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1 | 00:00:01,394 | 00:00:02,639 | Mastrelli: Shrunken heads. | Mastrelli: Shrunken heads. |
2 | 00:00:03,881 | 00:00:06,559 | What are these macabre curiosities? | What are these macabre curiosities? |
3 | 00:00:07,881 | 00:00:09,959 | Where do they come from? | Where do they come from? |
4 | 00:00:10,034 | 00:00:11,439 | How were they made? | How were they made? |
5 | 00:00:13,394 | 00:00:17,792 | Now scientists are using advanced forensic technology | Now scientists are using advanced forensic technology |
6 | 00:00:17,801 | 00:00:21,552 | To find out who these people really were. | To find out who these people really were. |
7 | 00:00:21,561 | 00:00:25,392 | They're uncovering a dark tale of ancient ritual | They're uncovering a dark tale of ancient ritual |
8 | 00:00:25,401 | 00:00:29,519 | To reveal the secrets of shrunken heads. | To reveal the secrets of shrunken heads. |
9 | 00:00:31,634 | 00:00:35,552 | For centuries, the mysteries of the past | For centuries, the mysteries of the past |
10 | 00:00:35,561 | 00:00:38,592 | Have kept their secrets, | Have kept their secrets, |
11 | 00:00:38,601 | 00:00:42,279 | But there are clues cast in gold, | But there are clues cast in gold, |
12 | 00:00:42,354 | 00:00:46,479 | Etched in stone, written in blood. | Etched in stone, written in blood. |
13 | 00:00:50,121 | 00:00:52,399 | We can unlock them. | We can unlock them. |
14 | 00:00:53,641 | 00:00:56,559 | (mysterious music) | (mysterious music) |
15 | 00:01:09,161 | 00:01:11,479 | There are thousands of shrunken heads | There are thousands of shrunken heads |
16 | 00:01:11,554 | 00:01:13,879 | In museums around the world. | In museums around the world. |
17 | 00:01:13,954 | 00:01:17,632 | Some on display, others locked away. | Some on display, others locked away. |
18 | 00:01:17,641 | 00:01:19,632 | And the shocking truth is, | And the shocking truth is, |
19 | 00:01:19,641 | 00:01:23,159 | Many of these are real human heads. | Many of these are real human heads. |
20 | 00:01:23,234 | 00:01:24,599 | Where did they come from? | Where did they come from? |
21 | 00:01:24,674 | 00:01:26,112 | How were they made? | How were they made? |
22 | 00:01:26,121 | 00:01:27,559 | And what's the true story | And what's the true story |
23 | 00:01:27,634 | 00:01:30,512 | Behind this strange and disturbing phenomenon? | Behind this strange and disturbing phenomenon? |
24 | 00:01:30,521 | 00:01:33,632 | Now scientists can finally answer these questions | Now scientists can finally answer these questions |
25 | 00:01:33,641 | 00:01:36,439 | Using forensic science and advanced computer modeling. | Using forensic science and advanced computer modeling. |
26 | 00:01:40,354 | 00:01:41,959 | In the 19th century, | In the 19th century, |
27 | 00:01:42,034 | 00:01:45,839 | A gruesome curiosity captured the public imagination | A gruesome curiosity captured the public imagination |
28 | 00:01:47,234 | 00:01:51,399 | And created an obsession for these exotic novelties, | And created an obsession for these exotic novelties, |
29 | 00:01:53,874 | 00:01:56,439 | Decapitated human heads, | Decapitated human heads, |
30 | 00:01:56,514 | 00:02:00,032 | Shrunk to a fraction of their original size. | Shrunk to a fraction of their original size. |
31 | 00:02:00,041 | 00:02:02,279 | While they fascinated the public, | While they fascinated the public, |
32 | 00:02:02,354 | 00:02:05,479 | Little attention was ever paid to their origin. | Little attention was ever paid to their origin. |
33 | 00:02:07,161 | 00:02:09,072 | Houlton: Shrunken heads have long been viewed | Houlton: Shrunken heads have long been viewed |
34 | 00:02:09,081 | 00:02:12,432 | As almost like freak show ornaments | As almost like freak show ornaments |
35 | 00:02:12,441 | 00:02:14,039 | That would be put in displays, | That would be put in displays, |
36 | 00:02:14,114 | 00:02:17,392 | Or in even private collections for people to stare at, | Or in even private collections for people to stare at, |
37 | 00:02:17,401 | 00:02:19,472 | Without anyone really acknowledging | Without anyone really acknowledging |
38 | 00:02:19,481 | 00:02:22,399 | That this was once a living, breathing individual. | That this was once a living, breathing individual. |
39 | 00:02:24,761 | 00:02:27,159 | Mastrelli: Doctor tobias houlton is an anthropologist | Mastrelli: Doctor tobias houlton is an anthropologist |
40 | 00:02:27,234 | 00:02:29,399 | Specializing in facial anatomy. | Specializing in facial anatomy. |
41 | 00:02:30,361 | 00:02:33,792 | Today he is on a quest to unlock the secrets | Today he is on a quest to unlock the secrets |
42 | 00:02:33,801 | 00:02:35,839 | Of ritual shrunken heads. | Of ritual shrunken heads. |
43 | 00:02:38,201 | 00:02:40,919 | Houlton: The intention of our forensic investigation | Houlton: The intention of our forensic investigation |
44 | 00:02:40,994 | 00:02:42,679 | Is that we can actually discover | Is that we can actually discover |
45 | 00:02:42,754 | 00:02:45,392 | The identity of the individual, | The identity of the individual, |
46 | 00:02:45,401 | 00:02:48,512 | That it's not just the so-called specimen | That it's not just the so-called specimen |
47 | 00:02:48,521 | 00:02:50,919 | That's hidden behind a glass cabinet, | That's hidden behind a glass cabinet, |
48 | 00:02:50,994 | 00:02:54,512 | But actually a living, breathing person that once existed. | But actually a living, breathing person that once existed. |
49 | 00:02:54,521 | 00:02:55,959 | Who are they? | Who are they? |
50 | 00:02:56,034 | 00:02:57,632 | Where did they reside? | Where did they reside? |
