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1 | 00:00:00,701 | 00:00:02,701 | (ominous music) | (ominous music) |
2 | 00:00:02,770 | 00:00:04,103 | Mastrelli: One of the most famous | Mastrelli: One of the most famous |
3 | 00:00:04,171 | 00:00:07,172 | And fought-over relics in all of christianity | And fought-over relics in all of christianity |
4 | 00:00:07,241 | 00:00:12,044 | Is this 14 feet of old cloth, stained and ragged. | Is this 14 feet of old cloth, stained and ragged. |
5 | 00:00:13,314 | 00:00:15,847 | Is this proof of a miracle? | Is this proof of a miracle? |
6 | 00:00:15,850 | 00:00:18,116 | Our only physical link to the death | Our only physical link to the death |
7 | 00:00:18,119 | 00:00:20,586 | And resurrection of jesus christ | And resurrection of jesus christ |
8 | 00:00:20,654 | 00:00:24,056 | Or is it the greatest prank ever pulled? | Or is it the greatest prank ever pulled? |
9 | 00:00:24,124 | 00:00:27,392 | The opposing camps agree on one thing. | The opposing camps agree on one thing. |
10 | 00:00:27,395 | 00:00:31,130 | No-one can fully explain how the image got here. | No-one can fully explain how the image got here. |
11 | 00:00:32,266 | 00:00:35,400 | Now our experts attempt an answer, | Now our experts attempt an answer, |
12 | 00:00:35,403 | 00:00:38,203 | By testing controversial theories, | By testing controversial theories, |
13 | 00:00:38,272 | 00:00:40,606 | Conducting forensic experiments, | Conducting forensic experiments, |
14 | 00:00:40,674 | 00:00:43,475 | And examining the latest evidence. | And examining the latest evidence. |
15 | 00:00:43,544 | 00:00:46,478 | Can they crack the ultimate puzzle, | Can they crack the ultimate puzzle, |
16 | 00:00:46,547 | 00:00:49,214 | The mystery of the turin shroud? | The mystery of the turin shroud? |
17 | 00:00:51,352 | 00:00:52,684 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
18 | 00:00:52,753 | 00:00:56,155 | For centuries the mysteries of the past | For centuries the mysteries of the past |
19 | 00:00:56,223 | 00:00:59,224 | Have kept their secrets | Have kept their secrets |
20 | 00:00:59,293 | 00:01:02,828 | But there are clues cast in gold, | But there are clues cast in gold, |
21 | 00:01:02,896 | 00:01:04,463 | Etched in stone, | Etched in stone, |
22 | 00:01:05,566 | 00:01:07,132 | Written in blood. | Written in blood. |
23 | 00:01:08,102 | 00:01:10,569 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
24 | 00:01:10,637 | 00:01:12,771 | We can unlock them. | We can unlock them. |
25 | 00:01:12,840 | 00:01:15,541 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
26 | 00:01:29,723 | 00:01:32,257 | The climax of the new testament comes with the trial, | The climax of the new testament comes with the trial, |
27 | 00:01:32,326 | 00:01:35,460 | Torture and crucifixion of jesus christ. | Torture and crucifixion of jesus christ. |
28 | 00:01:35,463 | 00:01:39,264 | All four gospels relate the events of those fateful days. | All four gospels relate the events of those fateful days. |
29 | 00:01:39,266 | 00:01:41,466 | Their significance for christians all over the world | Their significance for christians all over the world |
30 | 00:01:41,469 | 00:01:43,468 | Cannot be overstated. | Cannot be overstated. |
31 | 00:01:43,471 | 00:01:46,204 | Certainly, the potential existence of physical evidence | Certainly, the potential existence of physical evidence |
32 | 00:01:46,207 | 00:01:49,207 | Associated with the martyrdom of jesus has long attracted | Associated with the martyrdom of jesus has long attracted |
33 | 00:01:49,210 | 00:01:52,477 | The reverence of pilgrims and worshipers alike. | The reverence of pilgrims and worshipers alike. |
34 | 00:01:52,480 | 00:01:55,614 | They rank among the most holy relics in all of christendom. | They rank among the most holy relics in all of christendom. |
35 | 00:01:56,683 | 00:01:59,551 | What then to make of a relic that many believe bears witness | What then to make of a relic that many believe bears witness |
36 | 00:01:59,620 | 00:02:03,088 | To the spiritual climax of the new testament. | To the spiritual climax of the new testament. |
37 | 00:02:03,157 | 00:02:05,157 | The moment of christ's resurrection. | The moment of christ's resurrection. |
38 | 00:02:13,567 | 00:02:17,603 | To many, the turin shroud is the burial cloth of jesus. | To many, the turin shroud is the burial cloth of jesus. |
39 | 00:02:19,306 | 00:02:22,040 | Others say the believers have been had. | Others say the believers have been had. |
40 | 00:02:22,977 | 00:02:25,777 | Allen: People just dismissed it as being a worthless forgery. | Allen: People just dismissed it as being a worthless forgery. |
41 | 00:02:27,447 | 00:02:29,848 | Schwortz: This is something that's an expression of faith, | Schwortz: This is something that's an expression of faith, |
42 | 00:02:29,917 | 00:02:35,120 | And it's also probably one of the greatest mysteries | And it's also probably one of the greatest mysteries |
43 | 00:02:35,189 | 00:02:37,022 | That we have on this planet today. | That we have on this planet today. |
44 | 00:02:38,459 | 00:02:40,525 | Mastrelli: For generations of investigators, | Mastrelli: For generations of investigators, |
45 | 00:02:40,528 | 00:02:43,261 | It's been an irresistible challenge to prove | It's been an irresistible challenge to prove |
46 | 00:02:43,264 | 00:02:45,697 | Once and for all what made the image. | Once and for all what made the image. |
47 | 00:02:47,734 | 00:02:49,734 | Maniura: This is scientific phenomena, | Maniura: This is scientific phenomena, |
48 | 00:02:49,737 | 00:02:52,671 | Because no-one so far has come up with a completely | Because no-one so far has come up with a completely |
49 | 00:02:52,673 | 00:02:55,607 | Convincing explanation of how the marks are made. | Convincing explanation of how the marks are made. |
