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# | Start | End | Original | Translated |
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1 | 00:00:00,921 | 00:00:02,752 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
2 | 00:00:02,761 | 00:00:07,559 | Mastrelli: King solomon, the bible's richest ancient ruler. | Mastrelli: King solomon, the bible's richest ancient ruler. |
3 | 00:00:07,801 | 00:00:11,792 | Famed for his wisdom, he amassed a fortune without equal | Famed for his wisdom, he amassed a fortune without equal |
4 | 00:00:11,801 | 00:00:13,279 | In the old testament. | In the old testament. |
5 | 00:00:14,441 | 00:00:17,152 | For centuries, adventurers have hunted | For centuries, adventurers have hunted |
6 | 00:00:17,161 | 00:00:19,399 | For the source of solomon's wealth. | For the source of solomon's wealth. |
7 | 00:00:21,161 | 00:00:25,072 | Now, new evidence reveals an industrial complex | Now, new evidence reveals an industrial complex |
8 | 00:00:25,081 | 00:00:27,232 | That could have made solomon rich | That could have made solomon rich |
9 | 00:00:27,241 | 00:00:29,639 | Beyond man's wildest dreams. | Beyond man's wildest dreams. |
10 | 00:00:32,921 | 00:00:37,919 | Did this site make solomon the richest king in the world? | Did this site make solomon the richest king in the world? |
11 | 00:00:40,674 | 00:00:44,519 | For centuries, the mysteries of the past | For centuries, the mysteries of the past |
12 | 00:00:44,594 | 00:00:47,632 | Have kept their secrets. | Have kept their secrets. |
13 | 00:00:47,641 | 00:00:52,639 | But there are clues, cast in gold, etched in stone, | But there are clues, cast in gold, etched in stone, |
14 | 00:00:53,794 | 00:00:55,312 | Written in blood. | Written in blood. |
15 | 00:00:55,321 | 00:00:57,839 | (fist thumps) | (fist thumps) |
16 | 00:00:59,161 | 00:01:01,279 | We can unlock them. | We can unlock them. |
17 | 00:01:04,681 | 00:01:07,319 | (metal rattles) | (metal rattles) |
18 | 00:01:09,401 | 00:01:11,639 | (feet tap) | (feet tap) |
19 | 00:01:17,401 | 00:01:19,319 | This is the story behind | This is the story behind |
20 | 00:01:19,394 | 00:01:21,712 | One of the bible's greatest mysteries, | One of the bible's greatest mysteries, |
21 | 00:01:21,721 | 00:01:24,839 | The source of the legendary wealth of king solomon. | The source of the legendary wealth of king solomon. |
22 | 00:01:24,914 | 00:01:27,399 | 3,000 years ago, the bible says this wise | 3,000 years ago, the bible says this wise |
23 | 00:01:27,474 | 00:01:30,352 | And all-powerful leader ruled the israelites. | And all-powerful leader ruled the israelites. |
24 | 00:01:30,361 | 00:01:33,152 | (soft chanting) | (soft chanting) |
25 | 00:01:33,161 | 00:01:34,592 | According to the old testament, | According to the old testament, |
26 | 00:01:34,601 | 00:01:36,992 | Solomon's father, king david, | Solomon's father, king david, |
27 | 00:01:37,001 | 00:01:39,879 | Conquered jerusalem and established the kingdom | Conquered jerusalem and established the kingdom |
28 | 00:01:39,954 | 00:01:41,359 | Of israel and judah. | Of israel and judah. |
29 | 00:01:44,121 | 00:01:47,392 | Then, king solomon, as david's son and heir, | Then, king solomon, as david's son and heir, |
30 | 00:01:47,401 | 00:01:49,719 | Strengthened his hold on the young nation | Strengthened his hold on the young nation |
31 | 00:01:49,794 | 00:01:52,439 | And filled its coffers with treasure. | And filled its coffers with treasure. |
32 | 00:01:52,514 | 00:01:55,799 | His famous temple gleamed with gold. | His famous temple gleamed with gold. |
33 | 00:01:55,874 | 00:01:59,872 | Have the real king solomon's mines finally been revealed? | Have the real king solomon's mines finally been revealed? |
34 | 00:01:59,881 | 00:02:02,879 | (suspenseful music) | (suspenseful music) |
35 | 00:02:04,034 | 00:02:06,992 | Voice of god: So king solomon exceeded all the kings | Voice of god: So king solomon exceeded all the kings |
36 | 00:02:07,001 | 00:02:10,239 | Of the earth for riches and for wisdom. | Of the earth for riches and for wisdom. |
37 | 00:02:12,194 | 00:02:14,912 | Thompson: Texts repeatedly say he had lots and lots of money | Thompson: Texts repeatedly say he had lots and lots of money |
38 | 00:02:14,921 | 00:02:17,159 | And he had lots of friends in high places | And he had lots of friends in high places |
39 | 00:02:17,234 | 00:02:19,999 | That got him valuable resources from far and wide. | That got him valuable resources from far and wide. |
40 | 00:02:22,761 | 00:02:24,599 | Bhayro: You get an impression of solomon | Bhayro: You get an impression of solomon |
41 | 00:02:24,674 | 00:02:27,632 | As being this great wise king who accrues enormous wealth | As being this great wise king who accrues enormous wealth |
42 | 00:02:27,641 | 00:02:29,879 | And power and influence across many nations. | And power and influence across many nations. |
43 | 00:02:32,681 | 00:02:34,592 | (soft music) | (soft music) |
44 | 00:02:34,601 | 00:02:37,439 | Mastrelli: But where did solomon get this legendary wealth? | Mastrelli: But where did solomon get this legendary wealth? |
45 | 00:02:40,114 | 00:02:42,592 | For centuries, historians speculated | For centuries, historians speculated |
46 | 00:02:42,601 | 00:02:46,999 | It came from a long lost complex of gold and silver mines. | It came from a long lost complex of gold and silver mines. |
47 | 00:02:51,154 | 00:02:55,079 | The idea inspired novelist h. Rider haggard | The idea inspired novelist h. Rider haggard |
48 | 00:02:55,154 | 00:02:59,559 | To write the 19th century classic, "king solomon's mines," | To write the 19th century classic, "king solomon's mines," |
49 | 00:03:01,161 | 00:03:03,072 | Later reimagined by hollywood | Later reimagined by hollywood |
50 | 00:03:03,081 | 00:03:05,559 | As the ultimate epic treasure hunt. | As the ultimate epic treasure hunt. |