51 | 00:02:57,641 | 00:02:59,919 | And how did they land up as a shrunken head? | And how did they land up as a shrunken head? |
52 | 00:03:01,714 | 00:03:05,799 | Mastrelli: The story begins deep in the amazon rainforest, | Mastrelli: The story begins deep in the amazon rainforest, |
53 | 00:03:07,474 | 00:03:10,159 | And with a single tribe, the shuar. | And with a single tribe, the shuar. |
54 | 00:03:14,114 | 00:03:16,272 | The tribe's ancestral homeland | The tribe's ancestral homeland |
55 | 00:03:16,281 | 00:03:19,712 | Lies amongst the tributaries of the amazon river, | Lies amongst the tributaries of the amazon river, |
56 | 00:03:19,721 | 00:03:22,079 | In the remote jungle of ecuador. | In the remote jungle of ecuador. |
57 | 00:03:24,921 | 00:03:27,792 | With a reputation as fearsome warriors, | With a reputation as fearsome warriors, |
58 | 00:03:27,801 | 00:03:31,239 | The shuar were never conquered by the spanish empire. | The shuar were never conquered by the spanish empire. |
59 | 00:03:31,314 | 00:03:34,199 | Over thousands of years they mastered the macabre art | Over thousands of years they mastered the macabre art |
60 | 00:03:34,274 | 00:03:38,519 | Of head shrinking before it was banned in the 1960s. | Of head shrinking before it was banned in the 1960s. |
61 | 00:03:39,561 | 00:03:43,232 | The shuar called these shrunken heads, tsantsa. | The shuar called these shrunken heads, tsantsa. |
62 | 00:03:43,241 | 00:03:46,032 | Felipe tsenkush is a former president | Felipe tsenkush is a former president |
63 | 00:03:46,041 | 00:03:47,679 | Of the shuar federation. | Of the shuar federation. |
64 | 00:04:06,281 | 00:04:08,752 | These weren't trophies of war. | These weren't trophies of war. |
65 | 00:04:08,761 | 00:04:11,552 | They were more than simply symbolic. | They were more than simply symbolic. |
66 | 00:04:11,561 | 00:04:13,712 | In a world in which the spirits of the dead | In a world in which the spirits of the dead |
67 | 00:04:13,721 | 00:04:15,712 | Were as real as the living, | Were as real as the living, |
68 | 00:04:15,721 | 00:04:18,999 | Shrunken heads served an important, practical purpose. | Shrunken heads served an important, practical purpose. |
69 | 00:04:34,354 | 00:04:36,199 | Houlton: It was not about the physical item. | Houlton: It was not about the physical item. |
70 | 00:04:36,274 | 00:04:39,639 | It filled purely a practical, spiritual function. | It filled purely a practical, spiritual function. |
71 | 00:04:42,841 | 00:04:46,239 | Mastrelli: Doctor tobias houlton is traveling to the amazon | Mastrelli: Doctor tobias houlton is traveling to the amazon |
72 | 00:04:47,481 | 00:04:51,039 | To the historic colonial city of cuenca in ecuador. | To the historic colonial city of cuenca in ecuador. |
73 | 00:04:52,441 | 00:04:55,399 | Here on the edge of shuar territory, | Here on the edge of shuar territory, |
74 | 00:04:55,474 | 00:04:59,039 | He wants to discover the secrets of shrunken heads. | He wants to discover the secrets of shrunken heads. |
75 | 00:05:02,274 | 00:05:04,112 | Houlton: I want to get to understand the whole custom, | Houlton: I want to get to understand the whole custom, |
76 | 00:05:04,121 | 00:05:05,872 | The people behind it, | The people behind it, |
77 | 00:05:05,881 | 00:05:08,399 | As well as the victims of the head shrinking. | As well as the victims of the head shrinking. |
78 | 00:05:11,634 | 00:05:13,319 | Mastrelli: The city's museum is home | Mastrelli: The city's museum is home |
79 | 00:05:13,394 | 00:05:16,279 | To south america's largest collection of shrunken heads. | To south america's largest collection of shrunken heads. |
80 | 00:05:18,354 | 00:05:22,199 | Houlton hopes these heads, so close to the shuar homeland, | Houlton hopes these heads, so close to the shuar homeland, |
81 | 00:05:22,274 | 00:05:24,832 | Will hold more clues about how they were made, | Will hold more clues about how they were made, |
82 | 00:05:24,841 | 00:05:26,079 | And who they were. | And who they were. |
83 | 00:05:27,074 | 00:05:31,199 | But he's about to discover they're not what he expects. | But he's about to discover they're not what he expects. |
84 | 00:05:33,234 | 00:05:35,239 | With specialist imaging technology | With specialist imaging technology |
85 | 00:05:35,314 | 00:05:37,799 | Used by crime scene investigators, | Used by crime scene investigators, |
86 | 00:05:37,874 | 00:05:40,639 | He examines the heads in forensic detail. | He examines the heads in forensic detail. |
87 | 00:05:41,481 | 00:05:44,992 | Infrared reflectology captures infrared wavelengths | Infrared reflectology captures infrared wavelengths |
88 | 00:05:45,001 | 00:05:46,752 | Beyond the range of visible light | Beyond the range of visible light |
89 | 00:05:46,761 | 00:05:50,479 | To reveal details invisible to the naked eye. | To reveal details invisible to the naked eye. |
90 | 00:05:51,641 | 00:05:53,392 | Houlton: The benefit of using this | Houlton: The benefit of using this |
91 | 00:05:53,401 | 00:05:57,319 | Is that it will give me a nice defined image of the skin | Is that it will give me a nice defined image of the skin |
92 | 00:05:57,394 | 00:05:59,799 | And give me a detailed idea | And give me a detailed idea |
93 | 00:05:59,874 | 00:06:02,599 | Of any changes in the skin pattern, | Of any changes in the skin pattern, |
94 | 00:06:02,674 | 00:06:07,639 | Which will help identify if this is a ceremonial tsantsa. | Which will help identify if this is a ceremonial tsantsa. |
95 | 00:06:08,121 | 00:06:10,512 | Mastrelli: It's the first time this technology has been used | Mastrelli: It's the first time this technology has been used |