50 | 00:02:59,680 | 00:03:01,446 | Mastrelli: After decades of stalemate, | Mastrelli: After decades of stalemate, |
51 | 00:03:02,616 | 00:03:04,983 | It's now time for a new approach. | It's now time for a new approach. |
52 | 00:03:06,220 | 00:03:09,221 | Two experts will explore two theories. | Two experts will explore two theories. |
53 | 00:03:09,223 | 00:03:12,157 | First, the medieval art theory. | First, the medieval art theory. |
54 | 00:03:12,159 | 00:03:14,359 | Can they show the shroud's a hoax, | Can they show the shroud's a hoax, |
55 | 00:03:14,361 | 00:03:17,029 | Made by a master craftsman? | Made by a master craftsman? |
56 | 00:03:17,097 | 00:03:19,497 | Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique, | Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique, |
57 | 00:03:19,500 | 00:03:21,566 | Because in one shot it produces | Because in one shot it produces |
58 | 00:03:21,569 | 00:03:24,770 | All the features of the shroud there. | All the features of the shroud there. |
59 | 00:03:26,707 | 00:03:29,107 | Mastrelli: Then there's the photography theory. | Mastrelli: Then there's the photography theory. |
60 | 00:03:30,644 | 00:03:34,446 | Could the shroud be the world's oldest photographic image? | Could the shroud be the world's oldest photographic image? |
61 | 00:03:34,448 | 00:03:36,381 | Allen: Maybe we are wrong about the levels | Allen: Maybe we are wrong about the levels |
62 | 00:03:36,383 | 00:03:38,516 | Of technology in the middle ages. | Of technology in the middle ages. |
63 | 00:03:38,519 | 00:03:40,118 | Mastrelli: Groundbreaking research, | Mastrelli: Groundbreaking research, |
64 | 00:03:40,187 | 00:03:43,588 | Experimental archaeology, | Experimental archaeology, |
65 | 00:03:43,591 | 00:03:44,723 | One single goal. | One single goal. |
66 | 00:03:46,193 | 00:03:48,860 | To decode a treasure that's been revered, | To decode a treasure that's been revered, |
67 | 00:03:48,929 | 00:03:53,065 | Rejected and argued over for more than 600 years. | Rejected and argued over for more than 600 years. |
68 | 00:03:55,335 | 00:03:59,137 | The first verified appearance of the shroud | The first verified appearance of the shroud |
69 | 00:03:59,206 | 00:04:03,609 | Is in the small town of lirey, northern France, in 1390. | Is in the small town of lirey, northern France, in 1390. |
70 | 00:04:04,878 | 00:04:07,145 | A minor noble claims to have brought it back | A minor noble claims to have brought it back |
71 | 00:04:07,147 | 00:04:09,014 | From the crusades. | From the crusades. |
72 | 00:04:09,082 | 00:04:12,017 | A french bishop immediately declares it a fake. | A french bishop immediately declares it a fake. |
73 | 00:04:13,554 | 00:04:18,390 | Two centuries later, in 1578, it passes into italian hands. | Two centuries later, in 1578, it passes into italian hands. |
74 | 00:04:19,760 | 00:04:23,095 | It moves to its current home, turin cathedral. | It moves to its current home, turin cathedral. |
75 | 00:04:27,167 | 00:04:29,167 | But then it's another 300 years | But then it's another 300 years |
76 | 00:04:29,236 | 00:04:31,770 | Before the world is really forced to take notice. | Before the world is really forced to take notice. |
77 | 00:04:34,775 | 00:04:37,575 | The year is 1898. | The year is 1898. |
78 | 00:04:37,578 | 00:04:40,578 | The church permits a man named secondo pia | The church permits a man named secondo pia |
79 | 00:04:40,581 | 00:04:42,648 | To take the first photos of the shroud. | To take the first photos of the shroud. |
80 | 00:04:43,517 | 00:04:47,619 | A mere curiosity now becomes front-page news. | A mere curiosity now becomes front-page news. |
81 | 00:04:48,856 | 00:04:50,522 | Maniura: In the late 19th century, | Maniura: In the late 19th century, |
82 | 00:04:50,524 | 00:04:53,124 | The first photographs were taken of the object, | The first photographs were taken of the object, |
83 | 00:04:53,127 | 00:04:57,329 | Which revealed, and it was a sensation at the time, | Which revealed, and it was a sensation at the time, |
84 | 00:04:57,331 | 00:04:59,197 | That when looked at in negative, | That when looked at in negative, |
85 | 00:05:01,402 | 00:05:04,736 | The photographic reproductions reveal a much more legible | The photographic reproductions reveal a much more legible |
86 | 00:05:04,738 | 00:05:07,606 | Image of the figure on the shroud. | Image of the figure on the shroud. |
87 | 00:05:13,146 | 00:05:15,347 | For the first time secondo pia | For the first time secondo pia |
88 | 00:05:15,415 | 00:05:17,616 | Saw startling details in the shroud. | Saw startling details in the shroud. |
89 | 00:05:23,223 | 00:05:25,590 | The faint image was now very clear | The faint image was now very clear |
90 | 00:05:28,161 | 00:05:30,628 | And immediately recognizable. | And immediately recognizable. |
91 | 00:05:30,631 | 00:05:33,832 | Maniura: Along the center of the cloth is the image | Maniura: Along the center of the cloth is the image |
92 | 00:05:33,834 | 00:05:38,236 | Of the front and back of a wounded man, | Of the front and back of a wounded man, |
93 | 00:05:38,238 | 00:05:42,307 | And the wounds are consistent broadly with the sufferings | And the wounds are consistent broadly with the sufferings |
94 | 00:05:42,309 | 00:05:45,043 | That christ is meant to have suffered. | That christ is meant to have suffered. |
95 | 00:05:48,315 | 00:05:51,450 | Mastrelli: The gospels say jesus was nailed to a cross. | Mastrelli: The gospels say jesus was nailed to a cross. |
96 | 00:05:53,453 | 00:05:55,854 | The man on the shroud has puncture wounds | The man on the shroud has puncture wounds |
97 | 00:05:55,856 | 00:05:57,789 | To the wrists and ankles. | To the wrists and ankles. |
98 | 00:06:00,127 | 00:06:04,596 | One gospel says jesus' side was pierced with a spear, | One gospel says jesus' side was pierced with a spear, |
99 | 00:06:04,664 | 00:06:07,766 | And there is just such a wound beneath this figure's ribs. | And there is just such a wound beneath this figure's ribs. |
