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2 | 00:00:05,714 | 00:00:08,272 | Narrator: Since the dawn of humanity, | Narrator: Since the dawn of humanity, |
3 | 00:00:08,281 | 00:00:10,992 | We have asked the question, | We have asked the question, |
4 | 00:00:11,001 --> 00:00:14,519 How did our wondrous home come to be? | 00:00:11,001 --> 00:00:14,519 How did our wondrous home come to be? | ||
5 | 00:00:17,401 | 00:00:24,039 | Today, space technology casts light on this mystery. | Today, space technology casts light on this mystery. |
6 | 00:00:24,121 | 00:00:26,352 | Thanks to intrepid astronauts | Thanks to intrepid astronauts |
7 | 00:00:26,361 --> 00:00:30,672 And data beamed from hundreds of satellites, | 00:00:26,361 --> 00:00:30,672 And data beamed from hundreds of satellites, | ||
8 | 00:00:30,681 | 00:00:35,792 | We are gaining new insight into earth's epic history. | We are gaining new insight into earth's epic history. |
9 | 00:00:35,801 | 00:00:37,232 | Woman: Going to space, | Woman: Going to space, |
10 | 00:00:37,241 --> 00:00:41,639 We have a different lens to look at the whole planet. | 00:00:37,241 --> 00:00:41,639 We have a different lens to look at the whole planet. | ||
11 | 00:00:41,714 | 00:00:43,872 | Narrator: We're finding fresh evidence | Narrator: We're finding fresh evidence |
12 | 00:00:43,881 | 00:00:47,319 | To answer age-old questions | To answer age-old questions |
13 | 00:00:47,394 --> 00:00:50,759 About the formation of our solar system. | 00:00:47,394 --> 00:00:50,759 About the formation of our solar system. | ||
14 | 00:00:50,834 | 00:00:53,072 | Man: We can only understand the big picture | Man: We can only understand the big picture |
15 | 00:00:53,121 | 00:00:54,839 | When we study all these bodies | When we study all these bodies |
16 | 00:00:54,914 | 00:00:59,232 | And learn everything they have to tell us. | And learn everything they have to tell us. |
17 | 00:00:59,241 | 00:01:04,359 | Narrator: We're asking how life begins | Narrator: We're asking how life begins |
18 | 00:01:04,434 | 00:01:09,072 | And how it evolves through times of peril. | And how it evolves through times of peril. |
19 | 00:01:09,081 | 00:01:10,592 | Man: All of these stories | Man: All of these stories |
20 | 00:01:10,601 --> 00:01:13,879 Are intensely interesting murder mysteries | 00:01:10,601 --> 00:01:13,879 Are intensely interesting murder mysteries | ||
21 | 00:01:13,954 | 00:01:15,479 | In our planet's past. | In our planet's past. |
22 | 00:01:18,034 --> 00:01:23,479 Narrator: We're going on a 4.5-billion-year journey | 00:01:18,034 --> 00:01:23,479 Narrator: We're going on a 4.5-billion-year journey | ||
23 | 00:01:23,554 | 00:01:30,039 | Through eons of fire and meteor storms, | Through eons of fire and meteor storms, |
24 | 00:01:30,114 | 00:01:33,079 | From the arrival of oceans | From the arrival of oceans |
25 | 00:01:33,154 --> 00:01:36,439 And freezing global ice sheets, | 00:01:33,154 --> 00:01:36,439 And freezing global ice sheets, | ||
26 | 00:01:36,514 --> 00:01:39,159 Through epic eruptions | 00:01:36,514 --> 00:01:39,159 Through epic eruptions | ||
27 | 00:01:39,234 --> 00:01:41,799 And mass extinctions, | 00:01:39,234 --> 00:01:41,799 And mass extinctions, | ||
28 | 00:01:41,874 --> 00:01:47,632 To where, against all odds, life finds a way. | 00:01:41,874 --> 00:01:47,632 To where, against all odds, life finds a way. | ||
30 | 00:01:57,401 | 00:02:02,992 | This is the story of the life of earth from space. | This is the story of the life of earth from space. |
34 | 00:02:21,721 | 00:02:27,479 | 250 miles over our heads orbits the international space station. | 250 miles over our heads orbits the international space station. |
36 | 00:02:35,161 | 00:02:37,199 | The astronauts who live here | The astronauts who live here |
37 | 00:02:37,241 --> 00:02:39,719 Constantly monitor the world below. | 00:02:37,241 --> 00:02:39,719 Constantly monitor the world below. | ||
39 | 00:02:46,201 | 00:02:48,112 | Cady coleman: Our vantage point from space | Cady coleman: Our vantage point from space |
40 | 00:02:48,121 | 00:02:50,039 | Gives us a view of the planet | Gives us a view of the planet |
41 | 00:02:50,121 --> 00:02:52,672 That is about collecting information | 00:02:50,121 --> 00:02:52,672 That is about collecting information | ||
42 | 00:02:52,681 | 00:02:56,352 | That can't be collected any other way. | That can't be collected any other way. |
43 | 00:02:56,361 | 00:02:58,832 | Narrator: But they can also observe phenomena | Narrator: But they can also observe phenomena |
44 | 00:02:58,841 | 00:03:03,959 | That provide clues to earth's distant origins, | That provide clues to earth's distant origins, |
45 | 00:03:04,034 | 00:03:09,079 | The countless tiny meteors bombarding our atmosphere. | The countless tiny meteors bombarding our atmosphere. |
46 | 00:03:09,154 | 00:03:10,279 | Coleman: Every single day, | Coleman: Every single day, |
47 | 00:03:10,354 --> 00:03:13,079 There are thousands and thousands of pounds | 00:03:10,354 --> 00:03:13,079 There are thousands and thousands of pounds | ||
48 | 00:03:13,154 | 00:03:16,039 | Of space rocks pummeling the earth, | Of space rocks pummeling the earth, |
49 | 00:03:16,201 | 00:03:19,632 | And it becomes very clear that we live in a neighborhood. | And it becomes very clear that we live in a neighborhood. |
50 | 00:03:19,641 | 00:03:21,552 | It's made up of pieces of the universe, | It's made up of pieces of the universe, |
51 | 00:03:21,561 | 00:03:27,239 | Some of which come crashing down onto our earth. | Some of which come crashing down onto our earth. |
52 | 00:03:27,314 | 00:03:29,072 | Narrator: As they enter the atmosphere, | Narrator: As they enter the atmosphere, |
53 | 00:03:29,161 | 00:03:31,552 | Most of these space rocks burn up, | Most of these space rocks burn up, |
54 | 00:03:31,561 | 00:03:33,072 | But those that don't | But those that don't |
55 | 00:03:33,201 --> 00:03:37,559 Can help us understand where our planet came from. | 00:03:33,201 --> 00:03:37,559 Can help us understand where our planet came from. | ||
56 | 00:03:37,634 | 00:03:41,719 | ? | ? |
57 | 00:03:41,794 | 00:03:44,199 | 50,000 years ago, | 50,000 years ago, |
58 | 00:03:44,274 | 00:03:47,919 | A large meteor punches through the atmosphere. | A large meteor punches through the atmosphere. |
59 | 00:03:52,121 | 00:03:57,552 | The impact site is today visible from space-- | The impact site is today visible from space-- |
60 | 00:03:57,561 | 00:04:00,639 | Arizona's barringer crater. | Arizona's barringer crater. |
61 | 00:04:04,921 | 00:04:07,312 | When the 30-ton meteorite hit, | When the 30-ton meteorite hit, |
62 | 00:04:07,321 | 00:04:10,199 | It exploded into thousands of pieces. | It exploded into thousands of pieces. |
63 | 00:04:13,881 | 00:04:16,432 | At the national museum of natural history, | At the national museum of natural history, |
64 | 00:04:16,441 | 00:04:22,119 | A major fragment is on display-- | A major fragment is on display-- |
65 | 00:04:22,194 | 00:04:25,079 | The canyon diablo, | The canyon diablo, |
66 | 00:04:25,154 | 00:04:29,559 | One of the oldest objects you'll ever see. | One of the oldest objects you'll ever see. |
67 | 00:04:29,634 | 00:04:32,519 | Radiometric dating reveals its oldest parts | Radiometric dating reveals its oldest parts |
68 | 00:04:32,594 | 00:04:38,279 | Formed almost four and a half billion years ago. | Formed almost four and a half billion years ago. |
69 | 00:04:38,354 | 00:04:41,079 | Hakeem oluseyi: These meteorites hold in them | Hakeem oluseyi: These meteorites hold in them |
70 | 00:04:41,154 | 00:04:43,712 | A history of our solar system. | A history of our solar system. |
71 | 00:04:43,721 | 00:04:46,119 | They're sort of like fossil relics | They're sort of like fossil relics |
72 | 00:04:46,194 | 00:04:51,639 | That have a story to tell about the birth of earth. | That have a story to tell about the birth of earth. |
73 | 00:04:51,714 | 00:04:54,752 | Narrator: It's a story that starts with the building blocks | Narrator: It's a story that starts with the building blocks |
74 | 00:04:54,761 | 00:04:57,552 | Of everything on earth, | Of everything on earth, |
75 | 00:04:57,561 | 00:05:02,439 | Elements that are forged in the hearts of long-dead stars. | Elements that are forged in the hearts of long-dead stars. |
76 | 00:05:02,514 | 00:05:07,232 | ? | ? |
77 | 00:05:07,241 | 00:05:11,479 | Under its own gravity, an enormous star collapses. | Under its own gravity, an enormous star collapses. |
78 | 00:05:11,554 | 00:05:15,552 | ? | ? |
79 | 00:05:15,561 | 00:05:17,472 | [explosion] | [explosion] |
80 | 00:05:17,481 | 00:05:22,832 | The explosion creates elements like iron, oxygen, and carbon. | The explosion creates elements like iron, oxygen, and carbon. |
81 | 00:05:22,841 | 00:05:24,439 | Oluseyi: The materials that we're made of, | Oluseyi: The materials that we're made of, |
