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# | Start | End | Original | Translated |
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1 | 00:00:00,951 | 00:00:03,127 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
2 | 00:00:04,538 | 00:00:08,874 | Mastrelli: A lion with the head of a man, | Mastrelli: A lion with the head of a man, |
3 | 00:00:08,884 | 00:00:12,344 | Carved from a single piece of rock in the egyptian desert. | Carved from a single piece of rock in the egyptian desert. |
4 | 00:00:13,464 | 00:00:16,724 | No monument on earth is more recognizable, | No monument on earth is more recognizable, |
5 | 00:00:16,800 | 00:00:18,642 | Or more puzzling. | Or more puzzling. |
6 | 00:00:18,719 | 00:00:23,305 | Now investigators will try to put a name to this face, | Now investigators will try to put a name to this face, |
7 | 00:00:23,315 | 00:00:26,817 | And provide an answer to the oldest mystery of them all: | And provide an answer to the oldest mystery of them all: |
8 | 00:00:27,903 | 00:00:29,987 | The riddle of the sphinx. | The riddle of the sphinx. |
9 | 00:00:32,241 | 00:00:33,240 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
10 | 00:00:33,317 | 00:00:35,826 | For centuries, the mysteries | For centuries, the mysteries |
11 | 00:00:35,903 | 00:00:40,247 | Of the past have kept their secrets. | Of the past have kept their secrets. |
12 | 00:00:40,324 | 00:00:44,168 | But there are clues cast in gold, | But there are clues cast in gold, |
13 | 00:00:44,244 | 00:00:48,672 | Etched in stone, written in blood. | Etched in stone, written in blood. |
14 | 00:00:48,749 | 00:00:51,917 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
15 | 00:00:51,927 | 00:00:54,086 | We can unlock them. | We can unlock them. |
16 | 00:00:54,096 | 00:00:56,805 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
17 | 00:01:10,780 | 00:01:13,113 | Without any inscriptions from the time it was built, | Without any inscriptions from the time it was built, |
18 | 00:01:13,190 | 00:01:16,033 | The sphinx has puzzled archeologists for centuries. | The sphinx has puzzled archeologists for centuries. |
19 | 00:01:16,110 | 00:01:18,952 | But there's one thing we do know: | But there's one thing we do know: |
20 | 00:01:19,029 | 00:01:20,954 | There's no truth to the legend that one | There's no truth to the legend that one |
21 | 00:01:21,031 | 00:01:24,458 | Of napoleon's cannon balls knocked off the sphinx's nose. | Of napoleon's cannon balls knocked off the sphinx's nose. |
22 | 00:01:24,535 | 00:01:26,627 | Danish explorer frederic norden | Danish explorer frederic norden |
23 | 00:01:26,703 | 00:01:30,214 | Had reported it missing 60 years earlier. | Had reported it missing 60 years earlier. |
24 | 00:01:30,290 | 00:01:33,133 | The culprit is thought to be a devout sufi muslim, | The culprit is thought to be a devout sufi muslim, |
25 | 00:01:33,210 | 00:01:35,385 | Who in the 14th century didn't like the idea | Who in the 14th century didn't like the idea |
26 | 00:01:35,462 | 00:01:38,639 | That peasants were still making offerings to the statue. | That peasants were still making offerings to the statue. |
27 | 00:01:38,715 | 00:01:41,299 | Almost 2,000 years after the last pharaoh, | Almost 2,000 years after the last pharaoh, |
28 | 00:01:41,310 | 00:01:44,302 | The sphinx was still being revered. | The sphinx was still being revered. |
29 | 00:01:44,313 | 00:01:45,646 | It's a testament to one | It's a testament to one |
30 | 00:01:45,722 | 00:01:48,890 | Of the most enigmatic statues ever created. | Of the most enigmatic statues ever created. |
31 | 00:01:48,901 | 00:01:51,819 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
32 | 00:01:52,905 | 00:01:57,366 | The sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion | The sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion |
