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1 00:00:00,701 00:00:02,701 (ominous music) (ominous music)
2 00:00:02,770 00:00:04,103 Mastrelli: One of the most famous Mastrelli: One of the most famous
3 00:00:04,171 00:00:07,172 And fought-over relics in all of christianity And fought-over relics in all of christianity
4 00:00:07,241 00:00:12,044 Is this 14 feet of old cloth, stained and ragged. Is this 14 feet of old cloth, stained and ragged.
5 00:00:13,314 00:00:15,847 Is this proof of a miracle? Is this proof of a miracle?
6 00:00:15,850 00:00:18,116 Our only physical link to the death Our only physical link to the death
7 00:00:18,119 00:00:20,586 And resurrection of jesus christ And resurrection of jesus christ
8 00:00:20,654 00:00:24,056 Or is it the greatest prank ever pulled? Or is it the greatest prank ever pulled?
9 00:00:24,124 00:00:27,392 The opposing camps agree on one thing. The opposing camps agree on one thing.
10 00:00:27,395 00:00:31,130 No-one can fully explain how the image got here. No-one can fully explain how the image got here.
11 00:00:32,266 00:00:35,400 Now our experts attempt an answer, Now our experts attempt an answer,
12 00:00:35,403 00:00:38,203 By testing controversial theories, By testing controversial theories,
13 00:00:38,272 00:00:40,606 Conducting forensic experiments, Conducting forensic experiments,
14 00:00:40,674 00:00:43,475 And examining the latest evidence. And examining the latest evidence.
15 00:00:43,544 00:00:46,478 Can they crack the ultimate puzzle, Can they crack the ultimate puzzle,
16 00:00:46,547 00:00:49,214 The mystery of the turin shroud? The mystery of the turin shroud?
17 00:00:51,352 00:00:52,684 (dramatic music) (dramatic music)
18 00:00:52,753 00:00:56,155 For centuries the mysteries of the past For centuries the mysteries of the past
19 00:00:56,223 00:00:59,224 Have kept their secrets Have kept their secrets
20 00:00:59,293 00:01:02,828 But there are clues cast in gold, But there are clues cast in gold,
21 00:01:02,896 00:01:04,463 Etched in stone, Etched in stone,
22 00:01:05,566 00:01:07,132 Written in blood. Written in blood.
23 00:01:08,102 00:01:10,569 (dramatic music) (dramatic music)
24 00:01:10,637 00:01:12,771 We can unlock them. We can unlock them.
25 00:01:12,840 00:01:15,541 (dramatic music) (dramatic music)
26 00:01:29,723 00:01:32,257 The climax of the new testament comes with the trial, The climax of the new testament comes with the trial,
27 00:01:32,326 00:01:35,460 Torture and crucifixion of jesus christ. Torture and crucifixion of jesus christ.
28 00:01:35,463 00:01:39,264 All four gospels relate the events of those fateful days. All four gospels relate the events of those fateful days.
29 00:01:39,266 00:01:41,466 Their significance for christians all over the world Their significance for christians all over the world
30 00:01:41,469 00:01:43,468 Cannot be overstated. Cannot be overstated.
31 00:01:43,471 00:01:46,204 Certainly, the potential existence of physical evidence Certainly, the potential existence of physical evidence
32 00:01:46,207 00:01:49,207 Associated with the martyrdom of jesus has long attracted Associated with the martyrdom of jesus has long attracted
33 00:01:49,210 00:01:52,477 The reverence of pilgrims and worshipers alike. The reverence of pilgrims and worshipers alike.
34 00:01:52,480 00:01:55,614 They rank among the most holy relics in all of christendom. They rank among the most holy relics in all of christendom.
35 00:01:56,683 00:01:59,551 What then to make of a relic that many believe bears witness What then to make of a relic that many believe bears witness
36 00:01:59,620 00:02:03,088 To the spiritual climax of the new testament. To the spiritual climax of the new testament.
37 00:02:03,157 00:02:05,157 The moment of christ's resurrection. The moment of christ's resurrection.
38 00:02:13,567 00:02:17,603 To many, the turin shroud is the burial cloth of jesus. To many, the turin shroud is the burial cloth of jesus.
39 00:02:19,306 00:02:22,040 Others say the believers have been had. Others say the believers have been had.
40 00:02:22,977 00:02:25,777 Allen: People just dismissed it as being a worthless forgery. Allen: People just dismissed it as being a worthless forgery.
41 00:02:27,447 00:02:29,848 Schwortz: This is something that's an expression of faith, Schwortz: This is something that's an expression of faith,
42 00:02:29,917 00:02:35,120 And it's also probably one of the greatest mysteries And it's also probably one of the greatest mysteries
43 00:02:35,189 00:02:37,022 That we have on this planet today. That we have on this planet today.
44 00:02:38,459 00:02:40,525 Mastrelli: For generations of investigators, Mastrelli: For generations of investigators,
45 00:02:40,528 00:02:43,261 It's been an irresistible challenge to prove It's been an irresistible challenge to prove
46 00:02:43,264 00:02:45,697 Once and for all what made the image. Once and for all what made the image.
47 00:02:47,734 00:02:49,734 Maniura: This is scientific phenomena, Maniura: This is scientific phenomena,
48 00:02:49,737 00:02:52,671 Because no-one so far has come up with a completely Because no-one so far has come up with a completely
49 00:02:52,673 00:02:55,607 Convincing explanation of how the marks are made. Convincing explanation of how the marks are made.