82 | 00:05:24,514 | 00:05:27,392 | The materials that everything around us is made of, | The materials that everything around us is made of, |
83 | 00:05:27,401 | 00:05:30,839 | That earth is made of, these materials, these elements, | That earth is made of, these materials, these elements, |
84 | 00:05:30,914 | 00:05:33,552 | Are created in the centers of stars, | Are created in the centers of stars, |
85 | 00:05:33,561 | 00:05:38,519 | And so we are made up of the ashes of exploding stars. | And so we are made up of the ashes of exploding stars. |
86 | 00:05:41,641 | 00:05:44,119 | Narrator: As gravity pulls on the stardust, | Narrator: As gravity pulls on the stardust, |
87 | 00:05:44,194 | 00:05:47,319 | It forms a hot, spinning disc. | It forms a hot, spinning disc. |
88 | 00:05:47,394 | 00:05:52,719 | A new star grows in its center-- our sun. | A new star grows in its center-- our sun. |
89 | 00:05:55,394 | 00:05:59,879 | Around it, hot, dusty materials clump together. | Around it, hot, dusty materials clump together. |
90 | 00:05:59,954 | 00:06:05,239 | These small masses will become comets, asteroids, or meteors, | These small masses will become comets, asteroids, or meteors, |
91 | 00:06:05,314 | 00:06:07,239 | Like the canyon diablo. | Like the canyon diablo. |
92 | 00:06:09,634 | 00:06:14,119 | The largest of them become planets, like our own. | The largest of them become planets, like our own. |
93 | 00:06:14,194 | 00:06:18,759 | ? | ? |
94 | 00:06:18,834 | 00:06:23,239 | The infant earth is born. | The infant earth is born. |
95 | 00:06:23,314 | 00:06:28,759 | Its surface is a hellish ocean of molten rock, | Its surface is a hellish ocean of molten rock, |
96 | 00:06:28,834 | 00:06:31,919 | And it's missing a crucial companion. | And it's missing a crucial companion. |
97 | 00:06:38,841 | 00:06:40,119 | For humanity, | For humanity, |
98 | 00:06:40,194 | 00:06:43,552 | The moon has always been a source of wonder... | The moon has always been a source of wonder... |
99 | 00:06:46,434 | 00:06:50,199 | A timepiece to chart the months and seasons. | A timepiece to chart the months and seasons. |
100 | 00:06:53,081 | 00:06:55,792 | Modern scientists are also captivated | Modern scientists are also captivated |
101 | 00:06:55,801 | 00:07:01,632 | By our closest celestial neighbor. | By our closest celestial neighbor. |
102 | 00:07:01,641 | 00:07:04,592 | For them, it is the moon's origins | For them, it is the moon's origins |
103 | 00:07:04,601 | 00:07:07,552 | That remain the greatest mystery. | That remain the greatest mystery. |
104 | 00:07:10,434 | 00:07:14,992 | Is it a smaller body formed in parallel with the earth | Is it a smaller body formed in parallel with the earth |
105 | 00:07:15,001 | 00:07:19,392 | Or a passing planet captured by earth's gravity? | Or a passing planet captured by earth's gravity? |
106 | 00:07:19,401 | 00:07:25,399 | ? | ? |
107 | 00:07:25,474 | 00:07:29,152 | Nasa's apollo missions provided a unique opportunity | Nasa's apollo missions provided a unique opportunity |
108 | 00:07:29,161 | 00:07:31,079 | To find the answer. | To find the answer. |
109 | 00:07:34,441 | 00:07:40,672 | December 1972, the launch of apollo 17. | December 1972, the launch of apollo 17. |
110 | 00:07:40,681 | 00:07:44,832 | On board is dr. Harrison schmitt. | On board is dr. Harrison schmitt. |
111 | 00:07:44,841 | 00:07:47,239 | On this last mission to the moon, | On this last mission to the moon, |
112 | 00:07:47,314 | 00:07:50,439 | Nasa sends their first geologist. | Nasa sends their first geologist. |
113 | 00:07:50,514 | 00:07:55,879 | ? | ? |
114 | 00:07:59,801 | 00:08:02,839 | Man on radio: 25 feet. Down at 2. | Man on radio: 25 feet. Down at 2. |
115 | 00:08:02,914 | 00:08:06,199 | Feels good. 20 feet. | Feels good. 20 feet. |
116 | 00:08:06,274 | 00:08:07,959 | 10 feet. | 10 feet. |
117 | 00:08:09,881 | 00:08:13,479 | Engines stopped. Ok, houston, the challenger has landed. | Engines stopped. Ok, houston, the challenger has landed. |
118 | 00:08:16,201 | 00:08:20,039 | Narrator: Scientists believe the secret to the moon's origins | Narrator: Scientists believe the secret to the moon's origins |
119 | 00:08:20,114 | 00:08:22,112 | May be hiding in its rocks, | May be hiding in its rocks, |
120 | 00:08:22,121 | 00:08:25,959 | If they can identify the right ones. | If they can identify the right ones. |
121 | 00:08:26,034 | 00:08:27,319 | Harrison schmitt: My mission was a little bit different | Harrison schmitt: My mission was a little bit different |
122 | 00:08:27,394 | 00:08:29,472 | Because we built in some time for me, | Because we built in some time for me, |
123 | 00:08:29,481 | 00:08:31,712 | As a geologist, to look around | As a geologist, to look around |
124 | 00:08:31,721 | 00:08:37,072 | And try to understand more than a pilot astronaut-- | And try to understand more than a pilot astronaut-- |
125 | 00:08:37,081 | 00:08:38,439 | However well-trained they might be, | However well-trained they might be, |
126 | 00:08:38,514 | 00:08:41,399 | They didn't have the experience that I did. | They didn't have the experience that I did. |
127 | 00:08:41,474 | 00:08:43,159 | Astronaut: Let's see if I can't crack the corner | Astronaut: Let's see if I can't crack the corner |
128 | 00:08:43,234 | 00:08:46,032 | And get that contact. | And get that contact. |
129 | 00:08:46,041 | 00:08:48,039 | Schmitt: We actually collected more than any other mission, | Schmitt: We actually collected more than any other mission, |
130 | 00:08:48,114 | 00:08:51,559 | About 240 pounds of rocks. | About 240 pounds of rocks. |
131 | 00:08:51,634 | 00:08:53,959 | Narrator: With his carefully selected specimens, | Narrator: With his carefully selected specimens, |
132 | 00:08:54,034 | 00:08:56,359 | Schmitt hits pay dirt. | Schmitt hits pay dirt. |
133 | 00:08:58,601 | 00:09:02,119 | These rocks prove that the earth and moon | These rocks prove that the earth and moon |
134 | 00:09:02,194 | 00:09:06,512 | Are more than just neighbors. | Are more than just neighbors. |
135 | 00:09:06,521 | 00:09:09,392 | Oluseyi: What those rocks showed is that the moon was made up | Oluseyi: What those rocks showed is that the moon was made up |
136 | 00:09:09,401 | 00:09:11,639 | Of pretty much the same stuff as the earth, | Of pretty much the same stuff as the earth, |
137 | 00:09:11,714 | 00:09:14,519 | And so that gave us the big clue that we needed | And so that gave us the big clue that we needed |
138 | 00:09:14,594 | 00:09:16,512 | To understand how the moon formed | To understand how the moon formed |
139 | 00:09:16,521 | 00:09:19,279 | But also understand the early history of earth. | But also understand the early history of earth. |
140 | 00:09:21,554 | 00:09:24,039 | Narrator: It's now widely believed that the moon | Narrator: It's now widely believed that the moon |
141 | 00:09:24,114 | 00:09:27,959 | Is the remnant of a catastrophic collision. | Is the remnant of a catastrophic collision. |
142 | 00:09:28,034 | 00:09:33,552 | ? | ? |
143 | 00:09:33,561 | 00:09:36,759 | A newly formed planet the size of mars | A newly formed planet the size of mars |
144 | 00:09:36,834 | 00:09:39,712 | Heads straight towards the infant earth. | Heads straight towards the infant earth. |
145 | 00:09:39,721 | 00:09:44,559 | ? | ? |
146 | 00:09:54,041 | 00:09:58,599 | From the molten debris, our moon takes form, | From the molten debris, our moon takes form, |
147 | 00:09:58,674 | 00:10:03,959 | The same size as it is today, but 17 times closer. | The same size as it is today, but 17 times closer. |
148 | 00:10:04,034 | 00:10:06,839 | Oluseyi: It took a lot less time to orbit the earth, | Oluseyi: It took a lot less time to orbit the earth, |
149 | 00:10:06,914 | 00:10:08,192 | And it took a lot less time | And it took a lot less time |
150 | 00:10:08,201 | 00:10:10,599 | For the earth to spin once on its spin axis, | For the earth to spin once on its spin axis, |
151 | 00:10:10,674 | 00:10:13,792 | So the day was shorter, the month was shorter, | So the day was shorter, the month was shorter, |
152 | 00:10:13,801 | 00:10:15,552 | The week was shorter. | The week was shorter. |
153 | 00:10:15,561 | 00:10:19,552 | ? | ? |
154 | 00:10:19,561 | 00:10:22,672 | Narrator: The proximity of this large circling object | Narrator: The proximity of this large circling object |
155 | 00:10:22,681 | 00:10:26,959 | Distorts the earth, causing a tidal effect in the rock. | Distorts the earth, causing a tidal effect in the rock. |
156 | 00:10:28,594 | 00:10:30,192 | Oluseyi: There was a gravitational interaction | Oluseyi: There was a gravitational interaction |
157 | 00:10:30,201 | 00:10:33,312 | Between the earth and the moon that we call the tidal force, | Between the earth and the moon that we call the tidal force, |
158 | 00:10:33,321 | 00:10:34,599 | And that has the effect | And that has the effect |
159 | 00:10:34,674 | 00:10:37,199 | Of throwing the moon away from earth, | Of throwing the moon away from earth, |
160 | 00:10:37,241 | 00:10:38,752 | So every day, | So every day, |