100 | 00:06:09,670 | 00:06:11,336 | We see marks that could have been made | We see marks that could have been made |
101 | 00:06:11,405 | 00:06:14,639 | By both a crown of thorns and a vicious flogging. | By both a crown of thorns and a vicious flogging. |
102 | 00:06:17,744 | 00:06:20,746 | To some, it's proof that this is christ's burial shroud. | To some, it's proof that this is christ's burial shroud. |
103 | 00:06:22,082 | 00:06:25,150 | Others conclude the exact opposite. | Others conclude the exact opposite. |
104 | 00:06:25,218 | 00:06:28,553 | Schwortz: It's a virtual document of what was recorded | Schwortz: It's a virtual document of what was recorded |
105 | 00:06:28,622 | 00:06:31,022 | In the gospels that was done to jesus. | In the gospels that was done to jesus. |
106 | 00:06:32,893 | 00:06:36,695 | It is so perfect that some skeptics have said, | It is so perfect that some skeptics have said, |
107 | 00:06:36,763 | 00:06:37,629 | "it's too perfect. | "it's too perfect. |
108 | 00:06:37,697 | 00:06:39,131 | "it can't be real." | "it can't be real." |
109 | 00:06:41,635 | 00:06:43,301 | Mastrelli: The vatican authorities in charge | Mastrelli: The vatican authorities in charge |
110 | 00:06:43,303 | 00:06:46,838 | Of both the shroud and one billion catholics, | Of both the shroud and one billion catholics, |
111 | 00:06:46,840 | 00:06:49,708 | Have never said if they think the shroud is genuine. | Have never said if they think the shroud is genuine. |
112 | 00:06:52,312 | 00:06:54,045 | Maniura: Obviously, for a believer, | Maniura: Obviously, for a believer, |
113 | 00:06:54,114 | 00:06:56,181 | This is a momentous object. | This is a momentous object. |
114 | 00:06:56,249 | 00:06:58,383 | This is potentially something | This is potentially something |
115 | 00:06:58,452 | 00:07:02,120 | That had not only touched jesus, | That had not only touched jesus, |
116 | 00:07:02,189 | 00:07:04,122 | But also shows us an image | But also shows us an image |
117 | 00:07:04,124 | 00:07:07,959 | That seems to come direct from gospel times. | That seems to come direct from gospel times. |
118 | 00:07:11,532 | 00:07:12,597 | Mastrelli: And while the argument | Mastrelli: And while the argument |
119 | 00:07:12,666 | 00:07:14,199 | Rages about how the image | Rages about how the image |
120 | 00:07:14,267 | 00:07:16,201 | On the shroud was made, | On the shroud was made, |
121 | 00:07:16,203 | 00:07:20,539 | One major obstacle holds investigators back. | One major obstacle holds investigators back. |
122 | 00:07:22,542 | 00:07:26,077 | The catholic church keeps the shroud locked away. | The catholic church keeps the shroud locked away. |
123 | 00:07:26,146 | 00:07:28,213 | The public rarely sees it | The public rarely sees it |
124 | 00:07:28,281 | 00:07:31,716 | And it's hard for scientists to get anywhere near it. | And it's hard for scientists to get anywhere near it. |
125 | 00:07:33,687 | 00:07:36,621 | Barrie schwortz is one of very few scientists | Barrie schwortz is one of very few scientists |
126 | 00:07:36,690 | 00:07:38,223 | Who have examined the shroud. | Who have examined the shroud. |
127 | 00:07:41,495 | 00:07:46,097 | In 1978, he was part of a multi-disciplinary team | In 1978, he was part of a multi-disciplinary team |
128 | 00:07:46,166 | 00:07:50,435 | Which was given unprecedented one-time access to document, | Which was given unprecedented one-time access to document, |
129 | 00:07:50,504 | 00:07:54,005 | Analyze and test the shroud itself. | Analyze and test the shroud itself. |
130 | 00:07:55,308 | 00:07:57,175 | Schwortz: Our team spent five days and nights | Schwortz: Our team spent five days and nights |
131 | 00:07:57,177 | 00:08:00,111 | In the room with the shroud, collecting data, | In the room with the shroud, collecting data, |
132 | 00:08:00,180 | 00:08:02,180 | But we then came back to america | But we then came back to america |
133 | 00:08:02,249 | 00:08:05,050 | And spent the next three years reducing that data, | And spent the next three years reducing that data, |
134 | 00:08:05,118 | 00:08:07,752 | Studying it, putting the pieces together. | Studying it, putting the pieces together. |
135 | 00:08:09,056 | 00:08:10,322 | Mastrelli: Eight years later, | Mastrelli: Eight years later, |
136 | 00:08:10,390 | 00:08:13,024 | A further scientific test was performed. | A further scientific test was performed. |
137 | 00:08:13,927 | 00:08:16,595 | A small sample of the shroud was removed | A small sample of the shroud was removed |
138 | 00:08:16,663 | 00:08:20,198 | For radio carbon dating, a test widely accepted | For radio carbon dating, a test widely accepted |
139 | 00:08:20,267 | 00:08:24,402 | As the most accurate means of determining an object's age. | As the most accurate means of determining an object's age. |
140 | 00:08:24,471 | 00:08:26,070 | Its conclusion? | Its conclusion? |
141 | 00:08:26,073 | 00:08:28,673 | The sample was manufactured in the late 13th | The sample was manufactured in the late 13th |
142 | 00:08:28,742 | 00:08:31,076 | Or early 14th century, | Or early 14th century, |
143 | 00:08:31,144 | 00:08:36,114 | Which would brand the turin shroud a medieval forgery. | Which would brand the turin shroud a medieval forgery. |
144 | 00:08:36,884 | 00:08:39,350 | Schwortz: And of course, great ammunition for the skeptics, | Schwortz: And of course, great ammunition for the skeptics, |
145 | 00:08:39,353 | 00:08:42,220 | They said well look it comes into history in the mid 1300's, | They said well look it comes into history in the mid 1300's, |
146 | 00:08:42,222 | 00:08:45,490 | The carbon dating said it's mid 1300's, done deal. | The carbon dating said it's mid 1300's, done deal. |
147 | 00:08:45,492 | 00:08:47,158 | We're finished. | We're finished. |
148 | 00:08:47,160 | 00:08:49,227 | Well it's not that simple. | Well it's not that simple. |