96 | 00:06:10,521 | 00:06:13,239 | To examine the heads in the museum's collection, | To examine the heads in the museum's collection, |
97 | 00:06:14,114 | 00:06:17,152 | Revealing to curator, tamara landivar, | Revealing to curator, tamara landivar, |
98 | 00:06:17,161 | 00:06:20,272 | Details she's never seen before. | Details she's never seen before. |
99 | 00:06:20,281 | 00:06:22,759 | And almost immediately, houlton sees | And almost immediately, houlton sees |
100 | 00:06:22,834 | 00:06:25,439 | There's something strange about this shrunken head. | There's something strange about this shrunken head. |
101 | 00:06:27,961 | 00:06:31,152 | There's no doubt this is a human head. | There's no doubt this is a human head. |
102 | 00:06:31,161 | 00:06:33,799 | But a genuine ceremonial shrunken head | But a genuine ceremonial shrunken head |
103 | 00:06:33,874 | 00:06:36,519 | Should have smooth hairless skin, | Should have smooth hairless skin, |
104 | 00:06:36,594 | 00:06:38,352 | Evidence that the head had been prepared | Evidence that the head had been prepared |
105 | 00:06:38,361 | 00:06:40,519 | Using the traditional shuar technique | Using the traditional shuar technique |
106 | 00:06:40,594 | 00:06:43,239 | Of ironing the skin with a heated rock. | Of ironing the skin with a heated rock. |
107 | 00:06:44,681 | 00:06:47,159 | The images reveal the skin on this head | The images reveal the skin on this head |
108 | 00:06:47,234 | 00:06:50,272 | Is thicker and rougher than expected. | Is thicker and rougher than expected. |
109 | 00:06:50,281 | 00:06:53,239 | Houlton: The individual that was processing this head, | Houlton: The individual that was processing this head, |
110 | 00:06:53,314 | 00:06:55,312 | Didn't actually iron the skin | Didn't actually iron the skin |
111 | 00:06:55,321 | 00:06:57,399 | In quite the same way as the shuar. | In quite the same way as the shuar. |
112 | 00:06:58,434 | 00:07:01,879 | Mastrelli: This subtle detail, invisible to the naked eye, | Mastrelli: This subtle detail, invisible to the naked eye, |
113 | 00:07:01,954 | 00:07:06,599 | Suggests this is not a genuine ceremonial shrunken head. | Suggests this is not a genuine ceremonial shrunken head. |
114 | 00:07:06,674 | 00:07:09,312 | So if this was not a ritual tsantsa, | So if this was not a ritual tsantsa, |
115 | 00:07:09,321 | 00:07:12,319 | What was the story behind this shrunken head? | What was the story behind this shrunken head? |
116 | 00:07:14,601 | 00:07:18,199 | By the 1880s, the western mania for shrunken heads | By the 1880s, the western mania for shrunken heads |
117 | 00:07:18,274 | 00:07:20,359 | Had triggered a twisted gold rush. | Had triggered a twisted gold rush. |
118 | 00:07:21,881 | 00:07:24,759 | And this treasure wasn't mined from the earth, | And this treasure wasn't mined from the earth, |
119 | 00:07:24,834 | 00:07:26,999 | It was made from human flesh. | It was made from human flesh. |
120 | 00:07:29,074 | 00:07:31,159 | A single shrunken head could be exchanged | A single shrunken head could be exchanged |
121 | 00:07:31,234 | 00:07:35,999 | For a gun or a machete, or sold for between $5 and $25. | For a gun or a machete, or sold for between $5 and $25. |
122 | 00:07:37,234 | 00:07:39,232 | Not much for a human life, | Not much for a human life, |
123 | 00:07:39,241 | 00:07:42,119 | But a small fortune in 19th century ecuador. | But a small fortune in 19th century ecuador. |
124 | 00:07:44,121 | 00:07:46,272 | With serious money to be made, | With serious money to be made, |
125 | 00:07:46,281 | 00:07:50,272 | The shuar began killing to meet western demand. | The shuar began killing to meet western demand. |
126 | 00:07:50,281 | 00:07:53,679 | Tribal warriors became commercial head-hunters. | Tribal warriors became commercial head-hunters. |
127 | 00:07:56,274 | 00:07:59,399 | The guns triggered an explosion in violence. | The guns triggered an explosion in violence. |
128 | 00:08:02,674 | 00:08:06,519 | As a viscous circle of supply and demand ensued, | As a viscous circle of supply and demand ensued, |
129 | 00:08:06,594 | 00:08:10,432 | Blame and retaliation spiraled out of control. | Blame and retaliation spiraled out of control. |
130 | 00:08:10,441 | 00:08:12,199 | (explosion from gunshot) | (explosion from gunshot) |
131 | 00:08:12,274 | 00:08:14,199 | And it wasn't long before outsiders | And it wasn't long before outsiders |
132 | 00:08:14,274 | 00:08:15,959 | Joined the deadly treasure hunt. | Joined the deadly treasure hunt. |
133 | 00:08:17,634 | 00:08:20,519 | In the towns and settlements on the edge of the jungle, | In the towns and settlements on the edge of the jungle, |
134 | 00:08:20,594 | 00:08:23,559 | Colonial settlers soon learnt the ancient art | Colonial settlers soon learnt the ancient art |
135 | 00:08:23,634 | 00:08:24,599 | Of head shrinking. | Of head shrinking. |
136 | 00:08:39,641 | 00:08:40,992 | Mastrelli: By the late 19th century, | Mastrelli: By the late 19th century, |
137 | 00:08:41,001 | 00:08:42,992 | The shuar and the colonial settlers | The shuar and the colonial settlers |
138 | 00:08:43,001 | 00:08:45,319 | Were all making shrunken heads to sell. | Were all making shrunken heads to sell. |
139 | 00:08:49,234 | 00:08:52,599 | For the shuar, as victims and perpetrators, | For the shuar, as victims and perpetrators, |
140 | 00:08:52,674 | 00:08:56,319 | The consequences of this twisted trade were catastrophic. | The consequences of this twisted trade were catastrophic. |
141 | 00:08:58,914 | 00:09:03,879 | The proud shuar tribe was pushed to the brink of extinction. | The proud shuar tribe was pushed to the brink of extinction. |