51 | 00:03:07,234 | 00:03:09,712 | Meanwhile, actual archaeological evidence | Meanwhile, actual archaeological evidence |
52 | 00:03:09,721 | 00:03:13,959 | Of any such mines has proved elusive. | Of any such mines has proved elusive. |
53 | 00:03:14,034 | 00:03:18,919 | Yosef: Many scholars think that they are much exaggerated. | Yosef: Many scholars think that they are much exaggerated. |
54 | 00:03:18,994 | 00:03:20,432 | There are even scholars that believe | There are even scholars that believe |
55 | 00:03:20,441 | 00:03:22,239 | That they are completely fiction. | That they are completely fiction. |
56 | 00:03:24,034 | 00:03:26,432 | Mastrelli: But now a series of incredible new discoveries | Mastrelli: But now a series of incredible new discoveries |
57 | 00:03:26,441 | 00:03:31,072 | Have revealed there was a vast network of lucrative mines | Have revealed there was a vast network of lucrative mines |
58 | 00:03:31,081 | 00:03:33,239 | In the lands and time of solomon. | In the lands and time of solomon. |
59 | 00:03:34,521 | 00:03:37,152 | These would have enabled their owners | These would have enabled their owners |
60 | 00:03:37,161 | 00:03:40,439 | To amass riches beyond their wildest dreams. | To amass riches beyond their wildest dreams. |
61 | 00:03:41,714 | 00:03:44,432 | So, have archaeologists found proof | So, have archaeologists found proof |
62 | 00:03:44,441 | 00:03:46,879 | That king solomon's mines were real? | That king solomon's mines were real? |
63 | 00:03:48,194 | 00:03:51,159 | (suspenseful music) | (suspenseful music) |
64 | 00:03:56,841 | 00:03:58,912 | 200 miles south of jerusalem, | 200 miles south of jerusalem, |
65 | 00:03:58,921 | 00:04:02,799 | In the heart of the negev desert, lies the timna valley. | In the heart of the negev desert, lies the timna valley. |
66 | 00:04:05,954 | 00:04:10,519 | When archaeologists began excavating here in 1964, | When archaeologists began excavating here in 1964, |
67 | 00:04:10,594 | 00:04:12,679 | They found countless ancient mines | They found countless ancient mines |
68 | 00:04:12,754 | 00:04:15,279 | Covering nearly 30 square miles. | Covering nearly 30 square miles. |
69 | 00:04:18,754 | 00:04:21,279 | Yosef: We're talking about thousands of mines. | Yosef: We're talking about thousands of mines. |
70 | 00:04:23,481 | 00:04:25,872 | Some of these shafts and galleries | Some of these shafts and galleries |
71 | 00:04:25,881 | 00:04:29,879 | Go more than 40 meters deep below the surface. | Go more than 40 meters deep below the surface. |
72 | 00:04:31,714 | 00:04:34,839 | (soft dramatic music) | (soft dramatic music) |
73 | 00:04:36,434 | 00:04:38,439 | Mastrelli: Archaeologists assumed these mines | Mastrelli: Archaeologists assumed these mines |
74 | 00:04:38,514 | 00:04:40,999 | Were controlled by the ancient egyptians. | Were controlled by the ancient egyptians. |
75 | 00:04:43,081 | 00:04:46,592 | Remains found at the site, like a temple in honor of hathor, | Remains found at the site, like a temple in honor of hathor, |
76 | 00:04:46,601 | 00:04:49,719 | The egyptian goddess of love, and a cartouche | The egyptian goddess of love, and a cartouche |
77 | 00:04:49,794 | 00:04:54,512 | Of king ramses iii, pointed to a merciless egyptian outpost | Of king ramses iii, pointed to a merciless egyptian outpost |
78 | 00:04:54,521 | 00:04:56,999 | At its peak in the 13th century bce. | At its peak in the 13th century bce. |
79 | 00:05:00,914 | 00:05:04,999 | But in 2012, that theory was shattered. | But in 2012, that theory was shattered. |
80 | 00:05:06,434 | 00:05:09,712 | A team led by professor erez ben-yosef | A team led by professor erez ben-yosef |
81 | 00:05:09,721 | 00:05:12,192 | Returned to the valley five decades after | Returned to the valley five decades after |
82 | 00:05:12,201 | 00:05:13,999 | The first excavations in timna. | The first excavations in timna. |
83 | 00:05:16,914 | 00:05:19,392 | His discoveries are rewriting the history | His discoveries are rewriting the history |
84 | 00:05:19,401 | 00:05:21,919 | Of these so-called egyptian mines. | Of these so-called egyptian mines. |
85 | 00:05:22,914 | 00:05:24,752 | Yosef: When I went back to timna, | Yosef: When I went back to timna, |
86 | 00:05:24,761 | 00:05:28,192 | It was after decades that nobody did any research there | It was after decades that nobody did any research there |
87 | 00:05:28,201 | 00:05:31,639 | Because we thought that we know what's going on there. | Because we thought that we know what's going on there. |
88 | 00:05:33,481 | 00:05:35,239 | Yosef: Ben-yosef decided to look at something | Yosef: Ben-yosef decided to look at something |
89 | 00:05:35,314 | 00:05:37,319 | That had never been investigated before, | That had never been investigated before, |
90 | 00:05:38,994 | 00:05:41,479 | The byproducts of the mining operations. | The byproducts of the mining operations. |
91 | 00:05:43,321 | 00:05:46,112 | Carbon and archaeomagnetic dating of this material | Carbon and archaeomagnetic dating of this material |
92 | 00:05:46,121 | 00:05:47,719 | Revealed something shocking. | Revealed something shocking. |
93 | 00:05:49,954 | 00:05:52,359 | Yosef: We were amazed when the results came back. | Yosef: We were amazed when the results came back. |
94 | 00:05:53,314 | 00:05:56,359 | There is not a single date from the egyptian period. | There is not a single date from the egyptian period. |
95 | 00:05:58,201 | 00:06:00,839 | Mastrelli: Incredibly, mining here was at its peak | Mastrelli: Incredibly, mining here was at its peak |
96 | 00:06:00,914 | 00:06:03,799 | Around 950 bce. | Around 950 bce. |
97 | 00:06:03,874 | 00:06:07,399 | That's 200 years after the egyptians left timna. | That's 200 years after the egyptians left timna. |
98 | 00:06:09,881 | 00:06:13,519 | It was a date that captured the archaeologist's imagination. | It was a date that captured the archaeologist's imagination. |