149 | 00:08:49,229 | 00:08:51,162 | Mastrelli: The main objection to the test, | Mastrelli: The main objection to the test, |
150 | 00:08:51,231 | 00:08:54,099 | The area of the shroud that was sampled. | The area of the shroud that was sampled. |
151 | 00:08:54,167 | 00:08:56,701 | Because carbon dating is a destructive test, | Because carbon dating is a destructive test, |
152 | 00:08:56,770 | 00:08:59,370 | The vatican only allowed a tiny segment | The vatican only allowed a tiny segment |
153 | 00:08:59,373 | 00:09:01,573 | Of one corner to be used. | Of one corner to be used. |
154 | 00:09:01,641 | 00:09:04,509 | Schwortz: There is solid evidence that the carbon dating | Schwortz: There is solid evidence that the carbon dating |
155 | 00:09:04,578 | 00:09:07,112 | Of the shroud was not accurate, | Of the shroud was not accurate, |
156 | 00:09:07,180 | 00:09:10,048 | Probably because the sample wasn't really representative, | Probably because the sample wasn't really representative, |
157 | 00:09:10,050 | 00:09:12,050 | It was anomalous and didn't represent | It was anomalous and didn't represent |
158 | 00:09:12,118 | 00:09:13,518 | The main body of the cloth. | The main body of the cloth. |
159 | 00:09:14,788 | 00:09:16,321 | Mastrelli: Critics of the carbon dating | Mastrelli: Critics of the carbon dating |
160 | 00:09:16,323 | 00:09:18,723 | Say the shroud has been repaired many times | Say the shroud has been repaired many times |
161 | 00:09:18,725 | 00:09:22,594 | During its history, and that the sample used was taken | During its history, and that the sample used was taken |
162 | 00:09:22,662 | 00:09:26,031 | From a patch that must have been made in the 14th century. | From a patch that must have been made in the 14th century. |
163 | 00:09:30,203 | 00:09:33,204 | So, experts are struggling for answers. | So, experts are struggling for answers. |
164 | 00:09:33,273 | 00:09:35,406 | No one denies the image exists, | No one denies the image exists, |
165 | 00:09:35,409 | 00:09:38,009 | But no-one can say how it was made. | But no-one can say how it was made. |
166 | 00:09:42,482 | 00:09:44,215 | Since the carbon dating, | Since the carbon dating, |
167 | 00:09:44,284 | 00:09:47,619 | No scientists have been allowed near the shroud. | No scientists have been allowed near the shroud. |
168 | 00:09:47,621 | 00:09:51,756 | For our experts, this means working the other way. | For our experts, this means working the other way. |
169 | 00:09:51,825 | 00:09:55,560 | Testing their theories, decoding the shroud's secrets, | Testing their theories, decoding the shroud's secrets, |
170 | 00:09:55,562 | 00:09:58,163 | By trying to make an exact copy. | By trying to make an exact copy. |
171 | 00:09:59,566 | 00:10:02,500 | Although the image on the shroud is quite clear, | Although the image on the shroud is quite clear, |
172 | 00:10:02,502 | 00:10:05,770 | There's no trace of pigment or brush strokes. | There's no trace of pigment or brush strokes. |
173 | 00:10:05,839 | 00:10:07,439 | So how was the image made? | So how was the image made? |
174 | 00:10:10,176 | 00:10:13,712 | Experimental archaeologist, luigi garlaschelli, | Experimental archaeologist, luigi garlaschelli, |
175 | 00:10:13,780 | 00:10:15,447 | Thinks he has the answer. | Thinks he has the answer. |
176 | 00:10:18,518 | 00:10:20,251 | Garlaschelli: This is a very simple technique | Garlaschelli: This is a very simple technique |
177 | 00:10:20,253 | 00:10:21,519 | That were available | That were available |
178 | 00:10:21,521 | 00:10:24,856 | In the middle ages and required no technologies, | In the middle ages and required no technologies, |
179 | 00:10:24,858 | 00:10:28,793 | No strange theories or equipment. | No strange theories or equipment. |
180 | 00:10:30,664 | 00:10:33,264 | Mastrelli: He uses ochre paint and a type of sculpture | Mastrelli: He uses ochre paint and a type of sculpture |
181 | 00:10:33,333 | 00:10:35,133 | Called a bas-relief, | Called a bas-relief, |
182 | 00:10:35,201 | 00:10:37,702 | Both widely available in medieval europe. | Both widely available in medieval europe. |
183 | 00:10:43,209 | 00:10:45,410 | Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique, | Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique, |
184 | 00:10:45,478 | 00:10:49,814 | Because in one shot it produces all its features | Because in one shot it produces all its features |
185 | 00:10:49,816 | 00:10:52,817 | And these characteristics of the shroud | And these characteristics of the shroud |
186 | 00:10:52,819 | 00:10:56,087 | That are claimed to be impossible to reproduce. | That are claimed to be impossible to reproduce. |
187 | 00:11:01,361 | 00:11:02,427 | Mastrelli: Garlaschelli's confident | Mastrelli: Garlaschelli's confident |
188 | 00:11:02,429 | 00:11:04,162 | That his approach works. | That his approach works. |
189 | 00:11:04,230 | 00:11:05,630 | And he's willing to prove it. | And he's willing to prove it. |
190 | 00:11:07,701 | 00:11:10,835 | The next stage is to recreate artificially, | The next stage is to recreate artificially, |
191 | 00:11:10,904 | 00:11:13,271 | 600 years worth of wear and tear. | 600 years worth of wear and tear. |
192 | 00:11:14,641 | 00:11:16,808 | Garlaschelli: We will bake it like a pizza. | Garlaschelli: We will bake it like a pizza. |
193 | 00:11:29,322 | 00:11:30,588 | Mastrelli: Baking the shroud in the oven | Mastrelli: Baking the shroud in the oven |
194 | 00:11:30,590 | 00:11:33,124 | Simulates 600 years of aging, | Simulates 600 years of aging, |
195 | 00:11:33,193 | 00:11:37,261 | Which he believes scorches the image into the fibres. | Which he believes scorches the image into the fibres. |
196 | 00:11:37,264 | 00:11:40,531 | Washing it simulates the way wear and tear might remove | Washing it simulates the way wear and tear might remove |