50 00:02:59,680 00:03:01,446 Mastrelli: After decades of stalemate, Mastrelli: After decades of stalemate,
51 00:03:02,616 00:03:04,983 It's now time for a new approach. It's now time for a new approach.
52 00:03:06,220 00:03:09,221 Two experts will explore two theories. Two experts will explore two theories.
53 00:03:09,223 00:03:12,157 First, the medieval art theory. First, the medieval art theory.
54 00:03:12,159 00:03:14,359 Can they show the shroud's a hoax, Can they show the shroud's a hoax,
55 00:03:14,361 00:03:17,029 Made by a master craftsman? Made by a master craftsman?
56 00:03:17,097 00:03:19,497 Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique, Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique,
57 00:03:19,500 00:03:21,566 Because in one shot it produces Because in one shot it produces
58 00:03:21,569 00:03:24,770 All the features of the shroud there. All the features of the shroud there.
59 00:03:26,707 00:03:29,107 Mastrelli: Then there's the photography theory. Mastrelli: Then there's the photography theory.
60 00:03:30,644 00:03:34,446 Could the shroud be the world's oldest photographic image? Could the shroud be the world's oldest photographic image?
61 00:03:34,448 00:03:36,381 Allen: Maybe we are wrong about the levels Allen: Maybe we are wrong about the levels
62 00:03:36,383 00:03:38,516 Of technology in the middle ages. Of technology in the middle ages.
63 00:03:38,519 00:03:40,118 Mastrelli: Groundbreaking research, Mastrelli: Groundbreaking research,
64 00:03:40,187 00:03:43,588 Experimental archaeology, Experimental archaeology,
65 00:03:43,591 00:03:44,723 One single goal. One single goal.
66 00:03:46,193 00:03:48,860 To decode a treasure that's been revered, To decode a treasure that's been revered,
67 00:03:48,929 00:03:53,065 Rejected and argued over for more than 600 years. Rejected and argued over for more than 600 years.
68 00:03:55,335 00:03:59,137 The first verified appearance of the shroud The first verified appearance of the shroud
69 00:03:59,206 00:04:03,609 Is in the small town of lirey, northern France, in 1390. Is in the small town of lirey, northern France, in 1390.
70 00:04:04,878 00:04:07,145 A minor noble claims to have brought it back A minor noble claims to have brought it back
71 00:04:07,147 00:04:09,014 From the crusades. From the crusades.
72 00:04:09,082 00:04:12,017 A french bishop immediately declares it a fake. A french bishop immediately declares it a fake.
73 00:04:13,554 00:04:18,390 Two centuries later, in 1578, it passes into italian hands. Two centuries later, in 1578, it passes into italian hands.
74 00:04:19,760 00:04:23,095 It moves to its current home, turin cathedral. It moves to its current home, turin cathedral.
75 00:04:27,167 00:04:29,167 But then it's another 300 years But then it's another 300 years
76 00:04:29,236 00:04:31,770 Before the world is really forced to take notice. Before the world is really forced to take notice.
77 00:04:34,775 00:04:37,575 The year is 1898. The year is 1898.
78 00:04:37,578 00:04:40,578 The church permits a man named secondo pia The church permits a man named secondo pia
79 00:04:40,581 00:04:42,648 To take the first photos of the shroud. To take the first photos of the shroud.
80 00:04:43,517 00:04:47,619 A mere curiosity now becomes front-page news. A mere curiosity now becomes front-page news.
81 00:04:48,856 00:04:50,522 Maniura: In the late 19th century, Maniura: In the late 19th century,
82 00:04:50,524 00:04:53,124 The first photographs were taken of the object, The first photographs were taken of the object,
83 00:04:53,127 00:04:57,329 Which revealed, and it was a sensation at the time, Which revealed, and it was a sensation at the time,
84 00:04:57,331 00:04:59,197 That when looked at in negative, That when looked at in negative,
85 00:05:01,402 00:05:04,736 The photographic reproductions reveal a much more legible The photographic reproductions reveal a much more legible
86 00:05:04,738 00:05:07,606 Image of the figure on the shroud. Image of the figure on the shroud.
87 00:05:13,146 00:05:15,347 For the first time secondo pia For the first time secondo pia
88 00:05:15,415 00:05:17,616 Saw startling details in the shroud. Saw startling details in the shroud.
89 00:05:23,223 00:05:25,590 The faint image was now very clear The faint image was now very clear
90 00:05:28,161 00:05:30,628 And immediately recognizable. And immediately recognizable.
91 00:05:30,631 00:05:33,832 Maniura: Along the center of the cloth is the image Maniura: Along the center of the cloth is the image
92 00:05:33,834 00:05:38,236 Of the front and back of a wounded man, Of the front and back of a wounded man,
93 00:05:38,238 00:05:42,307 And the wounds are consistent broadly with the sufferings And the wounds are consistent broadly with the sufferings
94 00:05:42,309 00:05:45,043 That christ is meant to have suffered. That christ is meant to have suffered.
95 00:05:48,315 00:05:51,450 Mastrelli: The gospels say jesus was nailed to a cross. Mastrelli: The gospels say jesus was nailed to a cross.
96 00:05:53,453 00:05:55,854 The man on the shroud has puncture wounds The man on the shroud has puncture wounds
97 00:05:55,856 00:05:57,789 To the wrists and ankles. To the wrists and ankles.
98 00:06:00,127 00:06:04,596 One gospel says jesus' side was pierced with a spear, One gospel says jesus' side was pierced with a spear,
99 00:06:04,664 00:06:07,766 And there is just such a wound beneath this figure's ribs. And there is just such a wound beneath this figure's ribs.