142 | 00:09:26,514 | 00:09:28,352 | Gradually, victorian obsession | Gradually, victorian obsession |
143 | 00:09:28,361 | 00:09:30,119 | Turned to modern repulsion. | Turned to modern repulsion. |
144 | 00:09:31,001 | 00:09:35,159 | From the 1930s onwards, the trade in shrunken heads declined | From the 1930s onwards, the trade in shrunken heads declined |
145 | 00:09:36,041 | 00:09:37,472 | Until it was eventually banned | Until it was eventually banned |
146 | 00:09:37,481 | 00:09:40,759 | By the ecuadorian government in the 1960s. | By the ecuadorian government in the 1960s. |
147 | 00:09:42,194 | 00:09:45,599 | Now, doctor tobias houlton wants to set the record straight. | Now, doctor tobias houlton wants to set the record straight. |
148 | 00:09:48,274 | 00:09:50,519 | He wants to help restore the shuar's reputation | He wants to help restore the shuar's reputation |
149 | 00:09:50,594 | 00:09:55,119 | As a proud ancient people, using 21st century technology. | As a proud ancient people, using 21st century technology. |
150 | 00:09:56,194 | 00:09:57,952 | But first he must learn | But first he must learn |
151 | 00:09:57,961 | 00:10:00,679 | The centuries old craft of head shrinking. | The centuries old craft of head shrinking. |
152 | 00:10:03,714 | 00:10:06,359 | Anthropologist, doctor tobias houlton is on a mission | Anthropologist, doctor tobias houlton is on a mission |
153 | 00:10:06,434 | 00:10:09,472 | To reveal the secrets of shrunken heads. | To reveal the secrets of shrunken heads. |
154 | 00:10:09,481 | 00:10:10,912 | In cuenca, ecuador, | In cuenca, ecuador, |
155 | 00:10:10,921 | 00:10:12,672 | He's been investigating this ancient ritual, | He's been investigating this ancient ritual, |
156 | 00:10:12,681 | 00:10:14,919 | But now he's hoping to learn more from the tribal elders | But now he's hoping to learn more from the tribal elders |
157 | 00:10:14,994 | 00:10:18,439 | Of the shuar and apply his findings in a unique experiment, | Of the shuar and apply his findings in a unique experiment, |
158 | 00:10:18,514 | 00:10:20,399 | One that has been years in the making. | One that has been years in the making. |
159 | 00:10:24,594 | 00:10:28,039 | Houlton: My earliest experience of witnessing a shrunken head | Houlton: My earliest experience of witnessing a shrunken head |
160 | 00:10:28,114 | 00:10:29,552 | Must have been when I was in school, | Must have been when I was in school, |
161 | 00:10:29,561 | 00:10:33,072 | Aged near enough nine, ten years old. | Aged near enough nine, ten years old. |
162 | 00:10:33,081 | 00:10:34,839 | And I remember walking into a museum | And I remember walking into a museum |
163 | 00:10:34,914 | 00:10:37,319 | And seeing this specimen on display, | And seeing this specimen on display, |
164 | 00:10:37,394 | 00:10:40,992 | And immediately questions were ringing in my head. | And immediately questions were ringing in my head. |
165 | 00:10:41,001 | 00:10:43,559 | Who produced these incredible specimens? | Who produced these incredible specimens? |
166 | 00:10:43,634 | 00:10:44,439 | How did they do it? | How did they do it? |
167 | 00:10:44,514 | 00:10:45,559 | Why did they do it? | Why did they do it? |
168 | 00:10:46,514 | 00:10:49,232 | Mastrelli: More recently, houlton has been captivated | Mastrelli: More recently, houlton has been captivated |
169 | 00:10:49,241 | 00:10:51,479 | By one head above all others. | By one head above all others. |
170 | 00:10:52,354 | 00:10:55,719 | The shrunken head of a man given to the mcmanus museum | The shrunken head of a man given to the mcmanus museum |
171 | 00:10:55,794 | 00:10:58,999 | In dundee, scotland in 1923. | In dundee, scotland in 1923. |
172 | 00:11:00,834 | 00:11:02,992 | Doctor tobias houlton wants to discover | Doctor tobias houlton wants to discover |
173 | 00:11:03,001 | 00:11:05,519 | The effects of the shrinking process. | The effects of the shrinking process. |
174 | 00:11:06,754 | 00:11:08,352 | Then with this information, | Then with this information, |
175 | 00:11:08,361 | 00:11:11,392 | He'll attempt to reverse engineer the process | He'll attempt to reverse engineer the process |
176 | 00:11:11,401 | 00:11:14,519 | That turned this man into a shrunken head, | That turned this man into a shrunken head, |
177 | 00:11:15,474 | 00:11:18,359 | To create a computer-generated reconstruction | To create a computer-generated reconstruction |
178 | 00:11:18,434 | 00:11:21,952 | Of the man's face as he looked in life. | Of the man's face as he looked in life. |
179 | 00:11:21,961 | 00:11:25,392 | Houlton: I want to go ahead and reconstruct a shrunken head | Houlton: I want to go ahead and reconstruct a shrunken head |
180 | 00:11:25,401 | 00:11:28,592 | To its original full human form. | To its original full human form. |
181 | 00:11:28,601 | 00:11:30,679 | And this is essentially to raise the dignity | And this is essentially to raise the dignity |
182 | 00:11:30,754 | 00:11:33,632 | Of that individual and remind everyone | Of that individual and remind everyone |
183 | 00:11:33,641 | 00:11:36,119 | That this was actually a human being. | That this was actually a human being. |
184 | 00:11:36,194 | 00:11:37,399 | Mastrelli: The trade in heads | Mastrelli: The trade in heads |
185 | 00:11:37,474 | 00:11:39,872 | Was banned over half a century ago, | Was banned over half a century ago, |
186 | 00:11:39,881 | 00:11:43,079 | But the physical process of making a ceremonial head | But the physical process of making a ceremonial head |
187 | 00:11:43,154 | 00:11:44,992 | Has been handed down by word of mouth | Has been handed down by word of mouth |