99 | 00:06:15,401 | 00:06:18,432 | Yosef: Now there's no doubt that the main phase of production | Yosef: Now there's no doubt that the main phase of production |
100 | 00:06:18,441 | 00:06:21,879 | Here in timna was the 10th century bce. | Here in timna was the 10th century bce. |
101 | 00:06:23,074 | 00:06:25,159 | And this is the time of david and solomon. | And this is the time of david and solomon. |
102 | 00:06:26,754 | 00:06:29,472 | Mastrelli: These mines date to the time the bible says | Mastrelli: These mines date to the time the bible says |
103 | 00:06:29,481 | 00:06:32,839 | That solomon had amassed a fortune of gold and silver | That solomon had amassed a fortune of gold and silver |
104 | 00:06:35,554 | 00:06:39,319 | And used it to lavishly decorate his capital of jerusalem | And used it to lavishly decorate his capital of jerusalem |
105 | 00:06:39,394 | 00:06:40,799 | In precious metals. | In precious metals. |
106 | 00:06:43,314 | 00:06:47,159 | Voice of god: Solomon overlaid the house with pure gold, | Voice of god: Solomon overlaid the house with pure gold, |
107 | 00:06:47,234 | 00:06:50,279 | And he made a partition by the chains of gold | And he made a partition by the chains of gold |
108 | 00:06:50,354 | 00:06:55,319 | Before the oracle, and he overlaid it with gold. | Before the oracle, and he overlaid it with gold. |
109 | 00:06:55,961 | 00:06:58,512 | Bhayro: Solomon embarks on an almost 40-year | Bhayro: Solomon embarks on an almost 40-year |
110 | 00:06:58,521 | 00:07:00,559 | Grand building project in jerusalem, | Grand building project in jerusalem, |
111 | 00:07:01,961 | 00:07:03,879 | Including the palace, administrative structures, | Including the palace, administrative structures, |
112 | 00:07:03,954 | 00:07:05,632 | And the temple as well. | And the temple as well. |
113 | 00:07:05,641 | 00:07:07,952 | And in doing so, all the wealth of the nation | And in doing so, all the wealth of the nation |
114 | 00:07:07,961 | 00:07:09,479 | Is centered on him. | Is centered on him. |
115 | 00:07:10,361 | 00:07:12,192 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
116 | 00:07:12,201 | 00:07:14,119 | Mastrelli: But what happened to all of solomon's wealth? | Mastrelli: But what happened to all of solomon's wealth? |
117 | 00:07:15,001 | 00:07:15,839 | His gold? | His gold? |
118 | 00:07:16,841 | 00:07:17,639 | His silver? | His silver? |
119 | 00:07:20,434 | 00:07:23,232 | Today, holy buildings stand where many suspect | Today, holy buildings stand where many suspect |
120 | 00:07:23,241 | 00:07:25,879 | Solomon's golden creations once glistened | Solomon's golden creations once glistened |
121 | 00:07:25,954 | 00:07:27,439 | With precious metals. | With precious metals. |
122 | 00:07:30,914 | 00:07:34,752 | Moreover, most scholars believe his gold and silver | Moreover, most scholars believe his gold and silver |
123 | 00:07:34,761 | 00:07:36,639 | Was looted in the 6th century bce | Was looted in the 6th century bce |
124 | 00:07:37,641 | 00:07:40,679 | When jerusalem was ransacked by the babylonians. | When jerusalem was ransacked by the babylonians. |
125 | 00:07:44,034 | 00:07:46,592 | Thompson: The babylonians came in and they destroyed the city | Thompson: The babylonians came in and they destroyed the city |
126 | 00:07:46,601 | 00:07:48,439 | And they took off all the goodies, | And they took off all the goodies, |
127 | 00:07:48,514 | 00:07:50,832 | And so we're not even in the position to be able to expect | And so we're not even in the position to be able to expect |
128 | 00:07:50,841 | 00:07:53,079 | To find the metals there if we wanted to | To find the metals there if we wanted to |
129 | 00:07:53,154 | 00:07:54,919 | And say, "oh, this was solomon's." | And say, "oh, this was solomon's." |
130 | 00:07:54,994 | 00:07:56,719 | There's no chance for that now. | There's no chance for that now. |
131 | 00:07:59,161 | 00:08:01,312 | Mastrelli: Archaeologist dr. Christine thompson | Mastrelli: Archaeologist dr. Christine thompson |
132 | 00:08:01,321 | 00:08:03,079 | Has been investigating the evidence | Has been investigating the evidence |
133 | 00:08:03,154 | 00:08:05,279 | For king solomon's fabled wealth. | For king solomon's fabled wealth. |
134 | 00:08:07,161 | 00:08:09,952 | Throughout israel, experts have uncovered | Throughout israel, experts have uncovered |
135 | 00:08:09,961 | 00:08:11,919 | Extraordinary hoards of silver, | Extraordinary hoards of silver, |
136 | 00:08:13,874 | 00:08:16,599 | Some from around the time of solomon's reign. | Some from around the time of solomon's reign. |
137 | 00:08:18,841 | 00:08:21,152 | Thompson: When it comes to the source of solomon's wealth, | Thompson: When it comes to the source of solomon's wealth, |
138 | 00:08:21,161 | 00:08:23,519 | The bible mentions clearly tarshish, | The bible mentions clearly tarshish, |
139 | 00:08:24,521 | 00:08:27,439 | And there are gold supplies in a place call ophir. | And there are gold supplies in a place call ophir. |
140 | 00:08:28,754 | 00:08:31,152 | Voice of god: And they came to ophir, | Voice of god: And they came to ophir, |
141 | 00:08:31,161 | 00:08:35,712 | And fetched from thence gold, 420 talents, | And fetched from thence gold, 420 talents, |
142 | 00:08:35,721 | 00:08:37,559 | And brought it to king solomon. | And brought it to king solomon. |
143 | 00:08:39,474 | 00:08:41,079 | Thompson: We know it's somewhere south, | Thompson: We know it's somewhere south, |
144 | 00:08:41,154 | 00:08:43,879 | But the biblical text is never quite specific enough | But the biblical text is never quite specific enough |
145 | 00:08:43,954 | 00:08:46,199 | To give us a good sense of where it is, | To give us a good sense of where it is, |
146 | 00:08:46,274 | 00:08:49,399 | So all sorts of ideas grew up about where it might be. | So all sorts of ideas grew up about where it might be. |