197 | 00:11:40,534 | 00:11:44,535 | The pigment, leaving behind only the scorch marks. | The pigment, leaving behind only the scorch marks. |
198 | 00:11:44,538 | 00:11:47,472 | Garlaschelli: What we see now is that the ghost image that | Garlaschelli: What we see now is that the ghost image that |
199 | 00:11:47,540 | 00:11:49,340 | Has been left | Has been left |
200 | 00:11:49,342 | 00:11:53,611 | Behind when the pigment came off and we see the fibres, | Behind when the pigment came off and we see the fibres, |
201 | 00:11:53,680 | 00:11:56,247 | The yellow fibres that were underneath. | The yellow fibres that were underneath. |
202 | 00:11:57,951 | 00:12:01,285 | Mastrelli: Garlaschelli believes he's solved the puzzle, | Mastrelli: Garlaschelli believes he's solved the puzzle, |
203 | 00:12:01,288 | 00:12:03,121 | But not everyone will agree. | But not everyone will agree. |
204 | 00:12:04,357 | 00:12:06,491 | Garlaschelli: There is a number of people who are | Garlaschelli: There is a number of people who are |
205 | 00:12:06,559 | 00:12:07,826 | Completely convinced | Completely convinced |
206 | 00:12:07,894 | 00:12:09,827 | That the shroud is authentic. | That the shroud is authentic. |
207 | 00:12:09,830 | 00:12:13,231 | No matter how hard you try to reproduce it | No matter how hard you try to reproduce it |
208 | 00:12:13,299 | 00:12:15,500 | Or to explain by natural means, | Or to explain by natural means, |
209 | 00:12:15,568 | 00:12:19,704 | They will never accept this kind of explanation. | They will never accept this kind of explanation. |
210 | 00:12:19,706 | 00:12:21,639 | Mastrelli: As far as he's concerned, | Mastrelli: As far as he's concerned, |
211 | 00:12:21,708 | 00:12:24,476 | His process ticks every box. | His process ticks every box. |
212 | 00:12:26,780 | 00:12:28,446 | It leaves no brush marks, | It leaves no brush marks, |
213 | 00:12:29,449 | 00:12:31,049 | It leaves no trace of pigment, | It leaves no trace of pigment, |
214 | 00:12:32,252 | 00:12:34,185 | It requires no modern technology. | It requires no modern technology. |
215 | 00:12:35,388 | 00:12:39,224 | Most of all, it produces a similar ghostly image. | Most of all, it produces a similar ghostly image. |
216 | 00:12:42,862 | 00:12:44,595 | Case closed? | Case closed? |
217 | 00:12:44,598 | 00:12:46,297 | Not for barrie schwortz. | Not for barrie schwortz. |
218 | 00:12:47,267 | 00:12:49,734 | Schwortz puts a sample of garlaschelli's work | Schwortz puts a sample of garlaschelli's work |
219 | 00:12:49,803 | 00:12:51,669 | Under the microscope. | Under the microscope. |
220 | 00:12:51,671 | 00:12:53,671 | How will it match with the photographs | How will it match with the photographs |
221 | 00:12:53,673 | 00:12:56,141 | He took of the real shroud? | He took of the real shroud? |
222 | 00:12:58,211 | 00:12:59,677 | One of the more bizarre methods used | One of the more bizarre methods used |
223 | 00:12:59,746 | 00:13:01,546 | To determine the authenticity of the shroud of turin | To determine the authenticity of the shroud of turin |
224 | 00:13:01,614 | 00:13:06,584 | Involved a roll of tape just like this. | Involved a roll of tape just like this. |
225 | 00:13:06,820 | 00:13:09,620 | A swiss criminologist and botanist, dr. Max frei, | A swiss criminologist and botanist, dr. Max frei, |
226 | 00:13:09,623 | 00:13:12,090 | Used regular consumer quality sticky tape | Used regular consumer quality sticky tape |
227 | 00:13:12,158 | 00:13:15,493 | To acquire pollen samples from the surface of the shroud. | To acquire pollen samples from the surface of the shroud. |
228 | 00:13:15,562 | 00:13:19,764 | His claim that he id'ed 58 different species of plants | His claim that he id'ed 58 different species of plants |
229 | 00:13:19,833 | 00:13:21,566 | And that many came from the middle east | And that many came from the middle east |
230 | 00:13:21,634 | 00:13:23,367 | Has been much debated. | Has been much debated. |
231 | 00:13:23,370 | 00:13:27,806 | I wonder, would a lint roller have silenced the skeptics? | I wonder, would a lint roller have silenced the skeptics? |
232 | 00:13:30,644 | 00:13:35,179 | Meanwhile, as schwortz examines garlaschelli's bas-relief, | Meanwhile, as schwortz examines garlaschelli's bas-relief, |
233 | 00:13:35,182 | 00:13:37,381 | Art historian, professor nicholas allen, | Art historian, professor nicholas allen, |
234 | 00:13:37,384 | 00:13:40,185 | Claims it's his theory which solves the mystery | Claims it's his theory which solves the mystery |
235 | 00:13:40,253 | 00:13:44,322 | Of the shroud, and he's come to turin to prove it. | Of the shroud, and he's come to turin to prove it. |
236 | 00:13:44,324 | 00:13:46,190 | Professor allen's theories demand | Professor allen's theories demand |
237 | 00:13:46,193 | 00:13:48,125 | That we rethink our understanding, | That we rethink our understanding, |
238 | 00:13:48,128 | 00:13:50,195 | Not only of the shroud, | Not only of the shroud, |
239 | 00:13:50,263 | 00:13:52,764 | But also of the history of science. | But also of the history of science. |
240 | 00:13:54,400 | 00:13:57,535 | Is the turin shroud the world's oldest photograph? | Is the turin shroud the world's oldest photograph? |
241 | 00:14:01,875 | 00:14:04,075 | His theory is controversial, | His theory is controversial, |
242 | 00:14:04,077 | 00:14:06,411 | But less so than you might think. | But less so than you might think. |
243 | 00:14:06,479 | 00:14:08,680 | 500 years ago, camera technology, | 500 years ago, camera technology, |
244 | 00:14:08,748 | 00:14:11,282 | While primitive, nonetheless existed. | While primitive, nonetheless existed. |
245 | 00:14:13,219 | 00:14:15,220 | Today, we project images | Today, we project images |
246 | 00:14:15,288 | 00:14:17,755 | Onto the sensor of a digital camera. | Onto the sensor of a digital camera. |
247 | 00:14:17,757 | 00:14:21,426 | Before that, images were projected onto film. | Before that, images were projected onto film. |