161 | 00:10:38,761 | 00:10:41,319 | The moon moves a little bit farther away from the earth | The moon moves a little bit farther away from the earth |
162 | 00:10:41,394 | 00:10:42,912 | Than it was the day before. | Than it was the day before. |
163 | 00:10:42,921 | 00:10:49,232 | ? | ? |
164 | 00:10:49,241 | 00:10:54,079 | Narrator: Now, as the moon rises for the first time, | Narrator: Now, as the moon rises for the first time, |
165 | 00:10:54,121 | 00:10:58,359 | Our planet begins to cool, | Our planet begins to cool, |
166 | 00:10:58,434 | 00:11:01,279 | And a crust begins to form. | And a crust begins to form. |
167 | 00:11:04,514 | 00:11:07,872 | But before earth can truly come to life, | But before earth can truly come to life, |
168 | 00:11:07,881 | 00:11:13,072 | It must survive another harrowing challenge from space. | It must survive another harrowing challenge from space. |
169 | 00:11:13,081 | 00:11:19,959 | ? | ? |
170 | 00:11:21,561 | 00:11:24,119 | Narrator: The moon's barren surface | Narrator: The moon's barren surface |
171 | 00:11:24,194 | 00:11:27,119 | Bears the scars of the distant past. | Bears the scars of the distant past. |
172 | 00:11:29,561 | 00:11:33,959 | In 1972, in the rocks around their spacecraft, | In 1972, in the rocks around their spacecraft, |
173 | 00:11:34,034 | 00:11:37,312 | Harrison schmitt and the crew of apollo 17 | Harrison schmitt and the crew of apollo 17 |
174 | 00:11:37,321 | 00:11:40,439 | See signs of an impact so intense, | See signs of an impact so intense, |
175 | 00:11:40,514 | 00:11:44,112 | It melted the moon's crust. | It melted the moon's crust. |
176 | 00:11:44,121 | 00:11:50,199 | They'd landed inside an enormous crater 400 miles wide. | They'd landed inside an enormous crater 400 miles wide. |
177 | 00:11:51,241 | 00:11:52,839 | Schmitt: We were in a valley | Schmitt: We were in a valley |
178 | 00:11:52,914 | 00:11:55,312 | Deeper than the grand canyon of the united states, | Deeper than the grand canyon of the united states, |
179 | 00:11:55,321 | 00:11:59,959 | So it was really a remarkable place to be. | So it was really a remarkable place to be. |
180 | 00:12:00,034 | 00:12:02,599 | Narrator: The crater is one of many thousands | Narrator: The crater is one of many thousands |
181 | 00:12:02,674 | 00:12:05,232 | That dot the moon's surface, | That dot the moon's surface, |
182 | 00:12:05,241 | 00:12:07,879 | And analysis of apollo rocks reveal | And analysis of apollo rocks reveal |
183 | 00:12:07,954 | 00:12:12,192 | Many of these epic craters are truly ancient, | Many of these epic craters are truly ancient, |
184 | 00:12:12,201 | 00:12:15,552 | Evidence that beginning some 4 billion years ago, | Evidence that beginning some 4 billion years ago, |
185 | 00:12:15,561 | 00:12:20,112 | The inner solar system suffers an intense bombardment. | The inner solar system suffers an intense bombardment. |
186 | 00:12:20,121 | 00:12:22,759 | Schmitt: The major thing that we have learned | Schmitt: The major thing that we have learned |
187 | 00:12:22,834 | 00:12:25,319 | Is that the first billion years of earth's history | Is that the first billion years of earth's history |
188 | 00:12:25,394 | 00:12:27,719 | Was extraordinarily violent. | Was extraordinarily violent. |
189 | 00:12:31,721 | 00:12:36,439 | ? | ? |
190 | 00:12:36,514 | 00:12:39,119 | Narrator: Across hundreds of millions of years, | Narrator: Across hundreds of millions of years, |
191 | 00:12:39,161 | 00:12:44,112 | The earth is hit by over 22,000 asteroids and comets | The earth is hit by over 22,000 asteroids and comets |
192 | 00:12:44,121 | 00:12:47,072 | From the outer solar system. | From the outer solar system. |
193 | 00:12:47,081 | 00:12:52,352 | Some are over 25 miles across. | Some are over 25 miles across. |
194 | 00:12:52,361 | 00:12:56,279 | Each one inflicts cataclysmic destruction. | Each one inflicts cataclysmic destruction. |
195 | 00:12:56,354 | 00:12:57,639 | [explosion] | [explosion] |
196 | 00:12:57,714 | 00:12:58,992 | Oluseyi: What would that feel like? | Oluseyi: What would that feel like? |
197 | 00:12:59,001 | 00:13:00,752 | Constant earthquakes, | Constant earthquakes, |
198 | 00:13:00,761 | 00:13:03,559 | Objects are streaking through the sky, falling to earth. | Objects are streaking through the sky, falling to earth. |
199 | 00:13:03,634 | 00:13:05,639 | You feel the ground shaking, | You feel the ground shaking, |
200 | 00:13:05,714 | 00:13:09,159 | Giant plumes of material being thrown up. | Giant plumes of material being thrown up. |
201 | 00:13:09,234 | 00:13:11,072 | That would have been amazing. | That would have been amazing. |
202 | 00:13:11,081 | 00:13:14,832 | There is lightning that's created in the plume of dust. | There is lightning that's created in the plume of dust. |
203 | 00:13:14,841 | 00:13:19,319 | There are rocks that are falling and look like they're on fire. | There are rocks that are falling and look like they're on fire. |
204 | 00:13:19,394 | 00:13:21,712 | There's going to be a lot of molten rock | There's going to be a lot of molten rock |
205 | 00:13:21,721 | 00:13:23,952 | On earth's surface, as well. | On earth's surface, as well. |
206 | 00:13:23,961 | 00:13:26,672 | You think of darkness. You think of lava. | You think of darkness. You think of lava. |
207 | 00:13:26,681 | 00:13:28,992 | You think of the smell of sulfur. | You think of the smell of sulfur. |
208 | 00:13:31,874 | 00:13:34,039 | Narrator: As this assault continues, | Narrator: As this assault continues, |
209 | 00:13:34,114 | 00:13:36,832 | The earth's appearance changes. | The earth's appearance changes. |
210 | 00:13:39,714 | 00:13:43,039 | Water starts to pool on the earth's surface. | Water starts to pool on the earth's surface. |
211 | 00:13:46,601 | 00:13:49,159 | It's thought that the comets bombarding earth | It's thought that the comets bombarding earth |
212 | 00:13:49,234 | 00:13:53,072 | Are laden with ice. | Are laden with ice. |
213 | 00:13:53,081 | 00:13:54,592 | This combines with water | This combines with water |
214 | 00:13:54,601 | 00:13:58,032 | Leaching from the earth's own cooling rocks. | Leaching from the earth's own cooling rocks. |
215 | 00:13:58,041 | 00:14:02,119 | ? | ? |
216 | 00:14:02,194 | 00:14:04,839 | The first oceans are born. | The first oceans are born. |
217 | 00:14:12,441 | 00:14:15,632 | With water comes weather. | With water comes weather. |
218 | 00:14:15,641 | 00:14:20,599 | ? | ? |
219 | 00:14:20,674 | 00:14:26,039 | 1,000-year relentless storms of unimaginable ferocity. | 1,000-year relentless storms of unimaginable ferocity. |
220 | 00:14:26,114 | 00:14:29,072 | [thunder] | [thunder] |
221 | 00:14:29,081 | 00:14:33,519 | ? | ? |
222 | 00:14:37,481 | 00:14:41,872 | Every tide like a mega tsunami. | Every tide like a mega tsunami. |
223 | 00:14:41,881 | 00:14:43,639 | Oluseyi: The moon was much closer to the earth, | Oluseyi: The moon was much closer to the earth, |
224 | 00:14:43,714 | 00:14:46,432 | And this means that the tides were much greater, | And this means that the tides were much greater, |
225 | 00:14:46,441 | 00:14:48,519 | So instead of measuring tides in feet, | So instead of measuring tides in feet, |
226 | 00:14:48,594 | 00:14:51,639 | Tides were measured in kilometers or miles. | Tides were measured in kilometers or miles. |
227 | 00:14:51,714 | 00:14:56,399 | ? | ? |
228 | 00:15:07,081 | 00:15:09,479 | Narrator: 4 billion years ago, | Narrator: 4 billion years ago, |
229 | 00:15:09,554 | 00:15:13,559 | 500 million years after the earth was born, | 500 million years after the earth was born, |
230 | 00:15:13,634 | 00:15:17,072 | It has a moon, oceans, and weather. | It has a moon, oceans, and weather. |
231 | 00:15:17,081 | 00:15:20,759 | It is beginning to resemble the planet we know. | It is beginning to resemble the planet we know. |
232 | 00:15:20,834 | 00:15:25,199 | For now, it is barren, devoid of life, | For now, it is barren, devoid of life, |
233 | 00:15:25,241 | 00:15:28,039 | But things are about to change. | But things are about to change. |
234 | 00:15:31,401 | 00:15:36,199 | 2013, chelyabinsk, russia. | 2013, chelyabinsk, russia. |
235 | 00:15:36,274 | 00:15:39,559 | A traveler arrives from deep space. | A traveler arrives from deep space. |
236 | 00:15:39,634 | 00:15:45,879 | ? | ? |
237 | 00:15:51,554 | 00:15:52,519 | [crash] | [crash] |
238 | 00:15:52,594 | 00:15:54,032 | [screaming] | [screaming] |
239 | 00:15:54,041 | 00:15:56,432 | [crashing] | [crashing] |
240 | 00:15:56,441 | 00:16:00,192 | It is the largest meteorite impact in a century. | It is the largest meteorite impact in a century. |
241 | 00:16:03,081 | 00:16:06,432 | The hunt is on to find its scattered remains. | The hunt is on to find its scattered remains. |
242 | 00:16:06,441 | 00:16:11,239 | ? | ? |
243 | 00:16:16,841 | 00:16:20,519 | Scientists pull a huge fragment from a nearby lake. | Scientists pull a huge fragment from a nearby lake. |
