsible for the intensity | And responsible for the intensity |
565 | 00:37:00,914 | 00:37:03,399 | Of what is going on to our planet, | Of what is going on to our planet, |
566 | 00:37:03,474 | 00:37:04,992 | To the ecosystems on which | To the ecosystems on which |
567 | 00:37:05,001 | 00:37:08,199 | Not only other organisms, but human life depends. | Not only other organisms, but human life depends. |
568 | 00:37:08,274 | 00:37:10,272 | This is, in many ways, | This is, in many ways, |
569 | 00:37:10,281 | 00:37:14,519 | Our own survival challenge for the future. | Our own survival challenge for the future. |
570 | 00:37:14,594 | 00:37:19,119 | Narrator: And now we have technology to help us, | Narrator: And now we have technology to help us, |
571 | 00:37:19,161 | 00:37:24,319 | Satellites to monitor our planet and help find solutions. | Satellites to monitor our planet and help find solutions. |
572 | 00:37:27,081 | 00:37:32,719 | Our orbiting probes have already helped avert a global disaster. | Our orbiting probes have already helped avert a global disaster. |
573 | 00:37:34,834 | 00:37:38,279 | In the 1980s, above antarctica, | In the 1980s, above antarctica, |
574 | 00:37:38,354 | 00:37:41,479 | Nasa satellites provide crucial confirmation | Nasa satellites provide crucial confirmation |
575 | 00:37:41,554 | 00:37:46,032 | Of a gaping hole in the ozone layer. | Of a gaping hole in the ozone layer. |
576 | 00:37:46,041 | 00:37:49,399 | This thin layer of gas high in the atmosphere | This thin layer of gas high in the atmosphere |
577 | 00:37:49,474 | 00:37:55,639 | Is a vital protective shield against the harshest solar rays. | Is a vital protective shield against the harshest solar rays. |
578 | 00:37:55,714 | 00:37:57,872 | Schmidt: We tan, we enjoy being in the sun, | Schmidt: We tan, we enjoy being in the sun, |
579 | 00:37:57,881 | 00:38:00,352 | But if we were in the sun without an ozone layer, | But if we were in the sun without an ozone layer, |
580 | 00:38:00,361 | 00:38:02,032 | We would burn almost instantly, | We would burn almost instantly, |
581 | 00:38:02,041 | 00:38:04,599 | And it would be very, very difficult for life to exist. | And it would be very, very difficult for life to exist. |
582 | 00:38:07,794 | 00:38:10,039 | Narrator: The culprit is a side-product | Narrator: The culprit is a side-product |
583 | 00:38:10,121 | 00:38:12,039 | Of globalized industry, | Of globalized industry, |
584 | 00:38:12,114 | 00:38:15,072 | Ozone-destroying man-made gases | Ozone-destroying man-made gases |
585 | 00:38:15,081 | 00:38:18,079 | Used in aerosols and refrigeration. | Used in aerosols and refrigeration. |
586 | 00:38:20,441 | 00:38:22,519 | Spurred by the satellite evidence, | Spurred by the satellite evidence, |
587 | 00:38:22,594 | 00:38:27,119 | Politicians around the world unite in action. | Politicians around the world unite in action. |
588 | 00:38:27,161 | 00:38:29,392 | Margaret thatcher: No one can opt out. | Margaret thatcher: No one can opt out. |
589 | 00:38:29,401 | 00:38:31,559 | Narrator: The chemicals are banned. | Narrator: The chemicals are banned. |
590 | 00:38:35,321 | 00:38:36,679 | Decades later, | Decades later, |
591 | 00:38:36,754 | 00:38:40,679 | Ozone levels are on the road to recovery. | Ozone levels are on the road to recovery. |
592 | 00:38:40,754 | 00:38:45,072 | Schmidt: We avoided the cliff. Nobody predicted this. | Schmidt: We avoided the cliff. Nobody predicted this. |
593 | 00:38:45,081 | 00:38:46,272 | What would have happened? | What would have happened? |
594 | 00:38:46,281 | 00:38:51,239 | It would have reconfigured life on earth. | It would have reconfigured life on earth. |
595 | 00:38:51,314 | 00:38:54,839 | Narrator: Space technology helped prevent disaster. | Narrator: Space technology helped prevent disaster. |
596 | 00:38:57,161 | 00:38:58,439 | Given the chance, | Given the chance, |
597 | 00:38:58,514 | 00:39:02,359 | The atmosphere has the power to heal itself. | The atmosphere has the power to heal itself. |
598 | 00:39:08,434 | 00:39:12,439 | Other satellite studies show that some animal species | Other satellite studies show that some animal species |