147 | 00:08:50,281 | 00:08:52,919 | Mastrelli: And while erez ben-yosef's discoveries | Mastrelli: And while erez ben-yosef's discoveries |
148 | 00:08:52,994 | 00:08:55,399 | Show that these ancient mines were at the peak | Show that these ancient mines were at the peak |
149 | 00:08:55,474 | 00:08:59,152 | Of their productivity during the time of king solomon, | Of their productivity during the time of king solomon, |
150 | 00:08:59,161 | 00:09:00,912 | There's a problem. | There's a problem. |
151 | 00:09:00,921 | 00:09:03,799 | Gold and silver were never mined here. | Gold and silver were never mined here. |
152 | 00:09:04,681 | 00:09:08,832 | Instead, ben-yosef believes these mines produced something | Instead, ben-yosef believes these mines produced something |
153 | 00:09:08,841 | 00:09:11,559 | Even more essential than gold or silver, | Even more essential than gold or silver, |
154 | 00:09:11,634 | 00:09:13,952 | Something that afforded king solomon | Something that afforded king solomon |
155 | 00:09:13,961 | 00:09:17,799 | Access to all the other precious metals he desired. | Access to all the other precious metals he desired. |
156 | 00:09:19,641 | 00:09:22,119 | Yosef: Copper, in this particular time in history, | Yosef: Copper, in this particular time in history, |
157 | 00:09:22,194 | 00:09:26,039 | Was the most important economic resource. | Was the most important economic resource. |
158 | 00:09:26,114 | 00:09:28,999 | This was the most lucrative industry. | This was the most lucrative industry. |
159 | 00:09:30,114 | 00:09:31,439 | Very, very lucrative. | Very, very lucrative. |
160 | 00:09:32,601 | 00:09:33,919 | It's like oil of today. | It's like oil of today. |
161 | 00:09:34,994 | 00:09:37,719 | Mastrelli: Is copper, a key ingredient of bronze, | Mastrelli: Is copper, a key ingredient of bronze, |
162 | 00:09:37,794 | 00:09:41,279 | The long lost source of solomon's riches? | The long lost source of solomon's riches? |
163 | 00:09:42,674 | 00:09:45,319 | And are these the real king solomon's mines? | And are these the real king solomon's mines? |
164 | 00:09:49,794 | 00:09:51,239 | Two pieces of rock. | Two pieces of rock. |
165 | 00:09:51,314 | 00:09:53,072 | Not much to look at, right? | Not much to look at, right? |
166 | 00:09:53,081 | 00:09:55,559 | But 3,000 years ago, they were transforming the world | But 3,000 years ago, they were transforming the world |
167 | 00:09:55,634 | 00:09:57,472 | And enriching its kings. | And enriching its kings. |
168 | 00:09:57,481 | 00:10:01,472 | The small one is copper ore, and this big one contains tin. | The small one is copper ore, and this big one contains tin. |
169 | 00:10:01,481 | 00:10:03,799 | Combine them in a 90/10 ratio, | Combine them in a 90/10 ratio, |
170 | 00:10:03,874 | 00:10:07,232 | Bring the heat up to a cozy 2,000 degrees fahrenheit, | Bring the heat up to a cozy 2,000 degrees fahrenheit, |
171 | 00:10:07,241 | 00:10:10,359 | Then add some cooking show magic, and bam, | Then add some cooking show magic, and bam, |
172 | 00:10:10,434 | 00:10:12,272 | You get one of these | You get one of these |
173 | 00:10:12,281 | 00:10:15,479 | Next, put 1,000 swords like this into the hands of an army | Next, put 1,000 swords like this into the hands of an army |
174 | 00:10:15,554 | 00:10:18,832 | And you too can watch the stone age come to an end. | And you too can watch the stone age come to an end. |
175 | 00:10:18,841 | 00:10:23,072 | But is this how king solomon built his awesome fortune? | But is this how king solomon built his awesome fortune? |
176 | 00:10:23,081 | 00:10:26,992 | With the raw material that fueled the bronze age? | With the raw material that fueled the bronze age? |
177 | 00:10:27,001 | 00:10:29,759 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
178 | 00:10:31,314 | 00:10:34,599 | Recent discoveries in israel's negev desert reveal | Recent discoveries in israel's negev desert reveal |
179 | 00:10:34,674 | 00:10:38,832 | Not gold or silver minds, but an industrial scale | Not gold or silver minds, but an industrial scale |
180 | 00:10:38,841 | 00:10:42,192 | Copper mining, smelting, and production operation | Copper mining, smelting, and production operation |
181 | 00:10:42,201 | 00:10:44,992 | That's 3,000 years old. | That's 3,000 years old. |
182 | 00:10:45,001 | 00:10:48,839 | Archaeologist erez ben-yosef believes this site | Archaeologist erez ben-yosef believes this site |
183 | 00:10:48,914 | 00:10:52,479 | Is one of the keys to king solomon's legendary wealth. | Is one of the keys to king solomon's legendary wealth. |
184 | 00:10:54,914 | 00:10:57,072 | But just who exactly was working here | But just who exactly was working here |
185 | 00:10:57,081 | 00:10:59,199 | During solomon's reign? | During solomon's reign? |
186 | 00:11:00,434 | 00:11:03,159 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
187 | 00:11:06,281 | 00:11:07,879 | Yosef: In between the layers of slag, | Yosef: In between the layers of slag, |
188 | 00:11:07,954 | 00:11:10,599 | What we have found is amazing materials | What we have found is amazing materials |
189 | 00:11:10,674 | 00:11:14,359 | That are related to the people working at the furnaces. | That are related to the people working at the furnaces. |
190 | 00:11:14,434 | 00:11:17,232 | We found out what they wear, we found cloth, | We found out what they wear, we found cloth, |
191 | 00:11:17,241 | 00:11:19,232 | We have found textiles, we found ropes, | We have found textiles, we found ropes, |
192 | 00:11:19,241 | 00:11:21,479 | We found remains of bones of what they ate, | We found remains of bones of what they ate, |
193 | 00:11:21,554 | 00:11:25,119 | That reveal the story of the people working at the furnaces. | That reveal the story of the people working at the furnaces. |