100 00:06:09,670 00:06:11,336 We see marks that could have been made We see marks that could have been made
101 00:06:11,405 00:06:14,639 By both a crown of thorns and a vicious flogging. By both a crown of thorns and a vicious flogging.
102 00:06:17,744 00:06:20,746 To some, it's proof that this is christ's burial shroud. To some, it's proof that this is christ's burial shroud.
103 00:06:22,082 00:06:25,150 Others conclude the exact opposite. Others conclude the exact opposite.
104 00:06:25,218 00:06:28,553 Schwortz: It's a virtual document of what was recorded Schwortz: It's a virtual document of what was recorded
105 00:06:28,622 00:06:31,022 In the gospels that was done to jesus. In the gospels that was done to jesus.
106 00:06:32,893 00:06:36,695 It is so perfect that some skeptics have said, It is so perfect that some skeptics have said,
107 00:06:36,763 00:06:37,629 "it's too perfect. "it's too perfect.
108 00:06:37,697 00:06:39,131 "it can't be real." "it can't be real."
109 00:06:41,635 00:06:43,301 Mastrelli: The vatican authorities in charge Mastrelli: The vatican authorities in charge
110 00:06:43,303 00:06:46,838 Of both the shroud and one billion catholics, Of both the shroud and one billion catholics,
111 00:06:46,840 00:06:49,708 Have never said if they think the shroud is genuine. Have never said if they think the shroud is genuine.
112 00:06:52,312 00:06:54,045 Maniura: Obviously, for a believer, Maniura: Obviously, for a believer,
113 00:06:54,114 00:06:56,181 This is a momentous object. This is a momentous object.
114 00:06:56,249 00:06:58,383 This is potentially something This is potentially something
115 00:06:58,452 00:07:02,120 That had not only touched jesus, That had not only touched jesus,
116 00:07:02,189 00:07:04,122 But also shows us an image But also shows us an image
117 00:07:04,124 00:07:07,959 That seems to come direct from gospel times. That seems to come direct from gospel times.
118 00:07:11,532 00:07:12,597 Mastrelli: And while the argument Mastrelli: And while the argument
119 00:07:12,666 00:07:14,199 Rages about how the image Rages about how the image
120 00:07:14,267 00:07:16,201 On the shroud was made, On the shroud was made,
121 00:07:16,203 00:07:20,539 One major obstacle holds investigators back. One major obstacle holds investigators back.
122 00:07:22,542 00:07:26,077 The catholic church keeps the shroud locked away. The catholic church keeps the shroud locked away.
123 00:07:26,146 00:07:28,213 The public rarely sees it The public rarely sees it
124 00:07:28,281 00:07:31,716 And it's hard for scientists to get anywhere near it. And it's hard for scientists to get anywhere near it.
125 00:07:33,687 00:07:36,621 Barrie schwortz is one of very few scientists Barrie schwortz is one of very few scientists
126 00:07:36,690 00:07:38,223 Who have examined the shroud. Who have examined the shroud.
127 00:07:41,495 00:07:46,097 In 1978, he was part of a multi-disciplinary team In 1978, he was part of a multi-disciplinary team
128 00:07:46,166 00:07:50,435 Which was given unprecedented one-time access to document, Which was given unprecedented one-time access to document,
129 00:07:50,504 00:07:54,005 Analyze and test the shroud itself. Analyze and test the shroud itself.
130 00:07:55,308 00:07:57,175 Schwortz: Our team spent five days and nights Schwortz: Our team spent five days and nights
131 00:07:57,177 00:08:00,111 In the room with the shroud, collecting data, In the room with the shroud, collecting data,
132 00:08:00,180 00:08:02,180 But we then came back to america But we then came back to america
133 00:08:02,249 00:08:05,050 And spent the next three years reducing that data, And spent the next three years reducing that data,
134 00:08:05,118 00:08:07,752 Studying it, putting the pieces together. Studying it, putting the pieces together.
135 00:08:09,056 00:08:10,322 Mastrelli: Eight years later, Mastrelli: Eight years later,
136 00:08:10,390 00:08:13,024 A further scientific test was performed. A further scientific test was performed.
137 00:08:13,927 00:08:16,595 A small sample of the shroud was removed A small sample of the shroud was removed
138 00:08:16,663 00:08:20,198 For radio carbon dating, a test widely accepted For radio carbon dating, a test widely accepted
139 00:08:20,267 00:08:24,402 As the most accurate means of determining an object's age. As the most accurate means of determining an object's age.
140 00:08:24,471 00:08:26,070 Its conclusion? Its conclusion?
141 00:08:26,073 00:08:28,673 The sample was manufactured in the late 13th The sample was manufactured in the late 13th
142 00:08:28,742 00:08:31,076 Or early 14th century, Or early 14th century,
143 00:08:31,144 00:08:36,114 Which would brand the turin shroud a medieval forgery. Which would brand the turin shroud a medieval forgery.
144 00:08:36,884 00:08:39,350 Schwortz: And of course, great ammunition for the skeptics, Schwortz: And of course, great ammunition for the skeptics,
145 00:08:39,353 00:08:42,220 They said well look it comes into history in the mid 1300's, They said well look it comes into history in the mid 1300's,
146 00:08:42,222 00:08:45,490 The carbon dating said it's mid 1300's, done deal. The carbon dating said it's mid 1300's, done deal.
147 00:08:45,492 00:08:47,158 We're finished. We're finished.