599 | 00:39:12,514 | 00:39:16,799 | Also appear to show resilience in the age of humans. | Also appear to show resilience in the age of humans. |
600 | 00:39:20,114 | 00:39:22,039 | In downtown chicago, | In downtown chicago, |
601 | 00:39:22,201 | 00:39:25,952 | Dr. Stan gehrt uses gps technology | Dr. Stan gehrt uses gps technology |
602 | 00:39:25,961 | 00:39:29,239 | To study a population of coyotes. | To study a population of coyotes. |
603 | 00:39:33,794 | 00:39:35,232 | Stan gehrt: It's extremely difficult for us | Stan gehrt: It's extremely difficult for us |
604 | 00:39:35,241 | 00:39:37,952 | To even pick up their signals on the ground, | To even pick up their signals on the ground, |
605 | 00:39:37,961 | 00:39:40,039 | But the satellites can pick them up. | But the satellites can pick them up. |
606 | 00:39:42,441 | 00:39:45,472 | Narrator: Radio-collaring over 400 coyotes, | Narrator: Radio-collaring over 400 coyotes, |
607 | 00:39:45,481 | 00:39:50,279 | Gehrt documents how this species is thriving in the human world. | Gehrt documents how this species is thriving in the human world. |
608 | 00:39:50,354 | 00:39:55,872 | ? | ? |
609 | 00:39:55,881 | 00:39:59,719 | Gehrt: One of the most amazing things is just how many coyotes | Gehrt: One of the most amazing things is just how many coyotes |
610 | 00:39:59,794 | 00:40:03,079 | Can live in a major metropolitan area | Can live in a major metropolitan area |
611 | 00:40:03,154 | 00:40:05,072 | And live so close to people. | And live so close to people. |
612 | 00:40:05,201 | 00:40:09,639 | We estimate that there's 3,000 to 4,000 coyotes here. | We estimate that there's 3,000 to 4,000 coyotes here. |
613 | 00:40:12,361 | 00:40:14,352 | We have coyotes that are literally | We have coyotes that are literally |
614 | 00:40:14,361 | 00:40:17,799 | Within just a few yards from people on a regular basis | Within just a few yards from people on a regular basis |
615 | 00:40:17,874 | 00:40:21,319 | With people not knowing that they're there. | With people not knowing that they're there. |
616 | 00:40:21,394 | 00:40:23,319 | Narrator: They survive by adapting | Narrator: They survive by adapting |
617 | 00:40:23,394 | 00:40:26,279 | To the urban environment. | To the urban environment. |
618 | 00:40:26,354 | 00:40:28,199 | Gehrt: Coyotes have to learn traffic patterns. | Gehrt: Coyotes have to learn traffic patterns. |
619 | 00:40:28,274 | 00:40:30,079 | They have to learn how to cross roads | They have to learn how to cross roads |
620 | 00:40:30,121 | 00:40:31,959 | And avoid getting hit by cars, | And avoid getting hit by cars, |
621 | 00:40:32,034 | 00:40:36,079 | And that is the biggest risk to their life down here, | And that is the biggest risk to their life down here, |
622 | 00:40:36,121 | 00:40:37,999 | And yet they're able to do that. | And yet they're able to do that. |
623 | 00:40:39,641 | 00:40:41,152 | The patterns that we're seeing in chicago | The patterns that we're seeing in chicago |
624 | 00:40:41,161 | 00:40:42,839 | With coyotes moving into the city | With coyotes moving into the city |
625 | 00:40:42,914 | 00:40:46,272 | Is being seen in virtually every single metropolitan area | Is being seen in virtually every single metropolitan area |
626 | 00:40:46,281 | 00:40:47,839 | Across north america. | Across north america. |
627 | 00:40:49,161 | 00:40:52,992 | [train horn blows] | [train horn blows] |
628 | 00:40:53,001 | 00:40:56,079 | Narrator: If we can make space for nature, | Narrator: If we can make space for nature, |
629 | 00:40:56,121 | 00:40:59,119 | It can survive alongside us. | It can survive alongside us. |
630 | 00:41:05,234 | 00:41:06,839 | Satellites can also provide | Satellites can also provide |
631 | 00:41:06,914 | 00:41:10,159 | A path to preserving animal diversity. | A path to preserving animal diversity. |
632 | 00:41:12,274 | 00:41:14,119 | Radio-tagging technology | Radio-tagging technology |
633 | 00:41:14,194 | 00:41:17,799 | Allows the mapping of wildlife migration routes | Allows the mapping of wildlife migration routes |