194 | 00:11:26,834 | 00:11:29,559 | Mastrelli: Normally after 3,000 years, | Mastrelli: Normally after 3,000 years, |
195 | 00:11:29,634 | 00:11:32,119 | Organic matter on an archaeological site | Organic matter on an archaeological site |
196 | 00:11:32,194 | 00:11:34,519 | Would have disintegrated long ago. | Would have disintegrated long ago. |
197 | 00:11:34,594 | 00:11:37,872 | But astonishingly, timna's ultra-dry climate | But astonishingly, timna's ultra-dry climate |
198 | 00:11:37,881 | 00:11:42,039 | Supplied the rare and perfect conditions for conservation, | Supplied the rare and perfect conditions for conservation, |
199 | 00:11:42,114 | 00:11:44,999 | Even for the remains of fruits, like dates. | Even for the remains of fruits, like dates. |
200 | 00:11:47,001 | 00:11:48,512 | Yosef: The organic materials in timna | Yosef: The organic materials in timna |
201 | 00:11:48,521 | 00:11:50,672 | Are exceptionally well preserved, | Are exceptionally well preserved, |
202 | 00:11:50,681 | 00:11:54,559 | Even in comparison to other sites located in the desert. | Even in comparison to other sites located in the desert. |
203 | 00:11:55,641 | 00:11:59,472 | It looks almost like somebody ate it yesterday, you know. | It looks almost like somebody ate it yesterday, you know. |
204 | 00:11:59,481 | 00:12:00,599 | It's almost fresh. | It's almost fresh. |
205 | 00:12:01,641 | 00:12:04,832 | Mastrelli: The team found animal bones, wheat and barley | Mastrelli: The team found animal bones, wheat and barley |
206 | 00:12:04,841 | 00:12:09,552 | As well as countless seeds from olives, grapes, and dates. | As well as countless seeds from olives, grapes, and dates. |
207 | 00:12:09,561 | 00:12:11,872 | It's a menu of much higher quality | It's a menu of much higher quality |
208 | 00:12:11,881 | 00:12:14,199 | That archaeologists would expect to find, | That archaeologists would expect to find, |
209 | 00:12:14,274 | 00:12:16,679 | For instance, in a slave's quarters. | For instance, in a slave's quarters. |
210 | 00:12:19,161 | 00:12:21,872 | The team starts to suspect a division of labor | The team starts to suspect a division of labor |
211 | 00:12:21,881 | 00:12:24,519 | And status at the site, | And status at the site, |
212 | 00:12:24,594 | 00:12:28,399 | And that the copper smelters enjoyed distinct privileges. | And that the copper smelters enjoyed distinct privileges. |
213 | 00:12:29,874 | 00:12:33,239 | Sapir: People that were engaged in the smelting activities | Sapir: People that were engaged in the smelting activities |
214 | 00:12:33,314 | 00:12:37,119 | Had mainly the ribs and the shoulder blades, | Had mainly the ribs and the shoulder blades, |
215 | 00:12:38,041 | 00:12:42,319 | And the upper limb bone, the better parts of the meat. | And the upper limb bone, the better parts of the meat. |
216 | 00:12:44,594 | 00:12:47,799 | Mastrelli: In contrast, it seems poorer quality meat | Mastrelli: In contrast, it seems poorer quality meat |
217 | 00:12:47,874 | 00:12:50,159 | Was given to those working in the mines, | Was given to those working in the mines, |
218 | 00:12:51,634 | 00:12:54,279 | As evidenced by the offcuts found | As evidenced by the offcuts found |
219 | 00:12:54,354 | 00:12:56,159 | In other areas of the site. | In other areas of the site. |
220 | 00:12:57,474 | 00:13:00,912 | Sapir: The poor meat parts would be, for example, | Sapir: The poor meat parts would be, for example, |
221 | 00:13:00,921 | 00:13:03,479 | The knuckle bone of the lower hind limb. | The knuckle bone of the lower hind limb. |
222 | 00:13:03,554 | 00:13:06,599 | And we found many of these in the area of the people | And we found many of these in the area of the people |
223 | 00:13:06,674 | 00:13:09,039 | Which were engaged in the supporting activities. | Which were engaged in the supporting activities. |
224 | 00:13:11,954 | 00:13:14,759 | Mastrelli: A striking social hierarchy had been discovered. | Mastrelli: A striking social hierarchy had been discovered. |
225 | 00:13:15,794 | 00:13:18,512 | One class, of slaves or cheap laborers | One class, of slaves or cheap laborers |
226 | 00:13:18,521 | 00:13:21,312 | Engaged in the excruciating work of the mines. | Engaged in the excruciating work of the mines. |
227 | 00:13:21,321 | 00:13:25,399 | (dramatic string music) | (dramatic string music) |
228 | 00:13:25,474 | 00:13:28,352 | The other, people who were so valued, | The other, people who were so valued, |
229 | 00:13:28,361 | 00:13:30,239 | They were awarded the finest food. | They were awarded the finest food. |
230 | 00:13:32,594 | 00:13:34,199 | (speaking foreign language) | (speaking foreign language) |
231 | 00:13:34,274 | 00:13:36,512 | But it's not what they ate that reveals the most | But it's not what they ate that reveals the most |
232 | 00:13:36,521 | 00:13:37,919 | About the smelters of timna. | About the smelters of timna. |
233 | 00:13:40,121 | 00:13:42,199 | Rather, it's what they wore. | Rather, it's what they wore. |
234 | 00:13:45,794 | 00:13:47,712 | (metal clanks) | (metal clanks) |
235 | 00:13:47,721 | 00:13:51,552 | Workman: We're finding fragments of textiles like this, | Workman: We're finding fragments of textiles like this, |
236 | 00:13:51,561 | 00:13:54,599 | But they're made from a variety of different materials. | But they're made from a variety of different materials. |
237 | 00:13:54,674 | 00:13:56,439 | We find different qualities of textiles, | We find different qualities of textiles, |
238 | 00:13:56,514 | 00:13:57,799 | Which is fabulous. | Which is fabulous. |
239 | 00:13:58,761 | 00:14:01,799 | Mastrelli: So far, over 100 pieces have been brought | Mastrelli: So far, over 100 pieces have been brought |
240 | 00:14:01,874 | 00:14:05,039 | To the israel antiquities authority for conservation. | To the israel antiquities authority for conservation. |
241 | 00:14:06,274 | 00:14:08,719 | (case clicks) | (case clicks) |