188 | 00:11:45,001 | 00:11:46,839 | To today's tribal elders. | To today's tribal elders. |
189 | 00:11:49,794 | 00:11:54,039 | Shuar tribal elder, nawech entsa kayap pedro, | Shuar tribal elder, nawech entsa kayap pedro, |
190 | 00:11:54,114 | 00:11:56,119 | Is one of the few people alive today | Is one of the few people alive today |
191 | 00:11:56,194 | 00:11:59,199 | Who know how to make a ceremonial tsantsa. | Who know how to make a ceremonial tsantsa. |
192 | 00:12:00,361 | 00:12:03,479 | For houlton, this meeting is a unique opportunity | For houlton, this meeting is a unique opportunity |
193 | 00:12:03,554 | 00:12:07,879 | To discover the secrets of the tsantsa at first hand. | To discover the secrets of the tsantsa at first hand. |
194 | 00:12:19,001 | 00:12:20,992 | Mastrelli: Nawech shares his ancient knowledge, | Mastrelli: Nawech shares his ancient knowledge, |
195 | 00:12:21,001 | 00:12:22,992 | Providing a blow by blow account | Providing a blow by blow account |
196 | 00:12:23,001 | 00:12:25,439 | Of how to shrink a human head. | Of how to shrink a human head. |
197 | 00:12:30,594 | 00:12:32,112 | As houlton listens, | As houlton listens, |
198 | 00:12:32,121 | 00:12:35,952 | Nawech explains the process in detail, | Nawech explains the process in detail, |
199 | 00:12:35,961 | 00:12:39,712 | How to remove the skull, eyes and tongue, | How to remove the skull, eyes and tongue, |
200 | 00:12:39,721 | 00:12:43,239 | How to treat the skin and how to dry it out. | How to treat the skin and how to dry it out. |
201 | 00:12:51,081 | 00:12:53,959 | Mastrelli: This unique insight reveals the ritual | Mastrelli: This unique insight reveals the ritual |
202 | 00:12:54,034 | 00:12:55,552 | And technical complexity | And technical complexity |
203 | 00:12:55,561 | 00:12:59,079 | Of making a genuine ceremonial shrunken head. | Of making a genuine ceremonial shrunken head. |
204 | 00:13:00,594 | 00:13:02,752 | Houlton: To actually preserve a human head | Houlton: To actually preserve a human head |
205 | 00:13:02,761 | 00:13:04,599 | Within a hot and humid environment | Within a hot and humid environment |
206 | 00:13:04,674 | 00:13:06,999 | Is something that doesn't come naturally. | Is something that doesn't come naturally. |
207 | 00:13:07,074 | 00:13:09,152 | So the intelligence and sophistication | So the intelligence and sophistication |
208 | 00:13:09,161 | 00:13:11,559 | That they had to practice in order to mummify | That they had to practice in order to mummify |
209 | 00:13:11,634 | 00:13:14,599 | These heads is quite astonishing. | These heads is quite astonishing. |
210 | 00:13:14,674 | 00:13:18,039 | And the ability to preserve a head for over a hundred years | And the ability to preserve a head for over a hundred years |
211 | 00:13:18,114 | 00:13:20,512 | Within an amazon rainforest condition | Within an amazon rainforest condition |
212 | 00:13:20,521 | 00:13:22,239 | Is really quite incredible. | Is really quite incredible. |
213 | 00:13:23,321 | 00:13:24,759 | Mastrelli: Houlton's trip to ecuador | Mastrelli: Houlton's trip to ecuador |
214 | 00:13:24,834 | 00:13:27,319 | Has given him step -by-step instructions | Has given him step -by-step instructions |
215 | 00:13:27,394 | 00:13:29,319 | On how to shrink a head. | On how to shrink a head. |
216 | 00:13:30,201 | 00:13:33,999 | Now, he must put this new-found knowledge into practice. | Now, he must put this new-found knowledge into practice. |
217 | 00:13:34,921 | 00:13:36,032 | His goal? | His goal? |
218 | 00:13:36,041 | 00:13:38,119 | To create a shrunken head. | To create a shrunken head. |
219 | 00:13:39,634 | 00:13:42,352 | With smooth, relatively hairless skin, | With smooth, relatively hairless skin, |
220 | 00:13:42,361 | 00:13:46,672 | A pig's head provides the closet analogy to a human head. | A pig's head provides the closet analogy to a human head. |
221 | 00:13:46,681 | 00:13:49,392 | Houlton: So I'm just taking dimensions across the face, | Houlton: So I'm just taking dimensions across the face, |
222 | 00:13:49,401 | 00:13:51,872 | And this will act as a means of comparison | And this will act as a means of comparison |
223 | 00:13:51,881 | 00:13:54,519 | Following head shrinking to get a general idea | Following head shrinking to get a general idea |
224 | 00:13:54,594 | 00:13:56,919 | Of how much the head's reduced. | Of how much the head's reduced. |
225 | 00:13:56,994 | 00:13:59,159 | Mastrelli: Using the techniques learned in ecuador, | Mastrelli: Using the techniques learned in ecuador, |
226 | 00:13:59,234 | 00:14:02,512 | Houlton begins the gruesome process. | Houlton begins the gruesome process. |
227 | 00:14:02,521 | 00:14:04,759 | First, he removes the one thing | First, he removes the one thing |
228 | 00:14:04,834 | 00:14:07,392 | That won't shrink, the skull. | That won't shrink, the skull. |
229 | 00:14:07,401 | 00:14:09,632 | Houlton: What most people don't realize is that the shuar | Houlton: What most people don't realize is that the shuar |
230 | 00:14:09,641 | 00:14:12,999 | Had to remove the skull in order to make shrinkage possible. | Had to remove the skull in order to make shrinkage possible. |
231 | 00:14:13,074 | 00:14:16,359 | So that's the reason for removing the skin from the head. | So that's the reason for removing the skin from the head. |
232 | 00:14:17,714 | 00:14:21,199 | Mastrelli: Next, three wooden pins seal the mouth shut. | Mastrelli: Next, three wooden pins seal the mouth shut. |
233 | 00:14:22,201 | 00:14:25,559 | Houlton: Amongst the shuar, it was essential that the mouth | Houlton: Amongst the shuar, it was essential that the mouth |