248 | 00:14:21,494 | 00:14:24,228 | And before that, there was an ancient way of projecting | And before that, there was an ancient way of projecting |
249 | 00:14:24,231 | 00:14:27,665 | An image on to a wall, known as a camera obscura. | An image on to a wall, known as a camera obscura. |
250 | 00:14:32,372 | 00:14:35,506 | Allen: One of the oldest references to this phenomemon | Allen: One of the oldest references to this phenomemon |
251 | 00:14:35,575 | 00:14:39,043 | With this camera obscura is in fact in a writings of plato | With this camera obscura is in fact in a writings of plato |
252 | 00:14:40,046 | 00:14:43,447 | Who discussed the conditional sitting in a cave | Who discussed the conditional sitting in a cave |
253 | 00:14:43,450 | 00:14:47,185 | And seeing the shadows of the outside world | And seeing the shadows of the outside world |
254 | 00:14:47,253 | 00:14:49,520 | Forming inverted on the back of the cave wall. | Forming inverted on the back of the cave wall. |
255 | 00:14:49,589 | 00:14:53,758 | And he used it as a metaphor for understanding reality. | And he used it as a metaphor for understanding reality. |
256 | 00:14:55,194 | 00:14:56,261 | But what he's also describing, of course, | But what he's also describing, of course, |
257 | 00:14:56,329 | 00:14:59,264 | Are the workings of a very primitive camera obscura. | Are the workings of a very primitive camera obscura. |
258 | 00:15:01,601 | 00:15:04,135 | Mastrelli: Camera obscura technology would certainly | Mastrelli: Camera obscura technology would certainly |
259 | 00:15:04,203 | 00:15:06,704 | Have been known in the 14th century europe. | Have been known in the 14th century europe. |
260 | 00:15:08,408 | 00:15:11,275 | Allen: Okay, now I'm inside a camera obscura, | Allen: Okay, now I'm inside a camera obscura, |
261 | 00:15:11,278 | 00:15:16,014 | And, as you can see, there's a very small aperture here, | And, as you can see, there's a very small aperture here, |
262 | 00:15:16,082 | 00:15:17,815 | Which means a very small amount of light | Which means a very small amount of light |
263 | 00:15:17,884 | 00:15:19,617 | Is entering the camera. | Is entering the camera. |
264 | 00:15:19,686 | 00:15:22,153 | So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to place this lens | So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to place this lens |
265 | 00:15:22,155 | 00:15:26,758 | Over the aperture to focus the light into the room. | Over the aperture to focus the light into the room. |
266 | 00:15:26,826 | 00:15:29,761 | And, yes, now we have a very nice, sharp image. | And, yes, now we have a very nice, sharp image. |
267 | 00:15:31,364 | 00:15:32,230 | Mastrelli: But if it's relatively | Mastrelli: But if it's relatively |
268 | 00:15:32,298 | 00:15:34,365 | Easy to project an image, | Easy to project an image, |
269 | 00:15:34,367 | 00:15:38,102 | Capturing it on fabric is far more difficult. | Capturing it on fabric is far more difficult. |
270 | 00:15:38,171 | 00:15:41,239 | To do that you need chemicals sensitive to light. | To do that you need chemicals sensitive to light. |
271 | 00:15:42,375 | 00:15:45,109 | In a film camera, an image is projected | In a film camera, an image is projected |
272 | 00:15:45,111 | 00:15:49,447 | Onto a surface coated in chemicals which react to light, | Onto a surface coated in chemicals which react to light, |
273 | 00:15:49,449 | 00:15:52,317 | Normally compounds containing silver. | Normally compounds containing silver. |
274 | 00:15:52,385 | 00:15:55,386 | And allen believes two light reactive chemicals | And allen believes two light reactive chemicals |
275 | 00:15:55,455 | 00:15:57,689 | Were well-known 600 years ago. | Were well-known 600 years ago. |
276 | 00:15:59,926 | 00:16:01,726 | Allen: Both silver nitrate and silver sulphate | Allen: Both silver nitrate and silver sulphate |
277 | 00:16:01,728 | 00:16:05,129 | Were known since about the 9th century, | Were known since about the 9th century, |
278 | 00:16:05,131 | 00:16:08,733 | And we also know from writings that silver nitrate, | And we also know from writings that silver nitrate, |
279 | 00:16:08,801 | 00:16:11,602 | As an example, have been made in a crystalline form | As an example, have been made in a crystalline form |
280 | 00:16:11,671 | 00:16:15,039 | From about the 9th century, so it's not new. | From about the 9th century, so it's not new. |
281 | 00:16:15,942 | 00:16:18,209 | I would put my money on silver sulfate | I would put my money on silver sulfate |
282 | 00:16:18,211 | 00:16:20,077 | Being the specific silver salt | Being the specific silver salt |
283 | 00:16:20,080 | 00:16:22,046 | That they used for the shroud of turin. | That they used for the shroud of turin. |
284 | 00:16:23,550 | 00:16:26,217 | Mastrelli: Allen believes that the necessary techniques | Mastrelli: Allen believes that the necessary techniques |
285 | 00:16:26,219 | 00:16:27,752 | Could have existed. | Could have existed. |
286 | 00:16:27,754 | 00:16:30,421 | The chemistry isn't that complicated. | The chemistry isn't that complicated. |
287 | 00:16:30,423 | 00:16:33,224 | He soaks a piece of linen in the solution. | He soaks a piece of linen in the solution. |
288 | 00:16:36,362 | 00:16:38,096 | Allen: Rinse it. | Allen: Rinse it. |
289 | 00:16:38,164 | 00:16:38,796 | Squeeze it. | Squeeze it. |
290 | 00:16:41,167 | 00:16:43,101 | And you're ready to go. | And you're ready to go. |
291 | 00:16:48,241 | 00:16:51,309 | Mastrelli: He loads the prepared cloth into a camera obscura. | Mastrelli: He loads the prepared cloth into a camera obscura. |
292 | 00:16:52,378 | 00:16:54,212 | This is a scaled down version. | This is a scaled down version. |
293 | 00:16:59,185 | 00:17:02,653 | His subject is a statue of a jesus-like figure. | His subject is a statue of a jesus-like figure. |