148 00:08:47,160 00:08:49,227 Well it's not that simple. Well it's not that simple.
149 00:08:49,229 00:08:51,162 Mastrelli: The main objection to the test, Mastrelli: The main objection to the test,
150 00:08:51,231 00:08:54,099 The area of the shroud that was sampled. The area of the shroud that was sampled.
151 00:08:54,167 00:08:56,701 Because carbon dating is a destructive test, Because carbon dating is a destructive test,
152 00:08:56,770 00:08:59,370 The vatican only allowed a tiny segment The vatican only allowed a tiny segment
153 00:08:59,373 00:09:01,573 Of one corner to be used. Of one corner to be used.
154 00:09:01,641 00:09:04,509 Schwortz: There is solid evidence that the carbon dating Schwortz: There is solid evidence that the carbon dating
155 00:09:04,578 00:09:07,112 Of the shroud was not accurate, Of the shroud was not accurate,
156 00:09:07,180 00:09:10,048 Probably because the sample wasn't really representative, Probably because the sample wasn't really representative,
157 00:09:10,050 00:09:12,050 It was anomalous and didn't represent It was anomalous and didn't represent
158 00:09:12,118 00:09:13,518 The main body of the cloth. The main body of the cloth.
159 00:09:14,788 00:09:16,321 Mastrelli: Critics of the carbon dating Mastrelli: Critics of the carbon dating
160 00:09:16,323 00:09:18,723 Say the shroud has been repaired many times Say the shroud has been repaired many times
161 00:09:18,725 00:09:22,594 During its history, and that the sample used was taken During its history, and that the sample used was taken
162 00:09:22,662 00:09:26,031 From a patch that must have been made in the 14th century. From a patch that must have been made in the 14th century.
163 00:09:30,203 00:09:33,204 So, experts are struggling for answers. So, experts are struggling for answers.
164 00:09:33,273 00:09:35,406 No one denies the image exists, No one denies the image exists,
165 00:09:35,409 00:09:38,009 But no-one can say how it was made. But no-one can say how it was made.
166 00:09:42,482 00:09:44,215 Since the carbon dating, Since the carbon dating,
167 00:09:44,284 00:09:47,619 No scientists have been allowed near the shroud. No scientists have been allowed near the shroud.
168 00:09:47,621 00:09:51,756 For our experts, this means working the other way. For our experts, this means working the other way.
169 00:09:51,825 00:09:55,560 Testing their theories, decoding the shroud's secrets, Testing their theories, decoding the shroud's secrets,
170 00:09:55,562 00:09:58,163 By trying to make an exact copy. By trying to make an exact copy.
171 00:09:59,566 00:10:02,500 Although the image on the shroud is quite clear, Although the image on the shroud is quite clear,
172 00:10:02,502 00:10:05,770 There's no trace of pigment or brush strokes. There's no trace of pigment or brush strokes.
173 00:10:05,839 00:10:07,439 So how was the image made? So how was the image made?
174 00:10:10,176 00:10:13,712 Experimental archaeologist, luigi garlaschelli, Experimental archaeologist, luigi garlaschelli,
175 00:10:13,780 00:10:15,447 Thinks he has the answer. Thinks he has the answer.
176 00:10:18,518 00:10:20,251 Garlaschelli: This is a very simple technique Garlaschelli: This is a very simple technique
177 00:10:20,253 00:10:21,519 That were available That were available
178 00:10:21,521 00:10:24,856 In the middle ages and required no technologies, In the middle ages and required no technologies,
179 00:10:24,858 00:10:28,793 No strange theories or equipment. No strange theories or equipment.
180 00:10:30,664 00:10:33,264 Mastrelli: He uses ochre paint and a type of sculpture Mastrelli: He uses ochre paint and a type of sculpture
181 00:10:33,333 00:10:35,133 Called a bas-relief, Called a bas-relief,
182 00:10:35,201 00:10:37,702 Both widely available in medieval europe. Both widely available in medieval europe.
183 00:10:43,209 00:10:45,410 Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique, Garlaschelli: This is the more obvious technique,
184 00:10:45,478 00:10:49,814 Because in one shot it produces all its features Because in one shot it produces all its features
185 00:10:49,816 00:10:52,817 And these characteristics of the shroud And these characteristics of the shroud
186 00:10:52,819 00:10:56,087 That are claimed to be impossible to reproduce. That are claimed to be impossible to reproduce.
187 00:11:01,361 00:11:02,427 Mastrelli: Garlaschelli's confident Mastrelli: Garlaschelli's confident
188 00:11:02,429 00:11:04,162 That his approach works. That his approach works.
189 00:11:04,230 00:11:05,630 And he's willing to prove it. And he's willing to prove it.
190 00:11:07,701 00:11:10,835 The next stage is to recreate artificially, The next stage is to recreate artificially,
191 00:11:10,904 00:11:13,271 600 years worth of wear and tear. 600 years worth of wear and tear.
192 00:11:14,641 00:11:16,808 Garlaschelli: We will bake it like a pizza. Garlaschelli: We will bake it like a pizza.
193 00:11:29,322 00:11:30,588 Mastrelli: Baking the shroud in the oven Mastrelli: Baking the shroud in the oven
194 00:11:30,590 00:11:33,124 Simulates 600 years of aging, Simulates 600 years of aging,
195 00:11:33,193 00:11:37,261 Which he believes scorches the image into the fibres. Which he believes scorches the image into the fibres.
196 00:11:37,264 00:11:40,531 Washing it simulates the way wear and tear might remove Washing it simulates the way wear and tear might remove
197 00:11:40,534 00:11:44,535 The pigment, leaving behind only the scorch marks. The pigment, leaving behind only the scorch marks.