33 | 00:01:58,661 | 00:02:00,244 | And the head of a man. | And the head of a man. |
34 | 00:02:02,164 | 00:02:06,658 | At nearly 60 feet high and 240 feet long, | At nearly 60 feet high and 240 feet long, |
35 | 00:02:06,669 | 00:02:11,004 | The sphinx is the biggest single stone statue in existence, | The sphinx is the biggest single stone statue in existence, |
36 | 00:02:11,081 | 00:02:15,801 | As tall as a six-story building, as long as a 747 jet. | As tall as a six-story building, as long as a 747 jet. |
37 | 00:02:16,595 | 00:02:19,429 | It has watched over the world for millennia, | It has watched over the world for millennia, |
38 | 00:02:19,506 | 00:02:22,599 | And stands guard over the great pyramid | And stands guard over the great pyramid |
39 | 00:02:22,676 | 00:02:27,104 | Last survivor of the seven wonders of the ancient world. | Last survivor of the seven wonders of the ancient world. |
40 | 00:02:27,181 | 00:02:30,440 | The sphinx has drawn explorers for centuries, | The sphinx has drawn explorers for centuries, |
41 | 00:02:30,517 | 00:02:34,528 | And is one of the most studied treasures of all antiquity, | And is one of the most studied treasures of all antiquity, |
42 | 00:02:34,605 | 00:02:37,698 | But it remains a frustrating puzzle. | But it remains a frustrating puzzle. |
43 | 00:02:37,774 | 00:02:39,533 | Hartwig: We really don't know much about it. | Hartwig: We really don't know much about it. |
44 | 00:02:39,610 | 00:02:41,610 | There are no texts that date from the time | There are no texts that date from the time |
45 | 00:02:41,620 | 00:02:42,786 | That it was built. | That it was built. |
46 | 00:02:42,863 | 00:02:44,196 | You would have expected the egyptians | You would have expected the egyptians |
47 | 00:02:44,206 | 00:02:46,123 | To say something about it. | To say something about it. |
48 | 00:02:46,200 | 00:02:48,041 | We look at the sphinx and, what is it? | We look at the sphinx and, what is it? |
49 | 00:02:48,118 | 00:02:49,117 | What is it for? | What is it for? |
50 | 00:02:49,128 | 00:02:50,702 | Who did it? | Who did it? |
51 | 00:02:50,713 | 00:02:52,204 | These are sort of the enduring questions | These are sort of the enduring questions |
52 | 00:02:52,214 | 00:02:55,207 | That we continue to ask as archeologists. | That we continue to ask as archeologists. |
53 | 00:02:55,217 | 00:02:56,791 | Mastrelli: One text dating | Mastrelli: One text dating |
54 | 00:02:56,802 | 00:02:58,886 | From after the sphinx's construction, | From after the sphinx's construction, |
55 | 00:02:58,962 | 00:03:01,463 | During the reign of thutmose iv, | During the reign of thutmose iv, |
56 | 00:03:01,473 | 00:03:05,383 | Does give us an indication why the statue was revered | Does give us an indication why the statue was revered |
57 | 00:03:05,394 | 00:03:06,351 | In ancient egypt. | In ancient egypt. |
58 | 00:03:08,889 | 00:03:11,899 | Hartwig: This is an amazing stela, that is the first mention | Hartwig: This is an amazing stela, that is the first mention |
59 | 00:03:11,975 | 00:03:12,983 | Of the sphinx. | Of the sphinx. |
60 | 00:03:14,144 | 00:03:18,563 | At the top of the stela we have two images of thutmose iv, | At the top of the stela we have two images of thutmose iv, |
61 | 00:03:18,574 | 00:03:21,742 | And in one side he's actually incensing the sphinx | And in one side he's actually incensing the sphinx |
62 | 00:03:21,818 | 00:03:24,828 | And the other one he's giving water offerings. | And the other one he's giving water offerings. |
63 | 00:03:24,905 | 00:03:27,539 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
64 | 00:03:28,667 | 00:03:31,251 | Mastrelli: Carved on the tablet is a legend recorded | Mastrelli: Carved on the tablet is a legend recorded |