234 | 00:14:25,634 | 00:14:28,592 | Was well and truly fastened because that was believed | Was well and truly fastened because that was believed |
235 | 00:14:28,601 | 00:14:32,432 | To be the central orifice that the enemy's spirits | To be the central orifice that the enemy's spirits |
236 | 00:14:32,441 | 00:14:33,439 | Would escape from. | Would escape from. |
237 | 00:14:35,074 | 00:14:38,079 | Mastrelli: He uses thick twine to sew the eyes shut. | Mastrelli: He uses thick twine to sew the eyes shut. |
238 | 00:14:39,314 | 00:14:43,072 | Houlton: So the significance of stitching the eyelids shut | Houlton: So the significance of stitching the eyelids shut |
239 | 00:14:43,081 | 00:14:45,632 | Was that it was a means of trapping | Was that it was a means of trapping |
240 | 00:14:45,641 | 00:14:47,799 | The enemy's spirits within the head. | The enemy's spirits within the head. |
241 | 00:14:49,321 | 00:14:51,552 | Mastrelli: With the mouth and eyes sealed, | Mastrelli: With the mouth and eyes sealed, |
242 | 00:14:51,561 | 00:14:54,439 | Houlton places the head into boiling water | Houlton places the head into boiling water |
243 | 00:14:54,514 | 00:14:56,119 | And leaves it for an hour. | And leaves it for an hour. |
244 | 00:14:57,314 | 00:14:58,759 | Like human skin, | Like human skin, |
245 | 00:14:58,834 | 00:15:01,872 | The pig's skin is made up of collagen fibers, | The pig's skin is made up of collagen fibers, |
246 | 00:15:01,881 | 00:15:04,512 | And when these fibers are exposed to temperatures | And when these fibers are exposed to temperatures |
247 | 00:15:04,521 | 00:15:07,879 | Above 145 degrees, they contract, | Above 145 degrees, they contract, |
248 | 00:15:07,954 | 00:15:10,119 | Causing the skin to shrink. | Causing the skin to shrink. |
249 | 00:15:16,281 | 00:15:19,552 | To dry the skin and shrink the head even further, | To dry the skin and shrink the head even further, |
250 | 00:15:19,561 | 00:15:23,632 | Houlton fills it with hot pebbles and sand. | Houlton fills it with hot pebbles and sand. |
251 | 00:15:23,641 | 00:15:26,199 | This absorbs any remaining moisture. | This absorbs any remaining moisture. |
252 | 00:15:28,841 | 00:15:31,279 | Finally, he irons the skin. | Finally, he irons the skin. |
253 | 00:15:32,194 | 00:15:34,439 | Houlton: This is essentially the final touches | Houlton: This is essentially the final touches |
254 | 00:15:34,514 | 00:15:36,352 | Of the head shrinking process. | Of the head shrinking process. |
255 | 00:15:36,361 | 00:15:40,272 | What I'm doing is taking a hot flat pebble | What I'm doing is taking a hot flat pebble |
256 | 00:15:40,281 | 00:15:42,832 | And ironing the outer face with it. | And ironing the outer face with it. |
257 | 00:15:42,841 | 00:15:45,392 | And what this is doing is helping me mold the skin | And what this is doing is helping me mold the skin |
258 | 00:15:45,401 | 00:15:49,279 | And dry it out entirely from the outside. | And dry it out entirely from the outside. |
259 | 00:15:50,761 | 00:15:52,279 | Mastrelli: By the end of the process, | Mastrelli: By the end of the process, |
260 | 00:15:52,354 | 00:15:54,759 | The pig's head is significantly smaller. | The pig's head is significantly smaller. |
261 | 00:15:56,434 | 00:15:57,879 | Now that he's seen first hand | Now that he's seen first hand |
262 | 00:15:57,954 | 00:16:00,512 | How the shrinking process changes a head, | How the shrinking process changes a head, |
263 | 00:16:00,521 | 00:16:03,559 | Houlton can embark on the final part of his quest. | Houlton can embark on the final part of his quest. |
264 | 00:16:04,601 | 00:16:06,992 | Houlton: The next stage is to take all the information | Houlton: The next stage is to take all the information |
265 | 00:16:07,001 | 00:16:10,112 | That I've gotten so far and actually go through the process | That I've gotten so far and actually go through the process |
266 | 00:16:10,121 | 00:16:13,232 | Of reconstructing the face of a shrunken head | Of reconstructing the face of a shrunken head |
267 | 00:16:13,241 | 00:16:15,919 | To revive the warrior that once existed. | To revive the warrior that once existed. |
268 | 00:16:17,714 | 00:16:20,912 | Mastrelli: Using cutting edge computer modeling technology, | Mastrelli: Using cutting edge computer modeling technology, |
269 | 00:16:20,921 | 00:16:22,359 | Houlton will attempt something | Houlton will attempt something |
270 | 00:16:22,434 | 00:16:24,839 | That's never been done before, | That's never been done before, |
271 | 00:16:24,914 | 00:16:28,039 | To reverse the head shrinking process | To reverse the head shrinking process |
272 | 00:16:28,114 | 00:16:31,279 | And discover the man behind the shrunken head. | And discover the man behind the shrunken head. |
273 | 00:16:36,034 | 00:16:39,952 | On a mission to reveal the secrets of shrunken heads, | On a mission to reveal the secrets of shrunken heads, |
274 | 00:16:39,961 | 00:16:43,152 | Facial anatomy expert, doctor tobias houlton, | Facial anatomy expert, doctor tobias houlton, |
275 | 00:16:43,161 | 00:16:45,439 | Has discovered how to shrink a head. | Has discovered how to shrink a head. |
276 | 00:16:47,161 | 00:16:50,352 | Now he's ready to reverse the process, | Now he's ready to reverse the process, |
277 | 00:16:50,361 | 00:16:54,559 | And reveal how one victim would have looked in life. | And reveal how one victim would have looked in life. |
278 | 00:16:55,561 | 00:16:57,639 | Houlton: It's not gonna right the wrongs of the past, | Houlton: It's not gonna right the wrongs of the past, |
279 | 00:16:57,714 | 00:17:01,399 | But at least we're bringing back the human being | But at least we're bringing back the human being |