294 | 00:17:02,655 | 00:17:04,455 | Allen believes a similar sculpture | Allen believes a similar sculpture |
295 | 00:17:04,524 | 00:17:06,758 | Could have been used to create the original. | Could have been used to create the original. |
296 | 00:17:08,127 | 00:17:09,594 | Allen: We have texts describing how the image | Allen: We have texts describing how the image |
297 | 00:17:09,662 | 00:17:13,264 | Is formed inverted within the camera obscura. | Is formed inverted within the camera obscura. |
298 | 00:17:13,266 | 00:17:17,135 | I have no doubts that the object that I have here | I have no doubts that the object that I have here |
299 | 00:17:17,203 | 00:17:19,537 | Would have been possible in the 13th century. | Would have been possible in the 13th century. |
300 | 00:17:21,274 | 00:17:23,207 | Mastrelli: The camera is left for eight hours | Mastrelli: The camera is left for eight hours |
301 | 00:17:23,276 | 00:17:24,442 | To create an image. | To create an image. |
302 | 00:17:25,612 | 00:17:28,145 | Allen thinks this long exposure time | Allen thinks this long exposure time |
303 | 00:17:28,148 | 00:17:31,783 | Creates the special 3d quality found on the shroud. | Creates the special 3d quality found on the shroud. |
304 | 00:17:34,487 | 00:17:38,622 | The final stage of allen's experiment is to wash the cloth | The final stage of allen's experiment is to wash the cloth |
305 | 00:17:38,625 | 00:17:41,626 | In ammonium, commonly found in human urine. | In ammonium, commonly found in human urine. |
306 | 00:17:42,628 | 00:17:46,097 | This fixes the image and removes the silver. | This fixes the image and removes the silver. |
307 | 00:17:46,099 | 00:17:48,166 | The result is remarkable. | The result is remarkable. |
308 | 00:17:51,237 | 00:17:53,304 | When viewed as a negative, | When viewed as a negative, |
309 | 00:17:55,374 | 00:17:57,641 | It reveals similar levels of detail | It reveals similar levels of detail |
310 | 00:17:57,644 | 00:18:00,711 | To the first recorded photograph of the shroud, | To the first recorded photograph of the shroud, |
311 | 00:18:00,780 | 00:18:02,346 | Taken in 1898. | Taken in 1898. |
312 | 00:18:04,717 | 00:18:08,019 | Allen's medieval photograph is strikingly similar. | Allen's medieval photograph is strikingly similar. |
313 | 00:18:09,789 | 00:18:13,257 | Two different investigators using two different techniques | Two different investigators using two different techniques |
314 | 00:18:13,326 | 00:18:16,727 | To create an image like the one on the shroud. | To create an image like the one on the shroud. |
315 | 00:18:16,796 | 00:18:19,063 | It's time to put them side by side | It's time to put them side by side |
316 | 00:18:19,132 | 00:18:22,433 | And see which one comes closest to a match. | And see which one comes closest to a match. |
317 | 00:18:26,139 | 00:18:27,672 | Two scientists. | Two scientists. |
318 | 00:18:27,740 | 00:18:29,540 | Two experiments. | Two experiments. |
319 | 00:18:29,542 | 00:18:31,609 | Has either replicated the process | Has either replicated the process |
320 | 00:18:31,611 | 00:18:33,677 | That made the turin shroud? | That made the turin shroud? |
321 | 00:18:33,680 | 00:18:36,481 | First up, the medieval artwork. | First up, the medieval artwork. |
322 | 00:18:36,549 | 00:18:38,816 | Schwortz: Just to my eye, having seen the shroud, | Schwortz: Just to my eye, having seen the shroud, |
323 | 00:18:38,818 | 00:18:41,219 | This is dramatically different. | This is dramatically different. |
324 | 00:18:41,287 | 00:18:43,988 | Mastrelli: But does it look any better under the microscope? | Mastrelli: But does it look any better under the microscope? |
325 | 00:18:44,891 | 00:18:47,225 | Schwortz: I'm starting to see particulates, | Schwortz: I'm starting to see particulates, |
326 | 00:18:47,293 | 00:18:48,759 | And we're seeing a red and a brown | And we're seeing a red and a brown |
327 | 00:18:48,828 | 00:18:51,529 | That we've never seen anything like that on the shroud. | That we've never seen anything like that on the shroud. |
328 | 00:18:52,565 | 00:18:56,167 | Mastrelli: It's said the shroud shows no traces of pigment. | Mastrelli: It's said the shroud shows no traces of pigment. |
329 | 00:18:56,169 | 00:18:59,503 | Still, garlaschelli believes that his theory | Still, garlaschelli believes that his theory |
330 | 00:18:59,506 | 00:19:02,039 | Ties in with the carbon dating, | Ties in with the carbon dating, |
331 | 00:19:02,041 | 00:19:05,743 | That says the shroud is no more than 600 years old. | That says the shroud is no more than 600 years old. |
332 | 00:19:09,248 | 00:19:11,649 | Garlaschelli: If you don't accept the carbon-dating | Garlaschelli: If you don't accept the carbon-dating |
333 | 00:19:11,717 | 00:19:16,687 | Then you won't accept my reproduction. | Then you won't accept my reproduction. |
334 | 00:19:17,323 | 00:19:19,657 | Schwortz: Okay, there we have the face. | Schwortz: Okay, there we have the face. |
335 | 00:19:19,659 | 00:19:22,193 | Mastrelli: Is nicholas allen's photographic attempt | Mastrelli: Is nicholas allen's photographic attempt |
336 | 00:19:22,261 | 00:19:24,061 | Any closer to the original? | Any closer to the original? |
337 | 00:19:24,063 | 00:19:25,329 | Schwortz: This is far less subtle | Schwortz: This is far less subtle |
338 | 00:19:25,398 | 00:19:28,266 | That the shroud image just at first glance. | That the shroud image just at first glance. |
339 | 00:19:28,334 | 00:19:31,335 | Now I guess we'll take a peak under the microscope. | Now I guess we'll take a peak under the microscope. |
340 | 00:19:31,404 | 00:19:33,070 | Mastrelli: But under the microscope, | Mastrelli: But under the microscope, |
341 | 00:19:33,139 | 00:19:35,206 | The differences are harder to spot. | The differences are harder to spot. |
342 | 00:19:35,208 | 00:19:37,141 | Schwortz: I'm just looking at this yellowing over here, | Schwortz: I'm just looking at this yellowing over here, |