244 | 00:16:20,594 | 00:16:26,112 | ? | ? |
245 | 00:16:26,121 | 00:16:31,239 | They cut it open and make a fabulous find. | They cut it open and make a fabulous find. |
246 | 00:16:31,314 | 00:16:35,159 | The space rock contains primitive organic materials. | The space rock contains primitive organic materials. |
247 | 00:16:35,234 | 00:16:40,039 | ? | ? |
248 | 00:16:40,114 | 00:16:46,039 | It's the latest evidence to support a growing idea-- | It's the latest evidence to support a growing idea-- |
249 | 00:16:46,161 | 00:16:50,352 | That the same comets and meteors that carried water to earth | That the same comets and meteors that carried water to earth |
250 | 00:16:50,361 | 00:16:54,399 | Also brought with them the ingredients for life. | Also brought with them the ingredients for life. |
251 | 00:17:00,274 | 00:17:02,599 | 4 billion years ago, | 4 billion years ago, |
252 | 00:17:02,674 | 00:17:06,519 | Auroras illuminate the infant atmosphere, | Auroras illuminate the infant atmosphere, |
253 | 00:17:06,594 | 00:17:10,912 | The visual manifestation of the earth's magnetic field | The visual manifestation of the earth's magnetic field |
254 | 00:17:10,921 | 00:17:16,199 | Produced by its molten core. | Produced by its molten core. |
255 | 00:17:16,274 | 00:17:19,312 | It's a shield that now protects the surface | It's a shield that now protects the surface |
256 | 00:17:19,321 | 00:17:22,519 | From the ravages of space radiation. | From the ravages of space radiation. |
257 | 00:17:22,594 | 00:17:28,992 | ? | ? |
258 | 00:17:29,001 | 00:17:30,439 | Beneath this shield, | Beneath this shield, |
259 | 00:17:30,514 | 00:17:36,199 | In shallow coastal seas churned by the tides of the moon, | In shallow coastal seas churned by the tides of the moon, |
260 | 00:17:36,274 | 00:17:38,279 | Fueled by volcanic heat | Fueled by volcanic heat |
261 | 00:17:38,354 | 00:17:42,399 | And seeded with organic molecules from space... | And seeded with organic molecules from space... |
262 | 00:17:45,874 | 00:17:49,552 | Comes the very first life on earth. | Comes the very first life on earth. |
263 | 00:17:49,561 | 00:17:54,112 | ? | ? |
264 | 00:17:54,121 | 00:17:57,632 | Just how it begins remains a mystery. | Just how it begins remains a mystery. |
265 | 00:17:57,641 | 00:18:00,832 | But at some point in this distant time, | But at some point in this distant time, |
266 | 00:18:00,841 | 00:18:04,032 | Chemistry becomes biology. | Chemistry becomes biology. |
267 | 00:18:04,041 | 00:18:10,359 | ? | ? |
268 | 00:18:17,481 | 00:18:20,999 | For years, no one believed life could exist | For years, no one believed life could exist |
269 | 00:18:21,074 | 00:18:24,359 | In toxic volcanic environments, | In toxic volcanic environments, |
270 | 00:18:24,434 | 00:18:28,432 | But life is full of surprises. | But life is full of surprises. |
271 | 00:18:28,441 | 00:18:32,439 | Today our planet is much changed, | Today our planet is much changed, |
272 | 00:18:32,514 | 00:18:34,679 | But there remain some environments | But there remain some environments |
273 | 00:18:34,754 | 00:18:39,959 | Bearing similarities to early earth-- | Bearing similarities to early earth-- |
274 | 00:18:40,034 | 00:18:41,559 | Iceland, | Iceland, |
275 | 00:18:41,634 | 00:18:45,399 | One of the most volcanic regions of earth. | One of the most volcanic regions of earth. |
276 | 00:18:45,474 | 00:18:47,399 | Just off its southern coast | Just off its southern coast |
277 | 00:18:47,474 | 00:18:51,072 | Lies an isolated volcano named surtsey. | Lies an isolated volcano named surtsey. |
278 | 00:18:51,081 | 00:18:56,039 | ? | ? |
279 | 00:18:56,201 | 00:19:00,832 | Surtsey is one of earth's newest strips of land. | Surtsey is one of earth's newest strips of land. |
280 | 00:19:00,841 | 00:19:05,319 | ? | ? |
281 | 00:19:05,394 | 00:19:10,432 | In 1963, it exploded from the sea, | In 1963, it exploded from the sea, |
282 | 00:19:10,441 | 00:19:14,559 | Erupting continuously for four years. | Erupting continuously for four years. |
283 | 00:19:16,434 | 00:19:20,279 | ? | ? |
284 | 00:19:20,354 | 00:19:24,352 | It is now a world heritage site, | It is now a world heritage site, |
285 | 00:19:24,361 | 00:19:28,679 | Off-limits to all except a few research scientists. | Off-limits to all except a few research scientists. |
286 | 00:19:32,121 | 00:19:35,319 | Surtsey's hot volcanic cracks and seams | Surtsey's hot volcanic cracks and seams |
287 | 00:19:35,394 | 00:19:41,639 | Closely reproduce the environment of early earth. | Closely reproduce the environment of early earth. |
288 | 00:19:41,714 | 00:19:46,432 | The team drills cores of rock from hundreds of feet below. | The team drills cores of rock from hundreds of feet below. |
289 | 00:19:46,441 | 00:19:50,359 | ? | ? |
290 | 00:19:50,434 | 00:19:53,559 | They search for the fingerprints of life, | They search for the fingerprints of life, |
291 | 00:19:53,634 | 00:19:58,439 | Marks made in the rock by deep-dwelling microorganisms. | Marks made in the rock by deep-dwelling microorganisms. |
292 | 00:19:58,514 | 00:20:02,992 | ? | ? |
293 | 00:20:03,001 | 00:20:07,559 | Despite temperatures exceeding 250 degrees fahrenheit, | Despite temperatures exceeding 250 degrees fahrenheit, |
294 | 00:20:07,634 | 00:20:11,399 | Without oxygen, and in acidic, salty water, | Without oxygen, and in acidic, salty water, |
295 | 00:20:11,474 | 00:20:14,199 | The rocks are clearly scarred | The rocks are clearly scarred |
296 | 00:20:14,274 | 00:20:18,592 | By single-celled organisms feeding off the rock. | By single-celled organisms feeding off the rock. |
297 | 00:20:21,474 | 00:20:25,312 | Scientists are now finding these extremophile cells | Scientists are now finding these extremophile cells |
298 | 00:20:25,321 | 00:20:30,439 | In volcanic zones across the globe. | In volcanic zones across the globe. |
299 | 00:20:30,514 | 00:20:32,272 | Steffen j?rgensen: It's mind-blowing, to be honest, | Steffen j?rgensen: It's mind-blowing, to be honest, |
300 | 00:20:32,281 | 00:20:36,519 | Because the number of microbial cells found in this system | Because the number of microbial cells found in this system |
301 | 00:20:36,594 | 00:20:40,359 | Outcompete the number of stars in the universe. | Outcompete the number of stars in the universe. |
302 | 00:20:40,434 | 00:20:43,559 | Narrator: Dna indicates some underground microbes | Narrator: Dna indicates some underground microbes |
303 | 00:20:43,634 | 00:20:46,912 | Relate closely to cells that were ancestors | Relate closely to cells that were ancestors |
304 | 00:20:46,921 | 00:20:50,672 | Of all life on the surface. | Of all life on the surface. |
305 | 00:20:50,681 | 00:20:52,272 | J?rgensen: It dawned on me at that time | J?rgensen: It dawned on me at that time |
306 | 00:20:52,281 | 00:20:54,439 | Just how important they are. | Just how important they are. |
307 | 00:20:54,514 | 00:20:56,272 | These are the type of cells | These are the type of cells |
308 | 00:20:56,281 | 00:21:00,352 | That evolved into a more complex cell structure, | That evolved into a more complex cell structure, |
309 | 00:21:00,361 | 00:21:03,479 | Which eventually turned into you and I. | Which eventually turned into you and I. |
310 | 00:21:03,554 | 00:21:07,439 | ? | ? |
311 | 00:21:21,321 | 00:21:24,599 | Narrator: 3 billion years ago, | Narrator: 3 billion years ago, |
312 | 00:21:24,674 | 00:21:29,679 | Simple single-celled life forms are now colonizing the planet. | Simple single-celled life forms are now colonizing the planet. |
313 | 00:21:33,481 | 00:21:37,799 | The oceans swirl with blue-green cyanobacteria. | The oceans swirl with blue-green cyanobacteria. |
314 | 00:21:37,874 | 00:21:45,152 | ? | ? |
315 | 00:21:45,161 | 00:21:46,519 | These have now evolved | These have now evolved |
316 | 00:21:46,594 | 00:21:49,479 | To harness the energy of sunlight... | To harness the energy of sunlight... |
317 | 00:21:52,354 | 00:21:55,159 | Through photosynthesis, | Through photosynthesis, |
318 | 00:21:55,234 | 00:22:01,479 | The process still used by modern plants. | The process still used by modern plants. |
319 | 00:22:01,554 | 00:22:06,599 | This revolution in energy supply has massive consequences... | This revolution in energy supply has massive consequences... |
320 | 00:22:10,434 | 00:22:13,759 | Because the byproduct is oxygen. | Because the byproduct is oxygen. |
321 | 00:22:16,914 | 00:22:18,672 | Over the next billion years, | Over the next billion years, |
322 | 00:22:18,681 | 00:22:22,439 | Cyanobacteria turn carbon dioxide into oxygen | Cyanobacteria turn carbon dioxide into oxygen |
323 | 00:22:22,514 | 00:22:27,399 | In such volumes that the entire ecosystem alters. | In such volumes that the entire ecosystem alters. |
324 | 00:22:30,521 | 00:22:35,479 | The crust of the earth and the oceans are filled with iron. | The crust of the earth and the oceans are filled with iron. |
325 | 00:22:35,554 | 00:22:38,039 | As oxygen leaches into the system, | As oxygen leaches into the system, |