280 | 00:17:01,474 | 00:17:06,439 | From what is essentially looked upon as a museum artifact, | From what is essentially looked upon as a museum artifact, |
281 | 00:17:07,154 | 00:17:08,679 | Or a cultural specimen. | Or a cultural specimen. |
282 | 00:17:11,154 | 00:17:13,072 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
283 | 00:17:13,081 | 00:17:14,912 | Mastrelli: Houlton has traveled to liverpool's | Mastrelli: Houlton has traveled to liverpool's |
284 | 00:17:14,921 | 00:17:17,319 | John moores university in the u.K. | John moores university in the u.K. |
285 | 00:17:19,474 | 00:17:21,879 | Here, at the renowned face lab, | Here, at the renowned face lab, |
286 | 00:17:21,954 | 00:17:23,959 | Facial reconstruction expert, | Facial reconstruction expert, |
287 | 00:17:24,034 | 00:17:27,472 | Professor caroline wilkinson has given a face | Professor caroline wilkinson has given a face |
288 | 00:17:27,481 | 00:17:30,112 | To thousands of john and jane does, | To thousands of john and jane does, |
289 | 00:17:30,121 | 00:17:32,599 | And helped solve hundreds of murders | And helped solve hundreds of murders |
290 | 00:17:32,674 | 00:17:34,759 | And archeological mysteries, | And archeological mysteries, |
291 | 00:17:34,834 | 00:17:38,359 | But this could be her toughest case yet. | But this could be her toughest case yet. |
292 | 00:17:38,434 | 00:17:40,999 | Wilkinson: Usually with the facial reconstruction process, | Wilkinson: Usually with the facial reconstruction process, |
293 | 00:17:41,074 | 00:17:43,232 | What we're doing is we're looking at the structure | What we're doing is we're looking at the structure |
294 | 00:17:43,241 | 00:17:47,079 | Of the skull and the details of the bones of the skull | Of the skull and the details of the bones of the skull |
295 | 00:17:47,154 | 00:17:50,359 | To tell us about the soft tissue features. | To tell us about the soft tissue features. |
296 | 00:17:50,434 | 00:17:52,992 | Mastrelli: But shrunken heads have no skulls. | Mastrelli: But shrunken heads have no skulls. |
297 | 00:17:53,001 | 00:17:56,352 | The skull is removed to allow the head to shrink. | The skull is removed to allow the head to shrink. |
298 | 00:17:56,361 | 00:17:59,152 | Wilkinson: In this case, since we don't have a skull, | Wilkinson: In this case, since we don't have a skull, |
299 | 00:17:59,161 | 00:18:01,312 | We're going to use a template skull, | We're going to use a template skull, |
300 | 00:18:01,321 | 00:18:04,359 | Which is a typical skull from that part of the world | Which is a typical skull from that part of the world |
301 | 00:18:04,434 | 00:18:07,679 | Of a similar age and gender to our target individual. | Of a similar age and gender to our target individual. |
302 | 00:18:08,834 | 00:18:11,552 | Mastrelli: Using a template skull is standard practice | Mastrelli: Using a template skull is standard practice |
303 | 00:18:11,561 | 00:18:15,639 | In forensic and archeological facial reconstructions | In forensic and archeological facial reconstructions |
304 | 00:18:15,714 | 00:18:19,239 | Where part of the skull is missing or badly damaged. | Where part of the skull is missing or badly damaged. |
305 | 00:18:20,274 | 00:18:22,752 | It won't provide a perfect likeness, | It won't provide a perfect likeness, |
306 | 00:18:22,761 | 00:18:25,639 | But it's the best solution with the available evidence. | But it's the best solution with the available evidence. |
307 | 00:18:26,754 | 00:18:30,992 | Wilkinson: We can use that template to unfold and inflate | Wilkinson: We can use that template to unfold and inflate |
308 | 00:18:31,001 | 00:18:34,599 | That shrunken head so that we can build the facial features | That shrunken head so that we can build the facial features |
309 | 00:18:34,674 | 00:18:37,639 | And slowly build up the facial appearance of the individual. | And slowly build up the facial appearance of the individual. |
310 | 00:18:38,674 | 00:18:40,432 | Mastrelli: Houlton's analysis has established | Mastrelli: Houlton's analysis has established |
311 | 00:18:40,441 | 00:18:42,439 | Shrunken heads are, on average, | Shrunken heads are, on average, |
312 | 00:18:42,514 | 00:18:44,839 | A fifth of their original size. | A fifth of their original size. |
313 | 00:18:45,714 | 00:18:47,552 | So to reverse the process, | So to reverse the process, |
314 | 00:18:47,561 | 00:18:51,439 | The head must be scaled up to five times its current size. | The head must be scaled up to five times its current size. |
315 | 00:18:52,994 | 00:18:54,359 | Wilkinson: You need a bit of growth on the cranium, | Wilkinson: You need a bit of growth on the cranium, |
316 | 00:18:54,434 | 00:18:55,239 | Don't you? | Don't you? |
317 | 00:18:55,314 | 00:18:55,959 | Houlton: Yeah. Yeah. | Houlton: Yeah. Yeah. |
318 | 00:18:57,154 | 00:19:00,432 | Mastrelli: The nose and mouth require careful attention. | Mastrelli: The nose and mouth require careful attention. |
319 | 00:19:00,441 | 00:19:04,359 | The mouth has become distorted by being pinned shut. | The mouth has become distorted by being pinned shut. |
320 | 00:19:04,434 | 00:19:06,999 | And without a skull to hold it in place, | And without a skull to hold it in place, |
321 | 00:19:07,074 | 00:19:10,679 | The nose has retracted upwards as it shrunk. | The nose has retracted upwards as it shrunk. |
322 | 00:19:10,754 | 00:19:12,919 | To correct these exaggerations, | To correct these exaggerations, |
323 | 00:19:12,994 | 00:19:15,159 | Houlton turns to early photographs | Houlton turns to early photographs |
324 | 00:19:15,234 | 00:19:18,512 | Of shuar tribesmen as a reference point. | Of shuar tribesmen as a reference point. |