198 00:11:44,538 00:11:47,472 Garlaschelli: What we see now is that the ghost image that Garlaschelli: What we see now is that the ghost image that
199 00:11:47,540 00:11:49,340 Has been left Has been left
200 00:11:49,342 00:11:53,611 Behind when the pigment came off and we see the fibres, Behind when the pigment came off and we see the fibres,
201 00:11:53,680 00:11:56,247 The yellow fibres that were underneath. The yellow fibres that were underneath.
202 00:11:57,951 00:12:01,285 Mastrelli: Garlaschelli believes he's solved the puzzle, Mastrelli: Garlaschelli believes he's solved the puzzle,
203 00:12:01,288 00:12:03,121 But not everyone will agree. But not everyone will agree.
204 00:12:04,357 00:12:06,491 Garlaschelli: There is a number of people who are Garlaschelli: There is a number of people who are
205 00:12:06,559 00:12:07,826 Completely convinced Completely convinced
206 00:12:07,894 00:12:09,827 That the shroud is authentic. That the shroud is authentic.
207 00:12:09,830 00:12:13,231 No matter how hard you try to reproduce it No matter how hard you try to reproduce it
208 00:12:13,299 00:12:15,500 Or to explain by natural means, Or to explain by natural means,
209 00:12:15,568 00:12:19,704 They will never accept this kind of explanation. They will never accept this kind of explanation.
210 00:12:19,706 00:12:21,639 Mastrelli: As far as he's concerned, Mastrelli: As far as he's concerned,
211 00:12:21,708 00:12:24,476 His process ticks every box. His process ticks every box.
212 00:12:26,780 00:12:28,446 It leaves no brush marks, It leaves no brush marks,
213 00:12:29,449 00:12:31,049 It leaves no trace of pigment, It leaves no trace of pigment,
214 00:12:32,252 00:12:34,185 It requires no modern technology. It requires no modern technology.
215 00:12:35,388 00:12:39,224 Most of all, it produces a similar ghostly image. Most of all, it produces a similar ghostly image.
216 00:12:42,862 00:12:44,595 Case closed? Case closed?
217 00:12:44,598 00:12:46,297 Not for barrie schwortz. Not for barrie schwortz.
218 00:12:47,267 00:12:49,734 Schwortz puts a sample of garlaschelli's work Schwortz puts a sample of garlaschelli's work
219 00:12:49,803 00:12:51,669 Under the microscope. Under the microscope.
220 00:12:51,671 00:12:53,671 How will it match with the photographs How will it match with the photographs
221 00:12:53,673 00:12:56,141 He took of the real shroud? He took of the real shroud?
222 00:12:58,211 00:12:59,677 One of the more bizarre methods used One of the more bizarre methods used
223 00:12:59,746 00:13:01,546 To determine the authenticity of the shroud of turin To determine the authenticity of the shroud of turin
224 00:13:01,614 00:13:06,584 Involved a roll of tape just like this. Involved a roll of tape just like this.
225 00:13:06,820 00:13:09,620 A swiss criminologist and botanist, dr. Max frei, A swiss criminologist and botanist, dr. Max frei,
226 00:13:09,623 00:13:12,090 Used regular consumer quality sticky tape Used regular consumer quality sticky tape
227 00:13:12,158 00:13:15,493 To acquire pollen samples from the surface of the shroud. To acquire pollen samples from the surface of the shroud.
228 00:13:15,562 00:13:19,764 His claim that he id'ed 58 different species of plants His claim that he id'ed 58 different species of plants
229 00:13:19,833 00:13:21,566 And that many came from the middle east And that many came from the middle east
230 00:13:21,634 00:13:23,367 Has been much debated. Has been much debated.
231 00:13:23,370 00:13:27,806 I wonder, would a lint roller have silenced the skeptics? I wonder, would a lint roller have silenced the skeptics?
232 00:13:30,644 00:13:35,179 Meanwhile, as schwortz examines garlaschelli's bas-relief, Meanwhile, as schwortz examines garlaschelli's bas-relief,
233 00:13:35,182 00:13:37,381 Art historian, professor nicholas allen, Art historian, professor nicholas allen,
234 00:13:37,384 00:13:40,185 Claims it's his theory which solves the mystery Claims it's his theory which solves the mystery
235 00:13:40,253 00:13:44,322 Of the shroud, and he's come to turin to prove it. Of the shroud, and he's come to turin to prove it.
236 00:13:44,324 00:13:46,190 Professor allen's theories demand Professor allen's theories demand
237 00:13:46,193 00:13:48,125 That we rethink our understanding, That we rethink our understanding,
238 00:13:48,128 00:13:50,195 Not only of the shroud, Not only of the shroud,
239 00:13:50,263 00:13:52,764 But also of the history of science. But also of the history of science.
240 00:13:54,400 00:13:57,535 Is the turin shroud the world's oldest photograph? Is the turin shroud the world's oldest photograph?
241 00:14:01,875 00:14:04,075 His theory is controversial, His theory is controversial,
242 00:14:04,077 00:14:06,411 But less so than you might think. But less so than you might think.
243 00:14:06,479 00:14:08,680 500 years ago, camera technology, 500 years ago, camera technology,
244 00:14:08,748 00:14:11,282 While primitive, nonetheless existed. While primitive, nonetheless existed.
245 00:14:13,219 00:14:15,220 Today, we project images Today, we project images
246 00:14:15,288 00:14:17,755 Onto the sensor of a digital camera. Onto the sensor of a digital camera.