326 | 00:22:38,114 | 00:22:42,992 | This iron is transformed. | This iron is transformed. |
327 | 00:22:43,001 | 00:22:45,312 | Kirk johnson: There's lots of iron on the planet's surface, | Kirk johnson: There's lots of iron on the planet's surface, |
328 | 00:22:45,321 | 00:22:46,919 | But it had never been oxidized before, | But it had never been oxidized before, |
329 | 00:22:46,994 | 00:22:50,512 | So, fundamentally, cyanobacteria created oxygen, | So, fundamentally, cyanobacteria created oxygen, |
330 | 00:22:50,521 | 00:22:53,959 | Which created rust, and the earth became red. | Which created rust, and the earth became red. |
331 | 00:22:54,034 | 00:23:02,119 | ? | ? |
332 | 00:23:02,194 | 00:23:04,112 | Narrator: By 2 billion years ago, | Narrator: By 2 billion years ago, |
333 | 00:23:04,121 | 00:23:08,279 | The countless tiny microbes that fill the earth's oceans | The countless tiny microbes that fill the earth's oceans |
334 | 00:23:08,354 | 00:23:11,072 | Alter the chemistry of the planet. | Alter the chemistry of the planet. |
335 | 00:23:11,121 | 00:23:14,039 | ? | ? |
336 | 00:23:14,161 | 00:23:19,232 | But as it slowly evolves over the next billion years, | But as it slowly evolves over the next billion years, |
337 | 00:23:19,241 | 00:23:23,239 | Life will face a new challenge to its existence, | Life will face a new challenge to its existence, |
338 | 00:23:23,314 | 00:23:25,072 | As changes in climate | As changes in climate |
339 | 00:23:25,081 | 00:23:29,159 | Plunge the planet into deep freeze. | Plunge the planet into deep freeze. |
340 | 00:23:32,201 | 00:23:36,352 | 720 million years ago, | 720 million years ago, |
341 | 00:23:36,361 | 00:23:40,359 | Earth is set for an explosion of life, | Earth is set for an explosion of life, |
342 | 00:23:40,434 | 00:23:44,832 | But for now, life remains primitive and rare, | But for now, life remains primitive and rare, |
343 | 00:23:44,841 | 00:23:49,872 | And some scientists believe they know why. | And some scientists believe they know why. |
344 | 00:23:49,881 | 00:23:51,399 | Satellite and ground surveys | Satellite and ground surveys |
345 | 00:23:51,474 | 00:23:55,159 | Across a 2,000-mile stretch of northern canada | Across a 2,000-mile stretch of northern canada |
346 | 00:23:55,234 | 00:24:01,359 | Capture evidence of an ancient continent-sized volcanic field. | Capture evidence of an ancient continent-sized volcanic field. |
347 | 00:24:03,721 | 00:24:10,119 | This is the franklin large igneous province. | This is the franklin large igneous province. |
348 | 00:24:10,194 | 00:24:12,039 | Many scientists now believe | Many scientists now believe |
349 | 00:24:12,121 | 00:24:16,352 | It's the sign of a series of enormous volcanic eruptions | It's the sign of a series of enormous volcanic eruptions |
350 | 00:24:16,361 | 00:24:22,672 | That threatened life on earth by blotting out the sun. | That threatened life on earth by blotting out the sun. |
351 | 00:24:22,681 | 00:24:25,079 | [rumbling] | [rumbling] |
352 | 00:24:25,154 | 00:24:28,199 | 1991, the philippines. | 1991, the philippines. |
353 | 00:24:28,274 | 00:24:32,039 | Mount pinatubo explodes. | Mount pinatubo explodes. |
354 | 00:24:32,114 | 00:24:38,519 | It's one of the biggest volcanic eruptions of the modern era. | It's one of the biggest volcanic eruptions of the modern era. |
355 | 00:24:38,594 | 00:24:43,639 | Pinatubo pumps over 10 million tons of sulfur into the skies. | Pinatubo pumps over 10 million tons of sulfur into the skies. |
356 | 00:24:45,634 | 00:24:47,639 | Satellites later record a change | Satellites later record a change |
357 | 00:24:47,714 | 00:24:51,152 | In reflectivity of the atmosphere. | In reflectivity of the atmosphere. |
358 | 00:24:51,161 | 00:24:54,432 | So much heat energy bounces back into space, | So much heat energy bounces back into space, |
359 | 00:24:54,441 | 00:24:58,679 | The whole earth cools by one degree fahrenheit. | The whole earth cools by one degree fahrenheit. |
360 | 00:25:01,641 | 00:25:06,079 | Imagine the impact of multiple pinatubo eruptions | Imagine the impact of multiple pinatubo eruptions |
361 | 00:25:06,121 | 00:25:08,279 | All going off at once. | All going off at once. |
362 | 00:25:08,354 | 00:25:13,959 | ? | ? |
363 | 00:25:14,034 | 00:25:16,759 | Northern canada. | Northern canada. |
364 | 00:25:16,834 | 00:25:21,719 | Across 2,000 miles, the earth tears open. | Across 2,000 miles, the earth tears open. |
365 | 00:25:21,794 | 00:25:25,799 | ? | ? |
366 | 00:25:25,874 | 00:25:30,752 | Billions of tons of sulfur and ash clog the air. | Billions of tons of sulfur and ash clog the air. |
367 | 00:25:30,761 | 00:25:37,152 | ? | ? |
368 | 00:25:37,161 | 00:25:41,312 | The earth plunges into darkness. | The earth plunges into darkness. |
369 | 00:25:41,321 | 00:25:43,632 | [explosion] | [explosion] |
370 | 00:25:43,641 | 00:25:47,079 | The eruption continues for decades. | The eruption continues for decades. |
371 | 00:25:47,154 | 00:25:54,199 | ? | ? |
372 | 00:25:54,274 | 00:25:59,279 | Global temperatures plummet to minus 50 degrees fahrenheit. | Global temperatures plummet to minus 50 degrees fahrenheit. |
373 | 00:26:01,321 | 00:26:04,672 | One theory suggests the freeze is so intense, | One theory suggests the freeze is so intense, |
374 | 00:26:04,681 | 00:26:09,872 | The planet is encased in ice-- | The planet is encased in ice-- |
375 | 00:26:09,881 | 00:26:14,119 | Snowball earth-- | Snowball earth-- |
376 | 00:26:14,194 | 00:26:19,239 | Entombing earth's fragile microbes beneath miles of ice | Entombing earth's fragile microbes beneath miles of ice |
377 | 00:26:19,314 | 00:26:22,039 | For 80 million years. | For 80 million years. |
378 | 00:26:22,114 | 00:26:28,199 | ? | ? |
379 | 00:26:28,274 | 00:26:34,039 | But eventually the ice thaws. | But eventually the ice thaws. |
380 | 00:26:34,201 | 00:26:38,992 | Somehow, life on earth survives, | Somehow, life on earth survives, |
381 | 00:26:39,001 | 00:26:45,079 | And now it will thrive. | And now it will thrive. |
382 | 00:26:45,154 | 00:26:48,359 | Across the next 200 million years, | Across the next 200 million years, |
383 | 00:26:48,434 | 00:26:52,039 | New generations of bacterial blooms | New generations of bacterial blooms |
384 | 00:26:52,114 | 00:26:56,119 | Raise oxygen levels again, | Raise oxygen levels again, |
385 | 00:26:56,194 | 00:27:01,159 | Creating an atmosphere rich in oxygen. | Creating an atmosphere rich in oxygen. |
386 | 00:27:01,234 | 00:27:04,432 | Coleman: Looking at the earth, especially at sunrise or sunset, | Coleman: Looking at the earth, especially at sunrise or sunset, |
387 | 00:27:04,441 | 00:27:07,399 | Which for us happens 16 times a day, | Which for us happens 16 times a day, |
388 | 00:27:07,474 | 00:27:09,319 | Which is pretty wonderful, | Which is pretty wonderful, |
389 | 00:27:09,394 | 00:27:12,192 | That's when you can really see | That's when you can really see |
390 | 00:27:12,201 | 00:27:15,159 | That, that layer, that, that thin atmosphere, | That, that layer, that, that thin atmosphere, |
391 | 00:27:15,234 | 00:27:17,079 | And it's like a little bubble | And it's like a little bubble |
392 | 00:27:17,154 | 00:27:20,199 | That encloses everything you know and love. | That encloses everything you know and love. |
393 | 00:27:22,914 | 00:27:27,232 | Narrator: 600 million years ago, this oxygen-rich environment | Narrator: 600 million years ago, this oxygen-rich environment |
394 | 00:27:27,241 | 00:27:31,552 | Is the catalyst for an energy revolution. | Is the catalyst for an energy revolution. |
395 | 00:27:31,561 | 00:27:38,159 | Some microbes now turn from solar power to oxygen power. | Some microbes now turn from solar power to oxygen power. |
396 | 00:27:38,201 | 00:27:41,639 | This new energy source is behind their evolution | This new energy source is behind their evolution |
397 | 00:27:41,714 | 00:27:45,439 | Into the first multicellular plants and animals. | Into the first multicellular plants and animals. |
398 | 00:27:48,674 | 00:27:51,872 | Today, off the coast of australia | Today, off the coast of australia |
399 | 00:27:51,881 | 00:27:56,352 | Lies the great barrier reef, | Lies the great barrier reef, |
400 | 00:27:56,361 | 00:28:01,072 | An organic structure so big, it can be seen from space. | An organic structure so big, it can be seen from space. |
401 | 00:28:01,081 | 00:28:07,799 | ? | ? |
402 | 00:28:09,714 | 00:28:15,712 | Scientists believe ancient reefs were incubators for early life. | Scientists believe ancient reefs were incubators for early life. |
403 | 00:28:15,721 | 00:28:18,752 | They are among the most ecologically diverse places | They are among the most ecologically diverse places |
404 | 00:28:18,761 | 00:28:20,352 | On our planet. | On our planet. |
405 | 00:28:20,361 | 00:28:23,479 | ? | ? |
406 | 00:28:31,634 | 00:28:33,239 | Johnson: Reefs are like cities. | Johnson: Reefs are like cities. |