634 | 00:41:17,874 | 00:41:20,759 | Thousands of miles long, | Thousands of miles long, |
635 | 00:41:20,834 | 00:41:24,039 | Maps we can use to create protected corridors | Maps we can use to create protected corridors |
636 | 00:41:24,201 | 00:41:28,832 | To save species from human interference. | To save species from human interference. |
637 | 00:41:28,841 | 00:41:30,352 | It's just one example | It's just one example |
638 | 00:41:30,361 | 00:41:35,632 | Of how space data helps protect our planet. | Of how space data helps protect our planet. |
639 | 00:41:35,641 | 00:41:37,719 | Johnson: Truly we live in a remarkable time, | Johnson: Truly we live in a remarkable time, |
640 | 00:41:37,794 | 00:41:40,352 | When we as humans have technology, | When we as humans have technology, |
641 | 00:41:40,361 | 00:41:42,119 | We have the ability to plan ahead, | We have the ability to plan ahead, |
642 | 00:41:42,194 | 00:41:44,592 | We know our geologic past. | We know our geologic past. |
643 | 00:41:44,601 | 00:41:46,032 | We can put all that together | We can put all that together |
644 | 00:41:46,041 | 00:41:49,232 | And actually conceive of a desirable future | And actually conceive of a desirable future |
645 | 00:41:49,241 | 00:41:51,639 | And build a global plan to get to that future. | And build a global plan to get to that future. |
646 | 00:41:51,714 | 00:41:56,039 | That's the challenge for humanity in the 21st century. | That's the challenge for humanity in the 21st century. |
647 | 00:41:56,114 | 00:42:00,199 | ? | ? |
648 | 00:42:00,274 | 00:42:01,632 | Narrator: From our perspective, | Narrator: From our perspective, |
649 | 00:42:01,641 | 00:42:05,072 | Our human story is epic in scope. | Our human story is epic in scope. |
650 | 00:42:05,081 | 00:42:10,679 | ? | ? |
651 | 00:42:10,754 | 00:42:14,559 | Our civilization is measured in thousands of years... | Our civilization is measured in thousands of years... |
652 | 00:42:18,201 | 00:42:21,392 | Our species in hundreds of thousands. | Our species in hundreds of thousands. |
653 | 00:42:21,401 | 00:42:29,239 | ? | ? |
654 | 00:42:29,314 | 00:42:31,239 | But the earth measures time | But the earth measures time |
655 | 00:42:31,314 | 00:42:34,319 | In millions and billions of years. | In millions and billions of years. |
656 | 00:42:37,081 | 00:42:43,399 | Our planet has lived only half of its life span. | Our planet has lived only half of its life span. |
657 | 00:42:43,474 | 00:42:46,759 | For the last 4.5 billion years, | For the last 4.5 billion years, |
658 | 00:42:46,834 | 00:42:50,672 | It has experienced monumental change. | It has experienced monumental change. |
659 | 00:42:50,681 | 00:42:54,439 | Species that dominate then disappear, | Species that dominate then disappear, |
660 | 00:42:54,514 | 00:42:59,072 | Giving rise to new life. | Giving rise to new life. |
661 | 00:42:59,081 | 00:43:04,039 | Humanity's entire existence is a brief moment of brilliance | Humanity's entire existence is a brief moment of brilliance |
662 | 00:43:04,114 | 00:43:06,679 | On this immense timeline. | On this immense timeline. |
663 | 00:43:06,754 | 00:43:09,719 | And the stable environment we have relied on | And the stable environment we have relied on |
664 | 00:43:09,794 | 00:43:12,759 | Will not last. | Will not last. |
665 | 00:43:12,834 | 00:43:15,632 | Over earth's next few billion years, | Over earth's next few billion years, |
666 | 00:43:15,641 | 00:43:20,159 | More ice ages, epic volcanic eruptions, | More ice ages, epic volcanic eruptions, |
667 | 00:43:20,201 | 00:43:24,039 | Meteor impacts, and extinctions | Meteor impacts, and extinctions |
668 | 00:43:24,114 | 00:43:26,439 | Will be inevitable. | Will be inevitable. |
669 | 00:43:26,514 | 00:43:30,752 | ? | ? |
670 | 00:43:30,761 | 00:43:32,512 | But the planet's history | But the planet's history |
671 | 00:43:32,521 | 00:43:36,759 | Tells us some forms of life will survive. | Tells us some forms of life will survive. |
672 | 00:43:39,641 | 00:43:44,039 | Where we fit into this future is up to us. | Where we fit into this future is up to us. |
673 | 00:43:44,114 | 00:43:56,879 | ? | ? |