343 | 00:19:37,210 | 00:19:39,076 | Just by comparison to these, | Just by comparison to these, |
344 | 00:19:39,145 | 00:19:41,812 | And that's sort of more like what we would expect to see | And that's sort of more like what we would expect to see |
345 | 00:19:41,814 | 00:19:44,148 | On the shroud sample and coloration | On the shroud sample and coloration |
346 | 00:19:44,217 | 00:19:46,817 | Seems to be a little darker than what we see on the shroud, | Seems to be a little darker than what we see on the shroud, |
347 | 00:19:46,886 | 00:19:51,422 | But certainly more subtle than the garlaschelli result. | But certainly more subtle than the garlaschelli result. |
348 | 00:19:53,293 | 00:19:55,092 | Mastrelli: Under the microscope, | Mastrelli: Under the microscope, |
349 | 00:19:55,161 | 00:19:58,095 | Allen's extraordinary theory starts to seem more plausible. | Allen's extraordinary theory starts to seem more plausible. |
350 | 00:20:02,101 | 00:20:05,436 | The vatican itself refuses to take an official position | The vatican itself refuses to take an official position |
351 | 00:20:05,438 | 00:20:08,172 | As to the shroud's authenticity, | As to the shroud's authenticity, |
352 | 00:20:08,241 | 00:20:10,308 | But while it continues to restrict access | But while it continues to restrict access |
353 | 00:20:10,376 | 00:20:14,212 | For further testing, there's no easy way to end the debate. | For further testing, there's no easy way to end the debate. |
354 | 00:20:16,449 | 00:20:18,115 | For nicholas allen, though, | For nicholas allen, though, |
355 | 00:20:18,184 | 00:20:21,118 | There is another way of looking at the shroud. | There is another way of looking at the shroud. |
356 | 00:20:21,120 | 00:20:24,521 | What if the shroud was never meant to be a religious relic. | What if the shroud was never meant to be a religious relic. |
357 | 00:20:24,524 | 00:20:27,191 | What if it was designed as a work of art, | What if it was designed as a work of art, |
358 | 00:20:27,193 | 00:20:29,794 | Meant to inspire devotion? | Meant to inspire devotion? |
359 | 00:20:29,862 | 00:20:32,263 | Allen: If one looks at the history of the church | Allen: If one looks at the history of the church |
360 | 00:20:32,265 | 00:20:35,266 | In the history of europe especially, | In the history of europe especially, |
361 | 00:20:35,268 | 00:20:37,668 | Art has been used in the service of religion, | Art has been used in the service of religion, |
362 | 00:20:37,737 | 00:20:39,403 | And the reason for that is because art | And the reason for that is because art |
363 | 00:20:39,472 | 00:20:41,472 | Is a very powerful communication tool, | Is a very powerful communication tool, |
364 | 00:20:41,540 | 00:20:44,208 | Especially for communicating ideas | Especially for communicating ideas |
365 | 00:20:44,210 | 00:20:46,744 | And concepts to largely illiterate people. | And concepts to largely illiterate people. |
366 | 00:20:47,680 | 00:20:50,548 | Mastrelli: And the shroud fits exactly with what we know | Mastrelli: And the shroud fits exactly with what we know |
367 | 00:20:50,616 | 00:20:53,284 | About christian art from the middle ages. | About christian art from the middle ages. |
368 | 00:20:53,352 | 00:20:56,487 | Maniura: Christian art goes back to almost | Maniura: Christian art goes back to almost |
369 | 00:20:56,555 | 00:20:59,156 | The dawn of christianity itself. | The dawn of christianity itself. |
370 | 00:20:59,225 | 00:21:01,492 | It's interesting though, in the very earliest art, | It's interesting though, in the very earliest art, |
371 | 00:21:01,560 | 00:21:05,096 | That you don't tend to get images of the passion, | That you don't tend to get images of the passion, |
372 | 00:21:05,164 | 00:21:06,764 | Of the crucified christ, | Of the crucified christ, |
373 | 00:21:06,766 | 00:21:10,167 | And it's really not until perhaps the late middle ages | And it's really not until perhaps the late middle ages |
374 | 00:21:10,169 | 00:21:13,771 | That you get a very clear focus on the suffering christ. | That you get a very clear focus on the suffering christ. |
375 | 00:21:13,773 | 00:21:16,707 | Allen: And dying a very painful death on the cross. | Allen: And dying a very painful death on the cross. |
376 | 00:21:16,709 | 00:21:19,510 | If one looks at the shroud of turin image | If one looks at the shroud of turin image |
377 | 00:21:19,512 | 00:21:21,178 | And looks at it very objectively, | And looks at it very objectively, |
378 | 00:21:21,180 | 00:21:23,848 | One realizes that it contains all the symbolism | One realizes that it contains all the symbolism |
379 | 00:21:23,916 | 00:21:27,518 | That one finds in post-1250 art from europe. | That one finds in post-1250 art from europe. |
380 | 00:21:31,190 | 00:21:34,191 | Mastrelli: Created as a work of devotional art, | Mastrelli: Created as a work of devotional art, |
381 | 00:21:34,193 | 00:21:37,328 | Or manufactured to meet the medieval market for relics, | Or manufactured to meet the medieval market for relics, |
382 | 00:21:37,330 | 00:21:39,263 | It's certainly unique, | It's certainly unique, |
383 | 00:21:39,332 | 00:21:41,465 | The shroud may be the product of a mind, | The shroud may be the product of a mind, |
384 | 00:21:41,467 | 00:21:45,202 | A skill and a knowledge that defies our understanding | A skill and a knowledge that defies our understanding |
385 | 00:21:45,271 | 00:21:47,538 | And forces us to rewrite history, | And forces us to rewrite history, |
386 | 00:21:47,606 | 00:21:52,576 | Or it's so real that one can only invoke the miraculous. | Or it's so real that one can only invoke the miraculous. |
387 | 00:21:53,146 | 00:21:55,813 | But, no matter how you decode the turin shroud, | But, no matter how you decode the turin shroud, |
388 | 00:21:55,881 | 00:21:58,649 | The answers will always astonish. | The answers will always astonish. |