247 00:14:17,757 00:14:21,426 Before that, images were projected onto film. Before that, images were projected onto film.
248 00:14:21,494 00:14:24,228 And before that, there was an ancient way of projecting And before that, there was an ancient way of projecting
249 00:14:24,231 00:14:27,665 An image on to a wall, known as a camera obscura. An image on to a wall, known as a camera obscura.
250 00:14:32,372 00:14:35,506 Allen: One of the oldest references to this phenomemon Allen: One of the oldest references to this phenomemon
251 00:14:35,575 00:14:39,043 With this camera obscura is in fact in a writings of plato With this camera obscura is in fact in a writings of plato
252 00:14:40,046 00:14:43,447 Who discussed the conditional sitting in a cave Who discussed the conditional sitting in a cave
253 00:14:43,450 00:14:47,185 And seeing the shadows of the outside world And seeing the shadows of the outside world
254 00:14:47,253 00:14:49,520 Forming inverted on the back of the cave wall. Forming inverted on the back of the cave wall.
255 00:14:49,589 00:14:53,758 And he used it as a metaphor for understanding reality. And he used it as a metaphor for understanding reality.
256 00:14:55,194 00:14:56,261 But what he's also describing, of course, But what he's also describing, of course,
257 00:14:56,329 00:14:59,264 Are the workings of a very primitive camera obscura. Are the workings of a very primitive camera obscura.
258 00:15:01,601 00:15:04,135 Mastrelli: Camera obscura technology would certainly Mastrelli: Camera obscura technology would certainly
259 00:15:04,203 00:15:06,704 Have been known in the 14th century europe. Have been known in the 14th century europe.
260 00:15:08,408 00:15:11,275 Allen: Okay, now I'm inside a camera obscura, Allen: Okay, now I'm inside a camera obscura,
261 00:15:11,278 00:15:16,014 And, as you can see, there's a very small aperture here, And, as you can see, there's a very small aperture here,
262 00:15:16,082 00:15:17,815 Which means a very small amount of light Which means a very small amount of light
263 00:15:17,884 00:15:19,617 Is entering the camera. Is entering the camera.
264 00:15:19,686 00:15:22,153 So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to place this lens So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to place this lens
265 00:15:22,155 00:15:26,758 Over the aperture to focus the light into the room. Over the aperture to focus the light into the room.
266 00:15:26,826 00:15:29,761 And, yes, now we have a very nice, sharp image. And, yes, now we have a very nice, sharp image.
267 00:15:31,364 00:15:32,230 Mastrelli: But if it's relatively Mastrelli: But if it's relatively
268 00:15:32,298 00:15:34,365 Easy to project an image, Easy to project an image,
269 00:15:34,367 00:15:38,102 Capturing it on fabric is far more difficult. Capturing it on fabric is far more difficult.
270 00:15:38,171 00:15:41,239 To do that you need chemicals sensitive to light. To do that you need chemicals sensitive to light.
271 00:15:42,375 00:15:45,109 In a film camera, an image is projected In a film camera, an image is projected
272 00:15:45,111 00:15:49,447 Onto a surface coated in chemicals which react to light, Onto a surface coated in chemicals which react to light,
273 00:15:49,449 00:15:52,317 Normally compounds containing silver. Normally compounds containing silver.
274 00:15:52,385 00:15:55,386 And allen believes two light reactive chemicals And allen believes two light reactive chemicals
275 00:15:55,455 00:15:57,689 Were well-known 600 years ago. Were well-known 600 years ago.
276 00:15:59,926 00:16:01,726 Allen: Both silver nitrate and silver sulphate Allen: Both silver nitrate and silver sulphate
277 00:16:01,728 00:16:05,129 Were known since about the 9th century, Were known since about the 9th century,
278 00:16:05,131 00:16:08,733 And we also know from writings that silver nitrate, And we also know from writings that silver nitrate,
279 00:16:08,801 00:16:11,602 As an example, have been made in a crystalline form As an example, have been made in a crystalline form
280 00:16:11,671 00:16:15,039 From about the 9th century, so it's not new. From about the 9th century, so it's not new.
281 00:16:15,942 00:16:18,209 I would put my money on silver sulfate I would put my money on silver sulfate
282 00:16:18,211 00:16:20,077 Being the specific silver salt Being the specific silver salt
283 00:16:20,080 00:16:22,046 That they used for the shroud of turin. That they used for the shroud of turin.
284 00:16:23,550 00:16:26,217 Mastrelli: Allen believes that the necessary techniques Mastrelli: Allen believes that the necessary techniques
285 00:16:26,219 00:16:27,752 Could have existed. Could have existed.
286 00:16:27,754 00:16:30,421 The chemistry isn't that complicated. The chemistry isn't that complicated.
287 00:16:30,423 00:16:33,224 He soaks a piece of linen in the solution. He soaks a piece of linen in the solution.
288 00:16:36,362 00:16:38,096 Allen: Rinse it. Allen: Rinse it.
289 00:16:38,164 00:16:38,796 Squeeze it. Squeeze it.
290 00:16:41,167 00:16:43,101 And you're ready to go. And you're ready to go.
291 00:16:48,241 00:16:51,309 Mastrelli: He loads the prepared cloth into a camera obscura. Mastrelli: He loads the prepared cloth into a camera obscura.
292 00:16:52,378 00:16:54,212 This is a scaled down version. This is a scaled down version.