242 | 00:14:10,754 | 00:14:14,439 | Remarkably, these pieces of fabric reveal the identity | Remarkably, these pieces of fabric reveal the identity |
243 | 00:14:14,514 | 00:14:16,752 | Of the elite timna smelters. | Of the elite timna smelters. |
244 | 00:14:16,761 | 00:14:19,632 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
245 | 00:14:19,641 | 00:14:23,559 | The blue and red textiles found here have been seen before, | The blue and red textiles found here have been seen before, |
246 | 00:14:24,921 | 00:14:29,072 | In ancient egyptian art portraying captured tribesmen | In ancient egyptian art portraying captured tribesmen |
247 | 00:14:29,081 | 00:14:32,439 | From the 11th and 10th centuries bce. | From the 11th and 10th centuries bce. |
248 | 00:14:33,561 | 00:14:36,912 | Sapir: When we look at rock drawings in egypt, | Sapir: When we look at rock drawings in egypt, |
249 | 00:14:36,921 | 00:14:39,639 | We see depictions of the clothing, | We see depictions of the clothing, |
250 | 00:14:39,714 | 00:14:43,879 | Which is the blue and red bands and the tassels. | Which is the blue and red bands and the tassels. |
251 | 00:14:47,801 | 00:14:51,552 | We have the actual physical evidence of this depiction, | We have the actual physical evidence of this depiction, |
252 | 00:14:51,561 | 00:14:54,912 | So we can say it's not just an artistic depiction, | So we can say it's not just an artistic depiction, |
253 | 00:14:54,921 | 00:14:59,919 | It's actually representing a real image of the period | It's actually representing a real image of the period |
254 | 00:15:00,921 | 00:15:04,919 | And of the region, and most probably the elite. | And of the region, and most probably the elite. |
255 | 00:15:05,874 | 00:15:09,159 | Mastrelli: But these portraits are not of israelites. | Mastrelli: But these portraits are not of israelites. |
256 | 00:15:10,601 | 00:15:13,479 | Inscriptions found alongside the paintings | Inscriptions found alongside the paintings |
257 | 00:15:13,554 | 00:15:18,432 | Reveal another tribe, one the bible says | Reveal another tribe, one the bible says |
258 | 00:15:18,441 | 00:15:21,399 | Are the sworn enemies of solomon's kingdom. | Are the sworn enemies of solomon's kingdom. |
259 | 00:15:23,474 | 00:15:27,079 | Sapir: We have there clothing that are related to the elite | Sapir: We have there clothing that are related to the elite |
260 | 00:15:27,154 | 00:15:28,639 | Of the edomite society. | Of the edomite society. |
261 | 00:15:30,034 | 00:15:33,072 | Mastrelli: Rather than being part of solomon's israel, | Mastrelli: Rather than being part of solomon's israel, |
262 | 00:15:33,081 | 00:15:35,879 | Timna was once part of the kingdom of edom, | Timna was once part of the kingdom of edom, |
263 | 00:15:37,634 | 00:15:40,439 | A vast expanse of land that stretched south | A vast expanse of land that stretched south |
264 | 00:15:40,514 | 00:15:41,679 | From the dead sea. | From the dead sea. |
265 | 00:15:45,394 | 00:15:48,119 | And if the edomites were the master smelters | And if the edomites were the master smelters |
266 | 00:15:48,194 | 00:15:52,199 | And kings of copper at timna, what does this do | And kings of copper at timna, what does this do |
267 | 00:15:52,274 | 00:15:54,592 | To the story of king solomon's mines? | To the story of king solomon's mines? |
268 | 00:15:54,601 | 00:15:56,352 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
269 | 00:15:56,361 | 00:15:57,559 | Is it mere fiction? | Is it mere fiction? |
270 | 00:15:59,634 | 00:16:02,719 | Did solomon's riches even exist? | Did solomon's riches even exist? |
271 | 00:16:04,594 | 00:16:07,079 | (tense music) | (tense music) |
272 | 00:16:09,241 | 00:16:11,239 | In the timna valley in israel, | In the timna valley in israel, |
273 | 00:16:11,314 | 00:16:13,312 | Archaeologists seem to have raised | Archaeologists seem to have raised |
274 | 00:16:13,321 | 00:16:16,432 | The legend of king solomon's mines from the dust, | The legend of king solomon's mines from the dust, |
275 | 00:16:16,441 | 00:16:19,039 | Only to see it blown away. | Only to see it blown away. |
276 | 00:16:20,114 | 00:16:24,192 | A huge mining operation here 3,000 years ago | A huge mining operation here 3,000 years ago |
277 | 00:16:24,201 | 00:16:26,992 | Would have been highly lucrative for its owner. | Would have been highly lucrative for its owner. |
278 | 00:16:27,001 | 00:16:30,039 | But the archaeological evidence is clear. | But the archaeological evidence is clear. |
279 | 00:16:30,114 | 00:16:33,632 | These mines were not run by king solomon, | These mines were not run by king solomon, |
280 | 00:16:33,641 | 00:16:37,392 | But by his traditional enemies, the edomites. | But by his traditional enemies, the edomites. |
281 | 00:16:37,401 | 00:16:41,799 | So, is the story of king solomon's mines just a myth? | So, is the story of king solomon's mines just a myth? |
282 | 00:16:41,874 | 00:16:43,632 | Bhayro: When we read about solomon in the bible, | Bhayro: When we read about solomon in the bible, |
283 | 00:16:43,641 | 00:16:45,952 | There are aspects of the way the story is told, | There are aspects of the way the story is told, |
284 | 00:16:45,961 | 00:16:48,592 | Which are metaphorical, which are in code. | Which are metaphorical, which are in code. |
285 | 00:16:48,601 | 00:16:51,599 | So, we need to learn to read the bible very, very carefully. | So, we need to learn to read the bible very, very carefully. |
286 | 00:16:55,001 | 00:16:57,152 | Mastrelli: Some historians believe | Mastrelli: Some historians believe |
287 | 00:16:57,161 | 00:16:59,072 | That when solomon ascended to power | That when solomon ascended to power |
288 | 00:16:59,081 | 00:17:02,759 | In the land of the israelites in 970 bce, | In the land of the israelites in 970 bce, |
289 | 00:17:02,834 | 00:17:04,839 | His kingdom may have been much smaller | His kingdom may have been much smaller |