407 | 00:28:33,314 | 00:28:35,472 | I mean, cities, you start with a few little houses. | I mean, cities, you start with a few little houses. |
408 | 00:28:35,481 | 00:28:37,472 | Then you get buildings and multi-story buildings. | Then you get buildings and multi-story buildings. |
409 | 00:28:37,481 | 00:28:39,392 | There's lots of diversity in a city, | There's lots of diversity in a city, |
410 | 00:28:39,401 | 00:28:41,952 | So in ancient reefs, there's just that same thing. | So in ancient reefs, there's just that same thing. |
411 | 00:28:41,961 | 00:28:43,639 | The more kinds of places there were to live, | The more kinds of places there were to live, |
412 | 00:28:43,714 | 00:28:46,519 | The more diversity of life forms there were. | The more diversity of life forms there were. |
413 | 00:28:50,194 | 00:28:51,472 | Narrator: In southern africa, | Narrator: In southern africa, |
414 | 00:28:51,481 | 00:28:53,079 | Scientists have recently discovered | Scientists have recently discovered |
415 | 00:28:53,154 | 00:28:58,912 | What they believe is one of the oldest reefs on the planet. | What they believe is one of the oldest reefs on the planet. |
416 | 00:28:58,921 | 00:29:04,759 | It was formed in oxygen-rich seas 550 million years ago. | It was formed in oxygen-rich seas 550 million years ago. |
417 | 00:29:04,834 | 00:29:09,472 | ? | ? |
418 | 00:29:09,481 | 00:29:15,239 | Evidence suggests this is a time of rapid evolutionary change. | Evidence suggests this is a time of rapid evolutionary change. |
419 | 00:29:15,314 | 00:29:18,112 | This is when the blueprint of modern animals, | This is when the blueprint of modern animals, |
420 | 00:29:18,121 | 00:29:22,439 | Of us, first emerges-- | Of us, first emerges-- |
421 | 00:29:22,514 | 00:29:24,999 | The cambrian explosion. | The cambrian explosion. |
422 | 00:29:27,401 | 00:29:33,872 | Johnson: What we see are a bunch of new kinds of organisms. | Johnson: What we see are a bunch of new kinds of organisms. |
423 | 00:29:33,881 | 00:29:35,239 | Now, these were marine animals, | Now, these were marine animals, |
424 | 00:29:35,314 | 00:29:38,119 | Small animals that looked like crabs and shrimp | Small animals that looked like crabs and shrimp |
425 | 00:29:38,194 | 00:29:39,952 | And other kinds of shellfish. | And other kinds of shellfish. |
426 | 00:29:39,961 | 00:29:43,312 | These organisms had features that are quite familiar to us. | These organisms had features that are quite familiar to us. |
427 | 00:29:43,321 | 00:29:46,272 | If you look at a, a little tiny crab, | If you look at a, a little tiny crab, |
428 | 00:29:46,281 | 00:29:48,352 | He's got little eyes looking back at you. | He's got little eyes looking back at you. |
429 | 00:29:48,361 | 00:29:50,199 | He's got limbs, and he crawls around, | He's got limbs, and he crawls around, |
430 | 00:29:50,274 | 00:29:51,632 | And he eats stuff through his mouth, | And he eats stuff through his mouth, |
431 | 00:29:51,641 | 00:29:53,079 | And it goes into his stomach, | And it goes into his stomach, |
432 | 00:29:53,154 | 00:29:55,159 | And it goes out the back end as its waste. | And it goes out the back end as its waste. |
433 | 00:29:55,234 | 00:29:57,879 | That sort of way of being an animal, | That sort of way of being an animal, |
434 | 00:29:57,954 | 00:30:00,399 | We see for the first time in the cambrian explosion. | We see for the first time in the cambrian explosion. |
435 | 00:30:05,081 | 00:30:07,479 | Narrator: Over 4 billion years, | Narrator: Over 4 billion years, |
436 | 00:30:07,554 | 00:30:12,999 | The earth evolves from a ball of fire to a ball of ice. | The earth evolves from a ball of fire to a ball of ice. |
437 | 00:30:16,201 | 00:30:21,879 | And by 400 million years ago, to this-- | And by 400 million years ago, to this-- |
438 | 00:30:21,954 | 00:30:25,072 | A blue-green planet | A blue-green planet |
439 | 00:30:25,081 | 00:30:28,439 | With life spreading to the land. | With life spreading to the land. |
440 | 00:30:28,514 | 00:30:31,079 | Johnson: Pretty soon after you have the first plants on earth, | Johnson: Pretty soon after you have the first plants on earth, |
441 | 00:30:31,154 | 00:30:33,119 | You have the first trees on earth. | You have the first trees on earth. |
442 | 00:30:33,161 | 00:30:34,832 | With trees come forests, | With trees come forests, |
443 | 00:30:34,841 | 00:30:37,712 | And with forests come the same kind of diversity of habitat | And with forests come the same kind of diversity of habitat |
444 | 00:30:37,721 | 00:30:41,399 | That we've seen underwater in the reef structures. | That we've seen underwater in the reef structures. |
445 | 00:30:41,474 | 00:30:44,679 | Narrator: With plant life comes animal life. | Narrator: With plant life comes animal life. |
446 | 00:30:44,754 | 00:30:48,039 | The first surface dwellers make their appearance. | The first surface dwellers make their appearance. |
447 | 00:30:48,114 | 00:30:50,672 | Life now has a foothold, | Life now has a foothold, |
448 | 00:30:50,681 | 00:30:54,759 | Across land, sea, and the sky. | Across land, sea, and the sky. |
449 | 00:30:57,081 | 00:30:59,159 | But their new oasis | But their new oasis |
450 | 00:30:59,234 | 00:31:02,759 | Is a time bomb just waiting to explode. | Is a time bomb just waiting to explode. |
451 | 00:31:07,634 | 00:31:09,279 | Russia. | Russia. |
452 | 00:31:12,274 | 00:31:16,592 | These are the siberian traps, | These are the siberian traps, |
453 | 00:31:16,601 | 00:31:23,072 | An ancient lava field spread over 2 million square miles. | An ancient lava field spread over 2 million square miles. |
454 | 00:31:23,081 | 00:31:27,632 | In 2011, scientists here made a crucial discovery, | In 2011, scientists here made a crucial discovery, |
455 | 00:31:27,641 | 00:31:30,672 | Explaining one of the most infamous events | Explaining one of the most infamous events |
456 | 00:31:30,681 | 00:31:33,159 | In earth history, | In earth history, |
457 | 00:31:33,234 | 00:31:35,399 | The great dying. | The great dying. |
458 | 00:31:38,121 | 00:31:39,479 | This spot is the scene | This spot is the scene |
459 | 00:31:39,554 | 00:31:43,959 | Of the most deadly volcanic eruption in history. | Of the most deadly volcanic eruption in history. |
460 | 00:31:44,034 | 00:31:48,359 | ? | ? |
461 | 00:31:48,434 | 00:31:52,039 | This huge area becomes an ocean of fire. | This huge area becomes an ocean of fire. |
462 | 00:31:52,161 | 00:31:58,279 | ? | ? |
463 | 00:31:58,354 | 00:32:02,199 | But the danger is not just the eruption. | But the danger is not just the eruption. |
464 | 00:32:02,274 | 00:32:05,312 | Scientists found the lava erupted | Scientists found the lava erupted |
465 | 00:32:05,321 | 00:32:08,592 | Through a thick layer of coal, | Through a thick layer of coal, |
466 | 00:32:08,601 | 00:32:13,552 | Generating a toxic cloud that acidifies the atmosphere, | Generating a toxic cloud that acidifies the atmosphere, |
467 | 00:32:13,561 | 00:32:19,639 | Leading to about a million years of deadly acid rain. | Leading to about a million years of deadly acid rain. |
468 | 00:32:19,714 | 00:32:22,999 | Johnson: This eruption happens almost precisely | Johnson: This eruption happens almost precisely |
469 | 00:32:23,074 | 00:32:27,079 | When we see a lot of things go extinct at the same time. | When we see a lot of things go extinct at the same time. |
470 | 00:32:27,154 | 00:32:31,152 | The lava starts erupting, organisms start dying. | The lava starts erupting, organisms start dying. |
471 | 00:32:31,161 | 00:32:34,112 | We call it the great dying because by our best estimates, | We call it the great dying because by our best estimates, |
472 | 00:32:34,121 | 00:32:37,632 | It's pretty close to snuffing out life on the planet. | It's pretty close to snuffing out life on the planet. |
473 | 00:32:37,641 | 00:32:42,199 | ? | ? |
474 | 00:32:42,274 | 00:32:46,112 | Narrator: But not all life dies out, | Narrator: But not all life dies out, |
475 | 00:32:46,121 | 00:32:49,072 | And the gaps opened up by the extinction | And the gaps opened up by the extinction |
476 | 00:32:49,081 | 00:32:53,799 | Generate a monstrous surge in evolution-- | Generate a monstrous surge in evolution-- |
477 | 00:32:53,874 | 00:32:57,159 | The age of the dinosaurs. | The age of the dinosaurs. |
478 | 00:32:57,234 | 00:33:01,872 | ? | ? |
479 | 00:33:01,881 | 00:33:04,672 | Argentina, 2012. | Argentina, 2012. |
480 | 00:33:04,681 | 00:33:10,159 | ? | ? |
481 | 00:33:10,201 | 00:33:13,072 | Paleontologist dr. Diego pol | Paleontologist dr. Diego pol |
482 | 00:33:13,081 | 00:33:16,119 | Uncovers the remains of what's thought to be | Uncovers the remains of what's thought to be |
483 | 00:33:16,194 | 00:33:20,159 | The biggest land animal that ever lived. | The biggest land animal that ever lived. |
484 | 00:33:20,201 | 00:33:26,439 | So large, its thigh bone alone stood taller than a human. | So large, its thigh bone alone stood taller than a human. |