293 00:16:59,185 00:17:02,653 His subject is a statue of a jesus-like figure. His subject is a statue of a jesus-like figure.
294 00:17:02,655 00:17:04,455 Allen believes a similar sculpture Allen believes a similar sculpture
295 00:17:04,524 00:17:06,758 Could have been used to create the original. Could have been used to create the original.
296 00:17:08,127 00:17:09,594 Allen: We have texts describing how the image Allen: We have texts describing how the image
297 00:17:09,662 00:17:13,264 Is formed inverted within the camera obscura. Is formed inverted within the camera obscura.
298 00:17:13,266 00:17:17,135 I have no doubts that the object that I have here I have no doubts that the object that I have here
299 00:17:17,203 00:17:19,537 Would have been possible in the 13th century. Would have been possible in the 13th century.
300 00:17:21,274 00:17:23,207 Mastrelli: The camera is left for eight hours Mastrelli: The camera is left for eight hours
301 00:17:23,276 00:17:24,442 To create an image. To create an image.
302 00:17:25,612 00:17:28,145 Allen thinks this long exposure time Allen thinks this long exposure time
303 00:17:28,148 00:17:31,783 Creates the special 3d quality found on the shroud. Creates the special 3d quality found on the shroud.
304 00:17:34,487 00:17:38,622 The final stage of allen's experiment is to wash the cloth The final stage of allen's experiment is to wash the cloth
305 00:17:38,625 00:17:41,626 In ammonium, commonly found in human urine. In ammonium, commonly found in human urine.
306 00:17:42,628 00:17:46,097 This fixes the image and removes the silver. This fixes the image and removes the silver.
307 00:17:46,099 00:17:48,166 The result is remarkable. The result is remarkable.
308 00:17:51,237 00:17:53,304 When viewed as a negative, When viewed as a negative,
309 00:17:55,374 00:17:57,641 It reveals similar levels of detail It reveals similar levels of detail
310 00:17:57,644 00:18:00,711 To the first recorded photograph of the shroud, To the first recorded photograph of the shroud,
311 00:18:00,780 00:18:02,346 Taken in 1898. Taken in 1898.
312 00:18:04,717 00:18:08,019 Allen's medieval photograph is strikingly similar. Allen's medieval photograph is strikingly similar.
313 00:18:09,789 00:18:13,257 Two different investigators using two different techniques Two different investigators using two different techniques
314 00:18:13,326 00:18:16,727 To create an image like the one on the shroud. To create an image like the one on the shroud.
315 00:18:16,796 00:18:19,063 It's time to put them side by side It's time to put them side by side
316 00:18:19,132 00:18:22,433 And see which one comes closest to a match. And see which one comes closest to a match.
317 00:18:26,139 00:18:27,672 Two scientists. Two scientists.
318 00:18:27,740 00:18:29,540 Two experiments. Two experiments.
319 00:18:29,542 00:18:31,609 Has either replicated the process Has either replicated the process
320 00:18:31,611 00:18:33,677 That made the turin shroud? That made the turin shroud?
321 00:18:33,680 00:18:36,481 First up, the medieval artwork. First up, the medieval artwork.
322 00:18:36,549 00:18:38,816 Schwortz: Just to my eye, having seen the shroud, Schwortz: Just to my eye, having seen the shroud,
323 00:18:38,818 00:18:41,219 This is dramatically different. This is dramatically different.
324 00:18:41,287 00:18:43,988 Mastrelli: But does it look any better under the microscope? Mastrelli: But does it look any better under the microscope?
325 00:18:44,891 00:18:47,225 Schwortz: I'm starting to see particulates, Schwortz: I'm starting to see particulates,
326 00:18:47,293 00:18:48,759 And we're seeing a red and a brown And we're seeing a red and a brown
327 00:18:48,828 00:18:51,529 That we've never seen anything like that on the shroud. That we've never seen anything like that on the shroud.
328 00:18:52,565 00:18:56,167 Mastrelli: It's said the shroud shows no traces of pigment. Mastrelli: It's said the shroud shows no traces of pigment.
329 00:18:56,169 00:18:59,503 Still, garlaschelli believes that his theory Still, garlaschelli believes that his theory
330 00:18:59,506 00:19:02,039 Ties in with the carbon dating, Ties in with the carbon dating,
331 00:19:02,041 00:19:05,743 That says the shroud is no more than 600 years old. That says the shroud is no more than 600 years old.
332 00:19:09,248 00:19:11,649 Garlaschelli: If you don't accept the carbon-dating Garlaschelli: If you don't accept the carbon-dating
333 00:19:11,717 00:19:16,687 Then you won't accept my reproduction. Then you won't accept my reproduction.
334 00:19:17,323 00:19:19,657 Schwortz: Okay, there we have the face. Schwortz: Okay, there we have the face.
335 00:19:19,659 00:19:22,193 Mastrelli: Is nicholas allen's photographic attempt Mastrelli: Is nicholas allen's photographic attempt
336 00:19:22,261 00:19:24,061 Any closer to the original? Any closer to the original?
337 00:19:24,063 00:19:25,329 Schwortz: This is far less subtle Schwortz: This is far less subtle
338 00:19:25,398 00:19:28,266 That the shroud image just at first glance. That the shroud image just at first glance.
339 00:19:28,334 00:19:31,335 Now I guess we'll take a peak under the microscope. Now I guess we'll take a peak under the microscope.
340 00:19:31,404 00:19:33,070 Mastrelli: But under the microscope, Mastrelli: But under the microscope,
341 00:19:33,139 00:19:35,206 The differences are harder to spot. The differences are harder to spot.