290 | 00:17:04,914 | 00:17:08,912 | Than the bible suggests and that he didn't own | Than the bible suggests and that he didn't own |
291 | 00:17:08,921 | 00:17:12,079 | Any of the lucrative mines spread across the region. | Any of the lucrative mines spread across the region. |
292 | 00:17:15,714 | 00:17:16,912 | Bhayro: The biblical presentation | Bhayro: The biblical presentation |
293 | 00:17:16,921 | 00:17:18,759 | Of the size of solomon's kingdom | Of the size of solomon's kingdom |
294 | 00:17:18,834 | 00:17:20,752 | Can come across as very large, | Can come across as very large, |
295 | 00:17:20,761 | 00:17:23,759 | And the israelite kingdom never reached that extent. | And the israelite kingdom never reached that extent. |
296 | 00:17:24,834 | 00:17:26,519 | But then it becomes important to differentiate | But then it becomes important to differentiate |
297 | 00:17:26,594 | 00:17:29,399 | Between solomon's kingdom and solomon's influence. | Between solomon's kingdom and solomon's influence. |
298 | 00:17:29,474 | 00:17:32,119 | (soft dramatic music) | (soft dramatic music) |
299 | 00:17:32,194 | 00:17:34,199 | Mastrelli: Solomon may not have had direct rule | Mastrelli: Solomon may not have had direct rule |
300 | 00:17:34,274 | 00:17:36,439 | Over the lucrative mines at timna, | Over the lucrative mines at timna, |
301 | 00:17:36,514 | 00:17:40,279 | But there's evidence here that suggests the israelite king | But there's evidence here that suggests the israelite king |
302 | 00:17:40,354 | 00:17:43,359 | Was actually working with his traditional enemies. | Was actually working with his traditional enemies. |
303 | 00:17:45,394 | 00:17:48,352 | Archaeobotanist marc cavanagh has been investigating | Archaeobotanist marc cavanagh has been investigating |
304 | 00:17:48,361 | 00:17:52,119 | Where the edomites obtained their high status foods. | Where the edomites obtained their high status foods. |
305 | 00:17:52,194 | 00:17:54,672 | Certainly, none of the fare they were feasting on | Certainly, none of the fare they were feasting on |
306 | 00:17:54,681 | 00:17:56,512 | Could have come from the arid desert | Could have come from the arid desert |
307 | 00:17:56,521 | 00:17:58,079 | Surrounding the mines. | Surrounding the mines. |
308 | 00:17:59,161 | 00:18:01,152 | Cavanagh: Olives don't grow naturally here. | Cavanagh: Olives don't grow naturally here. |
309 | 00:18:01,161 | 00:18:02,752 | It's way too hot for them. | It's way too hot for them. |
310 | 00:18:02,761 | 00:18:04,679 | But nonetheless, they had connections | But nonetheless, they had connections |
311 | 00:18:04,754 | 00:18:07,552 | That allowed them to bring olives to this place. | That allowed them to bring olives to this place. |
312 | 00:18:07,561 | 00:18:09,799 | (seeds rattling) | (seeds rattling) |
313 | 00:18:09,874 | 00:18:13,632 | We've found hundreds of barley seeds. | We've found hundreds of barley seeds. |
314 | 00:18:13,641 | 00:18:15,159 | But, again, they don't grow locally. | But, again, they don't grow locally. |
315 | 00:18:15,234 | 00:18:17,319 | They had to have been brought in from far off, | They had to have been brought in from far off, |
316 | 00:18:18,521 | 00:18:20,999 | At least 100 or so kilometers away. | At least 100 or so kilometers away. |
317 | 00:18:22,114 | 00:18:24,519 | (tense music) | (tense music) |
318 | 00:18:25,401 | 00:18:27,152 | Yosef: We have evidence for connections | Yosef: We have evidence for connections |
319 | 00:18:27,161 | 00:18:31,239 | With the mediterranean region, the area of jerusalem, | With the mediterranean region, the area of jerusalem, |
320 | 00:18:31,314 | 00:18:33,319 | Tight connections with these regions. | Tight connections with these regions. |
321 | 00:18:34,434 | 00:18:36,272 | This gives us information | This gives us information |
322 | 00:18:36,281 | 00:18:40,879 | About something substantial going on, long distance trade. | About something substantial going on, long distance trade. |
323 | 00:18:43,874 | 00:18:46,119 | Mastrelli: Today, some experts suspect | Mastrelli: Today, some experts suspect |
324 | 00:18:46,194 | 00:18:48,912 | That solomon granted the edomites, and their food, | That solomon granted the edomites, and their food, |
325 | 00:18:48,921 | 00:18:53,919 | Safe passage through his land in exchange for something he | Safe passage through his land in exchange for something he |
326 | 00:18:54,274 | 00:18:58,839 | And everyone else in the ancient world wanted: Copper. | And everyone else in the ancient world wanted: Copper. |
327 | 00:18:59,961 | 00:19:02,912 | Yosef: King solomon might have had some control of these mines | Yosef: King solomon might have had some control of these mines |
328 | 00:19:02,921 | 00:19:04,432 | Based on an agreement. | Based on an agreement. |
329 | 00:19:04,441 | 00:19:06,352 | You know, you give us some of the income | You know, you give us some of the income |
330 | 00:19:06,361 | 00:19:09,632 | From the copper trade and we won't attack you. | From the copper trade and we won't attack you. |
331 | 00:19:09,641 | 00:19:12,759 | (singing in foreign language) | (singing in foreign language) |
332 | 00:19:12,834 | 00:19:14,439 | Bhayro: That's the model of ancient empire, | Bhayro: That's the model of ancient empire, |
333 | 00:19:14,514 | 00:19:16,912 | And, essentially, it's like a protection racket. | And, essentially, it's like a protection racket. |
334 | 00:19:16,921 | 00:19:19,639 | They are now under the protection of israel, | They are now under the protection of israel, |
335 | 00:19:19,714 | 00:19:21,719 | And in order to continue being protected by israel, | And in order to continue being protected by israel, |
336 | 00:19:21,794 | 00:19:25,359 | They have to pay this big, big tax every year to jerusalem. | They have to pay this big, big tax every year to jerusalem. |