485 | 00:33:26,514 | 00:33:33,479 | ? | ? |
486 | 00:33:33,554 | 00:33:37,632 | The 70-ton titanosaur. | The 70-ton titanosaur. |
487 | 00:33:40,514 | 00:33:43,799 | Diego pol: Can you imagine 10 african elephants put together? | Diego pol: Can you imagine 10 african elephants put together? |
488 | 00:33:43,874 | 00:33:47,239 | You know, this animal was as long as an airplane, | You know, this animal was as long as an airplane, |
489 | 00:33:47,314 | 00:33:50,032 | You know, a boeing 737. | You know, a boeing 737. |
490 | 00:33:50,041 | 00:33:54,272 | Narrator: But dinosaurs were not always so enormous. | Narrator: But dinosaurs were not always so enormous. |
491 | 00:33:54,281 | 00:33:55,959 | Pol: 230 million years ago, | Pol: 230 million years ago, |
492 | 00:33:56,034 | 00:33:58,992 | The first dinosaurs appear on our planet, | The first dinosaurs appear on our planet, |
493 | 00:33:59,001 | 00:34:00,759 | And they were tiny animals. | And they were tiny animals. |
494 | 00:34:00,834 | 00:34:04,112 | They were probably weighing 10 kilograms. | They were probably weighing 10 kilograms. |
495 | 00:34:04,121 | 00:34:06,759 | Now, 50 million years after that... | Now, 50 million years after that... |
496 | 00:34:06,834 | 00:34:08,039 | [thud] | [thud] |
497 | 00:34:08,114 | 00:34:09,159 | [roaring] | [roaring] |
498 | 00:34:09,234 | 00:34:11,719 | There were the first giant dinosaurs. | There were the first giant dinosaurs. |
499 | 00:34:14,434 | 00:34:16,992 | This is the time when titanosaur appeared | This is the time when titanosaur appeared |
500 | 00:34:17,001 | 00:34:20,439 | And when they achieved the maximum body size, | And when they achieved the maximum body size, |
501 | 00:34:20,514 | 00:34:24,439 | When we started seeing these 70-ton animals | When we started seeing these 70-ton animals |
502 | 00:34:24,514 | 00:34:26,439 | Roaming on our planet. | Roaming on our planet. |
503 | 00:34:28,521 | 00:34:30,199 | Narrator: It's not yet clear | Narrator: It's not yet clear |
504 | 00:34:30,274 | 00:34:35,239 | What caused dinosaurs like titanosaur to grow so large. | What caused dinosaurs like titanosaur to grow so large. |
505 | 00:34:38,114 | 00:34:40,272 | But these enormous plant eaters | But these enormous plant eaters |
506 | 00:34:40,281 | 00:34:44,599 | Now become an important part of the global ecosystem. | Now become an important part of the global ecosystem. |
507 | 00:34:48,114 | 00:34:51,792 | They travel hundreds of miles. | They travel hundreds of miles. |
508 | 00:34:51,801 | 00:34:55,639 | They spread seeds and trample vegetation, | They spread seeds and trample vegetation, |
509 | 00:34:55,714 | 00:34:58,432 | Creating new opportunity for plant species | Creating new opportunity for plant species |
510 | 00:34:58,441 | 00:35:00,999 | To spread across the planet. | To spread across the planet. |
511 | 00:35:01,074 | 00:35:04,112 | [roars] | [roars] |
512 | 00:35:04,121 | 00:35:06,832 | Pol: We know these giant dinosaurs migrated | Pol: We know these giant dinosaurs migrated |
513 | 00:35:06,841 | 00:35:10,199 | From antarctica to asia to north america, africa. | From antarctica to asia to north america, africa. |
514 | 00:35:10,274 | 00:35:12,599 | They were everywhere, | They were everywhere, |
515 | 00:35:12,674 | 00:35:15,079 | Roaming through the landscape, | Roaming through the landscape, |
516 | 00:35:15,154 | 00:35:18,039 | Altering and modifying the different ecosystems | Altering and modifying the different ecosystems |
517 | 00:35:18,121 | 00:35:20,672 | All over the planet. | All over the planet. |
518 | 00:35:20,681 | 00:35:23,952 | It's really, really amazing. | It's really, really amazing. |
519 | 00:35:27,001 | 00:35:29,392 | Narrator: For 180 million years, | Narrator: For 180 million years, |
520 | 00:35:29,401 | 00:35:32,439 | As the continents slowly shift beneath them, | As the continents slowly shift beneath them, |
521 | 00:35:32,514 | 00:35:36,352 | The giant dinosaurs dominate the planet, | The giant dinosaurs dominate the planet, |
522 | 00:35:36,361 | 00:35:39,072 | But around 65 million years ago, | But around 65 million years ago, |
523 | 00:35:39,201 | 00:35:46,039 | Suddenly they disappear, wiped out by a meteor strike. | Suddenly they disappear, wiped out by a meteor strike. |
524 | 00:35:46,114 | 00:35:48,199 | Scientists believe another event | Scientists believe another event |
525 | 00:35:48,274 | 00:35:50,919 | May have contributed to their downfall. | May have contributed to their downfall. |
526 | 00:35:52,914 | 00:35:57,872 | In india today, there is a collection of ancient temples. | In india today, there is a collection of ancient temples. |
527 | 00:35:57,881 | 00:36:02,159 | These incredible structures were cut from the soft rock | These incredible structures were cut from the soft rock |
528 | 00:36:02,201 | 00:36:04,519 | Of the deccan traps, | Of the deccan traps, |
529 | 00:36:04,594 | 00:36:07,472 | The remains of a massive lava eruption | The remains of a massive lava eruption |
530 | 00:36:07,481 | 00:36:12,912 | That spreads over 200,000 square miles of western india. | That spreads over 200,000 square miles of western india. |
531 | 00:36:12,921 | 00:36:18,359 | ? | ? |
532 | 00:36:18,434 | 00:36:23,392 | This epic eruption begins to poison the dinosaurs' world. | This epic eruption begins to poison the dinosaurs' world. |
533 | 00:36:23,401 | 00:36:27,479 | ? | ? |
534 | 00:36:27,554 | 00:36:29,472 | But the nail in their coffin | But the nail in their coffin |
535 | 00:36:29,481 | 00:36:32,839 | Is the sudden impact of an immense meteor. | Is the sudden impact of an immense meteor. |
536 | 00:36:44,194 | 00:36:45,639 | Johnson: Here you have a body of rock | Johnson: Here you have a body of rock |
537 | 00:36:45,714 | 00:36:47,232 | That's six miles in diameter. | That's six miles in diameter. |
538 | 00:36:47,241 | 00:36:50,272 | It's traveling at 20 times the speed of a rifle bullet. | It's traveling at 20 times the speed of a rifle bullet. |
539 | 00:36:50,281 | 00:36:51,479 | When it hits planet earth, | When it hits planet earth, |
540 | 00:36:51,554 | 00:36:53,632 | Which is much, much, much larger, | Which is much, much, much larger, |
541 | 00:36:53,641 | 00:36:56,119 | It's like driving a truck into a stone wall. | It's like driving a truck into a stone wall. |
542 | 00:36:58,674 | 00:37:01,152 | And it punches a hole deep into the earth. | And it punches a hole deep into the earth. |
543 | 00:37:01,161 | 00:37:04,399 | And then all that energy gets blown back out of that hole. | And then all that energy gets blown back out of that hole. |
544 | 00:37:07,954 | 00:37:11,472 | Narrator: With a force of a billion atomic bombs, | Narrator: With a force of a billion atomic bombs, |
545 | 00:37:11,481 | 00:37:13,399 | The explosion gouges a crater | The explosion gouges a crater |
546 | 00:37:13,474 | 00:37:18,639 | 115 miles wide and nearly 8 miles deep. | 115 miles wide and nearly 8 miles deep. |
547 | 00:37:21,401 | 00:37:24,599 | But many now believe that the impact alone | But many now believe that the impact alone |
548 | 00:37:24,674 | 00:37:29,072 | Wasn't powerful enough to cause their global extinction. | Wasn't powerful enough to cause their global extinction. |
549 | 00:37:29,081 | 00:37:33,632 | ? | ? |
550 | 00:37:33,641 | 00:37:37,792 | Satellites designed to search for oil have recently confirmed | Satellites designed to search for oil have recently confirmed |
551 | 00:37:37,801 | 00:37:41,232 | That the impact site is a part of the earth's crust | That the impact site is a part of the earth's crust |
552 | 00:37:41,241 | 00:37:45,039 | Unusually rich in hydrocarbons and sulfur. | Unusually rich in hydrocarbons and sulfur. |
553 | 00:37:49,874 | 00:37:54,352 | When the meteor hits, the volatile compounds vaporize, | When the meteor hits, the volatile compounds vaporize, |
554 | 00:37:54,361 | 00:37:57,879 | Creating a cocktail of climate-changing chemicals | Creating a cocktail of climate-changing chemicals |
555 | 00:37:57,954 | 00:38:02,039 | That mix with the countless tons of melted rock. | That mix with the countless tons of melted rock. |
556 | 00:38:02,114 | 00:38:04,119 | Johnson: All that energy blows up and out. | Johnson: All that energy blows up and out. |
557 | 00:38:04,194 | 00:38:06,832 | Some of it goes out of the earth's atmosphere. | Some of it goes out of the earth's atmosphere. |
558 | 00:38:06,841 | 00:38:09,392 | Some of it blows sideways. | Some of it blows sideways. |
559 | 00:38:09,401 | 00:38:11,232 | Meanwhile the earth is turning, | Meanwhile the earth is turning, |
560 | 00:38:11,241 | 00:38:13,479 | So you have hot stuff flying out of the sky | So you have hot stuff flying out of the sky |
561 | 00:38:13,554 | 00:38:15,072 | On the other side of the planet. | On the other side of the planet. |
562 | 00:38:15,081 | 00:38:19,399 | ? | ? |
563 | 00:38:19,474 | 00:38:21,319 | If you were anywhere near it, forget about it, | If you were anywhere near it, forget about it, |