342 00:19:35,208 00:19:37,141 Schwortz: I'm just looking at this yellowing over here, Schwortz: I'm just looking at this yellowing over here,
343 00:19:37,210 00:19:39,076 Just by comparison to these, Just by comparison to these,
344 00:19:39,145 00:19:41,812 And that's sort of more like what we would expect to see And that's sort of more like what we would expect to see
345 00:19:41,814 00:19:44,148 On the shroud sample and coloration On the shroud sample and coloration
346 00:19:44,217 00:19:46,817 Seems to be a little darker than what we see on the shroud, Seems to be a little darker than what we see on the shroud,
347 00:19:46,886 00:19:51,422 But certainly more subtle than the garlaschelli result. But certainly more subtle than the garlaschelli result.
348 00:19:53,293 00:19:55,092 Mastrelli: Under the microscope, Mastrelli: Under the microscope,
349 00:19:55,161 00:19:58,095 Allen's extraordinary theory starts to seem more plausible. Allen's extraordinary theory starts to seem more plausible.
350 00:20:02,101 00:20:05,436 The vatican itself refuses to take an official position The vatican itself refuses to take an official position
351 00:20:05,438 00:20:08,172 As to the shroud's authenticity, As to the shroud's authenticity,
352 00:20:08,241 00:20:10,308 But while it continues to restrict access But while it continues to restrict access
353 00:20:10,376 00:20:14,212 For further testing, there's no easy way to end the debate. For further testing, there's no easy way to end the debate.
354 00:20:16,449 00:20:18,115 For nicholas allen, though, For nicholas allen, though,
355 00:20:18,184 00:20:21,118 There is another way of looking at the shroud. There is another way of looking at the shroud.
356 00:20:21,120 00:20:24,521 What if the shroud was never meant to be a religious relic. What if the shroud was never meant to be a religious relic.
357 00:20:24,524 00:20:27,191 What if it was designed as a work of art, What if it was designed as a work of art,
358 00:20:27,193 00:20:29,794 Meant to inspire devotion? Meant to inspire devotion?
359 00:20:29,862 00:20:32,263 Allen: If one looks at the history of the church Allen: If one looks at the history of the church
360 00:20:32,265 00:20:35,266 In the history of europe especially, In the history of europe especially,
361 00:20:35,268 00:20:37,668 Art has been used in the service of religion, Art has been used in the service of religion,
362 00:20:37,737 00:20:39,403 And the reason for that is because art And the reason for that is because art
363 00:20:39,472 00:20:41,472 Is a very powerful communication tool, Is a very powerful communication tool,
364 00:20:41,540 00:20:44,208 Especially for communicating ideas Especially for communicating ideas
365 00:20:44,210 00:20:46,744 And concepts to largely illiterate people. And concepts to largely illiterate people.
366 00:20:47,680 00:20:50,548 Mastrelli: And the shroud fits exactly with what we know Mastrelli: And the shroud fits exactly with what we know
367 00:20:50,616 00:20:53,284 About christian art from the middle ages. About christian art from the middle ages.
368 00:20:53,352 00:20:56,487 Maniura: Christian art goes back to almost Maniura: Christian art goes back to almost
369 00:20:56,555 00:20:59,156 The dawn of christianity itself. The dawn of christianity itself.
370 00:20:59,225 00:21:01,492 It's interesting though, in the very earliest art, It's interesting though, in the very earliest art,
371 00:21:01,560 00:21:05,096 That you don't tend to get images of the passion, That you don't tend to get images of the passion,
372 00:21:05,164 00:21:06,764 Of the crucified christ, Of the crucified christ,
373 00:21:06,766 00:21:10,167 And it's really not until perhaps the late middle ages And it's really not until perhaps the late middle ages
374 00:21:10,169 00:21:13,771 That you get a very clear focus on the suffering christ. That you get a very clear focus on the suffering christ.
375 00:21:13,773 00:21:16,707 Allen: And dying a very painful death on the cross. Allen: And dying a very painful death on the cross.
376 00:21:16,709 00:21:19,510 If one looks at the shroud of turin image If one looks at the shroud of turin image
377 00:21:19,512 00:21:21,178 And looks at it very objectively, And looks at it very objectively,
378 00:21:21,180 00:21:23,848 One realizes that it contains all the symbolism One realizes that it contains all the symbolism
379 00:21:23,916 00:21:27,518 That one finds in post-1250 art from europe. That one finds in post-1250 art from europe.
380 00:21:31,190 00:21:34,191 Mastrelli: Created as a work of devotional art, Mastrelli: Created as a work of devotional art,
381 00:21:34,193 00:21:37,328 Or manufactured to meet the medieval market for relics, Or manufactured to meet the medieval market for relics,
382 00:21:37,330 00:21:39,263 It's certainly unique, It's certainly unique,
383 00:21:39,332 00:21:41,465 The shroud may be the product of a mind, The shroud may be the product of a mind,
384 00:21:41,467 00:21:45,202 A skill and a knowledge that defies our understanding A skill and a knowledge that defies our understanding
385 00:21:45,271 00:21:47,538 And forces us to rewrite history, And forces us to rewrite history,
386 00:21:47,606 00:21:52,576 Or it's so real that one can only invoke the miraculous. Or it's so real that one can only invoke the miraculous.
387 00:21:53,146 00:21:55,813 But, no matter how you decode the turin shroud, But, no matter how you decode the turin shroud,
388 00:21:55,881 00:21:58,649 The answers will always astonish. The answers will always astonish.