337 | 00:19:28,521 | 00:19:30,519 | (soft chanting) | (soft chanting) |
338 | 00:19:30,594 | 00:19:32,512 | Mastrelli: These new discoveries suggest | Mastrelli: These new discoveries suggest |
339 | 00:19:32,521 | 00:19:34,592 | That the mines at timna may well have made | That the mines at timna may well have made |
340 | 00:19:34,601 | 00:19:39,472 | Solomon extremely rich, not as the owner, | Solomon extremely rich, not as the owner, |
341 | 00:19:39,481 | 00:19:41,472 | But as the commercial genius who saw | But as the commercial genius who saw |
342 | 00:19:41,481 | 00:19:44,519 | How he could profit from other people's industry. | How he could profit from other people's industry. |
343 | 00:19:45,874 | 00:19:47,472 | Bhayro: Through putting himself at the center | Bhayro: Through putting himself at the center |
344 | 00:19:47,481 | 00:19:49,232 | Of this massive trade network, | Of this massive trade network, |
345 | 00:19:49,241 | 00:19:51,712 | Which would have existed across the various empires, | Which would have existed across the various empires, |
346 | 00:19:51,721 | 00:19:54,119 | And simply to take a little cut | And simply to take a little cut |
347 | 00:19:54,194 | 00:19:56,199 | From the traders coming through his territory, | From the traders coming through his territory, |
348 | 00:19:56,274 | 00:19:58,079 | That would bring him enormous wealth. | That would bring him enormous wealth. |
349 | 00:20:00,034 | 00:20:01,959 | Mastrelli: It's a theory that seems to affirm | Mastrelli: It's a theory that seems to affirm |
350 | 00:20:02,034 | 00:20:05,319 | The biblical account of a wise and ambitious ruler. | The biblical account of a wise and ambitious ruler. |
351 | 00:20:06,281 | 00:20:08,432 | Voice of god: And god gave solomon wisdom | Voice of god: And god gave solomon wisdom |
352 | 00:20:08,441 | 00:20:13,439 | And understanding exceeding much, and largeness of heart, | And understanding exceeding much, and largeness of heart, |
353 | 00:20:13,714 | 00:20:16,639 | Even as the sand that is on the seashore. | Even as the sand that is on the seashore. |
354 | 00:20:17,801 | 00:20:22,272 | Bhayro: Solomon's characteristic foreign policy is peace. | Bhayro: Solomon's characteristic foreign policy is peace. |
355 | 00:20:22,281 | 00:20:25,552 | He's able to do all that he can through persuasion, | He's able to do all that he can through persuasion, |
356 | 00:20:25,561 | 00:20:28,352 | Through conversation, through diplomacy and through trade. | Through conversation, through diplomacy and through trade. |
357 | 00:20:28,361 | 00:20:31,079 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
358 | 00:20:32,921 | 00:20:36,752 | Mastrelli: Perhaps the biblical story of solomon's vast empire | Mastrelli: Perhaps the biblical story of solomon's vast empire |
359 | 00:20:36,761 | 00:20:39,079 | Was actually inspired by his influence | Was actually inspired by his influence |
360 | 00:20:39,154 | 00:20:42,119 | Over the great trade networks of the near east, | Over the great trade networks of the near east, |
361 | 00:20:43,481 | 00:20:46,639 | Including the mines that fueled his wealth. | Including the mines that fueled his wealth. |
362 | 00:20:48,281 | 00:20:49,879 | Yosef: King solomon's mines, | Yosef: King solomon's mines, |
363 | 00:20:49,954 | 00:20:54,279 | It doesn't mean that the kingdom of solomon invaded edom | It doesn't mean that the kingdom of solomon invaded edom |
364 | 00:20:54,354 | 00:20:59,079 | And the israelites populated the land and worked the mines. | And the israelites populated the land and worked the mines. |
365 | 00:20:59,154 | 00:21:03,639 | It means that solomon exerted some kind of control over edom | It means that solomon exerted some kind of control over edom |
366 | 00:21:05,561 | 00:21:08,272 | And the richness of jerusalem could have been attributed | And the richness of jerusalem could have been attributed |
367 | 00:21:08,281 | 00:21:09,759 | To this copper trade. | To this copper trade. |
368 | 00:21:12,441 | 00:21:15,632 | Bhayro: With ancient edom, the more resources they produce, | Bhayro: With ancient edom, the more resources they produce, |
369 | 00:21:15,641 | 00:21:17,152 | They increase their wealth, | They increase their wealth, |
370 | 00:21:17,161 | 00:21:19,152 | And the more wealth you can push upstairs | And the more wealth you can push upstairs |
371 | 00:21:19,161 | 00:21:21,399 | To the person collecting, everybody wins. | To the person collecting, everybody wins. |
372 | 00:21:23,001 | 00:21:24,919 | If that is a form of wisdom, absolutely, | If that is a form of wisdom, absolutely, |
373 | 00:21:24,994 | 00:21:26,992 | He's brilliant at doing that. | He's brilliant at doing that. |
374 | 00:21:27,001 | 00:21:29,759 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
375 | 00:21:35,561 | 00:21:38,359 | Mastrelli: The discoveries in the scorched earth of timna | Mastrelli: The discoveries in the scorched earth of timna |
376 | 00:21:38,434 | 00:21:41,072 | Let us peer into the world of a bronze age ruler. | Let us peer into the world of a bronze age ruler. |
377 | 00:21:41,081 | 00:21:45,392 | It's a time so distant that myth seems to meld with history | It's a time so distant that myth seems to meld with history |
378 | 00:21:45,401 | 00:21:46,752 | Just as tightly as copper | Just as tightly as copper |
379 | 00:21:46,761 | 00:21:49,712 | Combines with tin to yield bronze. | Combines with tin to yield bronze. |
380 | 00:21:49,721 | 00:21:52,599 | Likewise, thanks to archaeology, solomon, | Likewise, thanks to archaeology, solomon, |
381 | 00:21:52,674 | 00:21:54,599 | The first captain of industry, | The first captain of industry, |
382 | 00:21:54,674 | 00:21:56,832 | Can leap from the pages of the bible | Can leap from the pages of the bible |
383 | 00:21:56,841 | 00:21:58,759 | Into the annals of science. | Into the annals of science. |