325 | 00:19:18,521 | 00:19:21,159 | Wilkinson: If we push the mouth back in, | Wilkinson: If we push the mouth back in, |
326 | 00:19:21,234 | 00:19:24,272 | And then this is pretty much there around the top. | And then this is pretty much there around the top. |
327 | 00:19:24,281 | 00:19:25,712 | Houlton: Sure. | Houlton: Sure. |
328 | 00:19:25,721 | 00:19:27,952 | Mastrelli: Houlton uses tissue depth markers | Mastrelli: Houlton uses tissue depth markers |
329 | 00:19:27,961 | 00:19:31,392 | Based on data from average indigenous americans | Based on data from average indigenous americans |
330 | 00:19:31,401 | 00:19:35,632 | To digitally reinstate the tissue, fat and muscle | To digitally reinstate the tissue, fat and muscle |
331 | 00:19:35,641 | 00:19:38,319 | Destroyed during the shrinking process, | Destroyed during the shrinking process, |
332 | 00:19:40,034 | 00:19:42,319 | And give the face back its shape. | And give the face back its shape. |
333 | 00:19:44,281 | 00:19:46,432 | With the facial structure in place, | With the facial structure in place, |
334 | 00:19:46,441 | 00:19:49,799 | Skin texture and typical shuar body ornamentation | Skin texture and typical shuar body ornamentation |
335 | 00:19:49,874 | 00:19:51,632 | Can be added. | Can be added. |
336 | 00:19:51,641 | 00:19:54,352 | Bamboo tubes decorated with red and yellow | Bamboo tubes decorated with red and yellow |
337 | 00:19:54,361 | 00:19:56,199 | Toucan feathers pierce the ears. | Toucan feathers pierce the ears. |
338 | 00:19:57,321 | 00:19:59,959 | Wilkinson: We can use cutting edge cgi techniques | Wilkinson: We can use cutting edge cgi techniques |
339 | 00:20:00,034 | 00:20:01,952 | For adding the skin and the hair, | For adding the skin and the hair, |
340 | 00:20:01,961 | 00:20:05,079 | And the other realistic details of the face. | And the other realistic details of the face. |
341 | 00:20:05,154 | 00:20:08,759 | Mastrelli: Finally, the program renders the fine details | Mastrelli: Finally, the program renders the fine details |
342 | 00:20:08,834 | 00:20:10,759 | And the process is complete. | And the process is complete. |
343 | 00:20:12,841 | 00:20:15,552 | At least a hundred years after his death, | At least a hundred years after his death, |
344 | 00:20:15,561 | 00:20:18,919 | Five thousand miles from his birth place, | Five thousand miles from his birth place, |
345 | 00:20:18,994 | 00:20:22,359 | A shuar warrior stares out from the screen. | A shuar warrior stares out from the screen. |
346 | 00:20:23,474 | 00:20:26,032 | Wilkinson: Is this the face you expected? | Wilkinson: Is this the face you expected? |
347 | 00:20:26,041 | 00:20:28,752 | Houlton: Well, it certainly looks like a shuar warrior. | Houlton: Well, it certainly looks like a shuar warrior. |
348 | 00:20:28,761 | 00:20:29,639 | Wilkinson: It does. | Wilkinson: It does. |
349 | 00:20:29,714 | 00:20:31,399 | Houlton: So yeah. | Houlton: So yeah. |
350 | 00:20:31,474 | 00:20:31,999 | Wilkinson: It looks amazing. Houlton: It's impressive, yeah. | Wilkinson: It looks amazing. Houlton: It's impressive, yeah. |
351 | 00:20:33,074 | 00:20:35,559 | Mastrelli: From amazonian warrior | Mastrelli: From amazonian warrior |
352 | 00:20:35,634 | 00:20:39,159 | To victorian collector's item and back. | To victorian collector's item and back. |
353 | 00:20:40,834 | 00:20:43,079 | Houlton: They're more than just head shrinkers. | Houlton: They're more than just head shrinkers. |
354 | 00:20:43,154 | 00:20:47,399 | That's one very small element of their identity. | That's one very small element of their identity. |
355 | 00:20:47,474 | 00:20:50,192 | You know, they're botanists, they're horticulturalists. | You know, they're botanists, they're horticulturalists. |
356 | 00:20:50,201 | 00:20:52,352 | They understand their environments. | They understand their environments. |
357 | 00:20:52,361 | 00:20:54,959 | They know how to survive in the amazon rainforest. | They know how to survive in the amazon rainforest. |
358 | 00:21:24,754 | 00:21:26,999 | Mastrelli: The story of shrunken heads and this man | Mastrelli: The story of shrunken heads and this man |
359 | 00:21:27,074 | 00:21:29,879 | Is more than a story of macabre museum pieces | Is more than a story of macabre museum pieces |
360 | 00:21:29,954 | 00:21:31,552 | And victorian oddities. | And victorian oddities. |
361 | 00:21:31,561 | 00:21:33,479 | It's the story of a society, | It's the story of a society, |
362 | 00:21:33,554 | 00:21:37,719 | Of victims and the exploitation of ancient rituals. | Of victims and the exploitation of ancient rituals. |
363 | 00:21:37,794 | 00:21:39,239 | While little attention was paid | While little attention was paid |
364 | 00:21:39,314 | 00:21:41,559 | To the provenance of these shrunken heads, | To the provenance of these shrunken heads, |
365 | 00:21:41,634 | 00:21:44,119 | Today they have sparked a greater ethical debate | Today they have sparked a greater ethical debate |
366 | 00:21:44,194 | 00:21:47,079 | On the display of human remains in museums. | On the display of human remains in museums. |
367 | 00:21:47,154 | 00:21:50,679 | In case you're wondering, in 1995 the smithsonian's | In case you're wondering, in 1995 the smithsonian's |
368 | 00:21:50,754 | 00:21:54,119 | National museum of the american indian led the way | National museum of the american indian led the way |
369 | 00:21:54,194 | 00:21:57,392 | By becoming the first to repatriate its collection | By becoming the first to repatriate its collection |
370 | 00:21:57,401 | 00:21:58,919 | To the shuar federation. | To the shuar federation. |