564 | 00:38:21,394 | 00:38:23,399 | But if you are on the other side of the planet, | But if you are on the other side of the planet, |
565 | 00:38:23,474 | 00:38:25,072 | Forget about it also. | Forget about it also. |
566 | 00:38:25,081 | 00:38:29,232 | ? | ? |
567 | 00:38:29,241 | 00:38:33,792 | Narrator: Nearly half of global plant life dies. | Narrator: Nearly half of global plant life dies. |
568 | 00:38:33,801 | 00:38:39,479 | Half the life in the sea is snuffed out. | Half the life in the sea is snuffed out. |
569 | 00:38:39,554 | 00:38:44,432 | Three quarters of all life on the planet is made extinct. | Three quarters of all life on the planet is made extinct. |
570 | 00:38:44,441 | 00:38:49,552 | The great dinosaurs' fate is sealed. | The great dinosaurs' fate is sealed. |
571 | 00:38:49,561 | 00:38:52,512 | Although they disappear from history, | Although they disappear from history, |
572 | 00:38:52,521 | 00:38:56,039 | The catastrophe now creates opportunity | The catastrophe now creates opportunity |
573 | 00:38:56,114 | 00:38:59,039 | For others to take their place. | For others to take their place. |
574 | 00:39:05,081 | 00:39:07,799 | 65 million years ago... | 65 million years ago... |
575 | 00:39:11,314 | 00:39:14,199 | After the devastating meteor impact, | After the devastating meteor impact, |
576 | 00:39:14,274 | 00:39:18,999 | Over thousands of years, the world slowly recovers. | Over thousands of years, the world slowly recovers. |
577 | 00:39:21,154 | 00:39:24,992 | The air clears, | The air clears, |
578 | 00:39:25,001 | 00:39:28,272 | The fires cool, | The fires cool, |
579 | 00:39:28,281 | 00:39:31,559 | And new forests take root. | And new forests take root. |
580 | 00:39:31,634 | 00:39:34,479 | The great dinosaurs are no more. | The great dinosaurs are no more. |
581 | 00:39:35,714 | 00:39:38,112 | [sniffing] | [sniffing] |
582 | 00:39:38,121 | 00:39:40,759 | But some life has survived. | But some life has survived. |
583 | 00:39:43,481 | 00:39:44,992 | Anjali goswami: The mass extinction that saw | Anjali goswami: The mass extinction that saw |
584 | 00:39:45,001 | 00:39:46,912 | The demise of the dinosaurs | The demise of the dinosaurs |
585 | 00:39:46,921 | 00:39:50,679 | Was terrible for everything on the planet quite frankly. | Was terrible for everything on the planet quite frankly. |
586 | 00:39:50,754 | 00:39:52,992 | Mammals squeaked through that extinction. | Mammals squeaked through that extinction. |
587 | 00:39:53,001 | 00:39:56,759 | They did not sail through it by any stretch of the imagination. | They did not sail through it by any stretch of the imagination. |
588 | 00:39:56,834 | 00:40:00,592 | There might be as few as 20 different kinds of mammals | There might be as few as 20 different kinds of mammals |
589 | 00:40:00,601 | 00:40:02,512 | That made it through that extinction. | That made it through that extinction. |
590 | 00:40:02,521 | 00:40:04,592 | But the death of the dinosaurs | But the death of the dinosaurs |
591 | 00:40:04,601 | 00:40:07,632 | Really opened up a huge amount of opportunity for mammals, | Really opened up a huge amount of opportunity for mammals, |
592 | 00:40:07,641 | 00:40:09,119 | And they took it. | And they took it. |
593 | 00:40:09,161 | 00:40:11,632 | They took the opportunity, and they went wild with it. | They took the opportunity, and they went wild with it. |
594 | 00:40:11,641 | 00:40:15,479 | ? | ? |
595 | 00:40:15,554 | 00:40:17,719 | Narrator: On the northern borders of india | Narrator: On the northern borders of india |
596 | 00:40:17,794 | 00:40:19,479 | Lie the himalayas, | Lie the himalayas, |
597 | 00:40:19,554 | 00:40:24,119 | The highest mountain range on earth. | The highest mountain range on earth. |
598 | 00:40:24,194 | 00:40:29,472 | Today its peaks rise five and a half miles above sea level. | Today its peaks rise five and a half miles above sea level. |
599 | 00:40:29,481 | 00:40:33,552 | ? | ? |
600 | 00:40:33,561 | 00:40:37,312 | But by earth's standards, these mountains are young, | But by earth's standards, these mountains are young, |
601 | 00:40:37,321 | 00:40:40,999 | Less than 55 million years old. | Less than 55 million years old. |
602 | 00:40:43,234 | 00:40:48,119 | This epic range rose in parallel with the rise of the mammals. | This epic range rose in parallel with the rise of the mammals. |
603 | 00:40:48,194 | 00:40:56,039 | ? | ? |
604 | 00:40:56,114 | 00:41:02,839 | 55 million years ago, after eons of continental drift, | 55 million years ago, after eons of continental drift, |
605 | 00:41:02,914 | 00:41:06,432 | India smashes into eurasia. | India smashes into eurasia. |
606 | 00:41:06,441 | 00:41:09,712 | The himalayas begin their ascent to the heavens. | The himalayas begin their ascent to the heavens. |
607 | 00:41:09,721 | 00:41:16,272 | ? | ? |
608 | 00:41:16,281 | 00:41:18,512 | Recent fossil finds in india | Recent fossil finds in india |
609 | 00:41:18,521 | 00:41:21,952 | Are adding to evidence collected worldwide | Are adding to evidence collected worldwide |
610 | 00:41:21,961 | 00:41:25,919 | That this is an evolutionary turning point. | That this is an evolutionary turning point. |
611 | 00:41:29,481 | 00:41:32,992 | The precursors of many key mammalian species | The precursors of many key mammalian species |
612 | 00:41:33,001 | 00:41:36,679 | Are starting to emerge and spread across the globe. | Are starting to emerge and spread across the globe. |
613 | 00:41:41,001 | 00:41:43,399 | Goswami: 10 to 20 million years after the dinosaurs go extinct, | Goswami: 10 to 20 million years after the dinosaurs go extinct, |
614 | 00:41:43,474 | 00:41:45,639 | Mammals really explore the world | Mammals really explore the world |
615 | 00:41:45,714 | 00:41:50,592 | And develop a huge range of shapes and ecologies | And develop a huge range of shapes and ecologies |
616 | 00:41:50,601 | 00:41:53,319 | That still define them today. | That still define them today. |
617 | 00:41:53,394 | 00:41:57,479 | You start to see the first real horses. | You start to see the first real horses. |
618 | 00:41:57,554 | 00:42:01,072 | You see whales moving into the ocean. | You see whales moving into the ocean. |
619 | 00:42:01,081 | 00:42:04,039 | You start to see early primates showing up. | You start to see early primates showing up. |
620 | 00:42:06,841 | 00:42:12,759 | But it was certainly a pivotal moment in mammal history. | But it was certainly a pivotal moment in mammal history. |
621 | 00:42:12,834 | 00:42:15,472 | Narrator: For the next 50 million years, | Narrator: For the next 50 million years, |
622 | 00:42:15,481 | 00:42:20,039 | As continents continue to shift into today's positions | As continents continue to shift into today's positions |
623 | 00:42:20,121 | 00:42:22,999 | And the himalayas inch upwards... | And the himalayas inch upwards... |
624 | 00:42:26,754 | 00:42:29,392 | The mammals evolve. | The mammals evolve. |
625 | 00:42:29,401 | 00:42:36,439 | ? | ? |
626 | 00:42:36,514 | 00:42:39,312 | By one million years ago, | By one million years ago, |
627 | 00:42:39,321 | 00:42:41,959 | They take over the globe. | They take over the globe. |
628 | 00:42:42,034 | 00:42:47,872 | ? | ? |
629 | 00:42:47,881 | 00:42:51,072 | And in africa, conditions are ripe | And in africa, conditions are ripe |
630 | 00:42:51,081 | 00:42:55,472 | For a new chapter in the history of our world. | For a new chapter in the history of our world. |
631 | 00:42:55,481 | 00:42:59,472 | A new mammal will emerge, | A new mammal will emerge, |
632 | 00:42:59,481 | 00:43:05,312 | A new type of primate that walks tall, | A new type of primate that walks tall, |
633 | 00:43:05,321 | 00:43:08,039 | Who in a flicker of geological time | Who in a flicker of geological time |
634 | 00:43:08,114 | 00:43:11,479 | Will become the dominant species on the planet. | Will become the dominant species on the planet. |
635 | 00:43:15,081 | 00:43:20,999 | Next time, we'll explore the age of humans, | Next time, we'll explore the age of humans, |
636 | 00:43:21,074 | 00:43:26,192 | Using clues from space to provide new insights | Using clues from space to provide new insights |
637 | 00:43:26,201 | 00:43:31,472 | Into why we evolved our unique human brain, | Into why we evolved our unique human brain, |
638 | 00:43:31,481 | 00:43:34,912 | How we tamed the planet's animals and plants | How we tamed the planet's animals and plants |
639 | 00:43:34,921 | 00:43:38,672 | To build great civilizations, | To build great civilizations, |
640 | 00:43:38,681 | 00:43:43,319 | And how we develop total command of the earth's energy, | And how we develop total command of the earth's energy, |
641 | 00:43:43,394 | 00:43:47,472 | Giving us the power not only to shape our future, | Giving us the power not only to shape our future, |
642 | 00:43:47,481 | 00:43:51,872 | But also the fate of the planet we call home. | But also the fate of the planet we call home. |
643 | 00:43:51,881 | 00:43:56,999 | ? | ? |