65 | 00:03:31,328 | 00:03:35,330 | By thutmose recounting an incident from his youth, | By thutmose recounting an incident from his youth, |
66 | 00:03:35,341 | 00:03:36,924 | When he was a young prince. | When he was a young prince. |
67 | 00:03:41,255 | 00:03:44,256 | On a hunting expedition, the young thutmose came | On a hunting expedition, the young thutmose came |
68 | 00:03:44,266 | 00:03:47,851 | Across the sphinx, buried up to its neck in desert sand. | Across the sphinx, buried up to its neck in desert sand. |
69 | 00:03:49,179 | 00:03:52,356 | Exhausted by the midday sun, thutmose lay down | Exhausted by the midday sun, thutmose lay down |
70 | 00:03:52,432 | 00:03:54,107 | In the shade of the giant statue. | In the shade of the giant statue. |
71 | 00:03:55,778 | 00:03:59,529 | According to the story carved into the tablet, as he slept, | According to the story carved into the tablet, as he slept, |
72 | 00:03:59,606 | 00:04:03,283 | The sphinx spoke to the young prince in a dream. | The sphinx spoke to the young prince in a dream. |
73 | 00:04:03,360 | 00:04:04,442 | Hartwig: So we know at this point now | Hartwig: So we know at this point now |
74 | 00:04:04,453 | 00:04:06,703 | That the sand was covering the sphinx | That the sand was covering the sphinx |
75 | 00:04:06,780 | 00:04:09,790 | And in this dream the sphinx came to him and he said, | And in this dream the sphinx came to him and he said, |
76 | 00:04:09,866 | 00:04:12,042 | "if you would clear away the sands from my body, | "if you would clear away the sands from my body, |
77 | 00:04:12,119 | 00:04:13,794 | "I will make you king." | "I will make you king." |
78 | 00:04:13,870 | 00:04:16,871 | And that's exactly what he did, and thutmose iv became king, | And that's exactly what he did, and thutmose iv became king, |
79 | 00:04:16,882 | 00:04:18,873 | And he commemorated that very event | And he commemorated that very event |
80 | 00:04:18,884 | 00:04:21,051 | In the stela that we call the dream stela. | In the stela that we call the dream stela. |
81 | 00:04:23,639 | 00:04:26,306 | Mastrelli: So thutmose didn't build the sphinx. | Mastrelli: So thutmose didn't build the sphinx. |
82 | 00:04:26,383 | 00:04:29,268 | By the time he came to power it was already a ruin. | By the time he came to power it was already a ruin. |
83 | 00:04:30,646 | 00:04:33,730 | He dug it from the sand and it's possible | He dug it from the sand and it's possible |
84 | 00:04:33,807 | 00:04:37,559 | That without thutmose the sphinx might have been forgotten. | That without thutmose the sphinx might have been forgotten. |
85 | 00:04:37,569 | 00:04:41,321 | But generations that came after followed his lead, | But generations that came after followed his lead, |
86 | 00:04:41,398 | 00:04:43,657 | Seeking the sphinx's blessing. | Seeking the sphinx's blessing. |
87 | 00:04:43,734 | 00:04:44,992 | Hartwig: With thutmose iv | Hartwig: With thutmose iv |
88 | 00:04:45,068 | 00:04:48,161 | The cult of the sphinx just explodes. | The cult of the sphinx just explodes. |
89 | 00:04:48,238 | 00:04:50,655 | Mastrelli: From the time of thutmose onwards, | Mastrelli: From the time of thutmose onwards, |
90 | 00:04:50,666 | 00:04:53,583 | The sphinx became a place of pilgrimage. | The sphinx became a place of pilgrimage. |
91 | 00:04:53,660 | 00:04:57,170 | The egyptians believed that worshiping the mighty statue | The egyptians believed that worshiping the mighty statue |
92 | 00:04:57,247 | 00:04:59,581 | Could bring health and good fortune. | Could bring health and good fortune. |
93 | 00:04:59,591 | 00:05:02,676 | Hartwig: People would come from memphis, the capital city, | Hartwig: People would come from memphis, the capital city, |
94 | 00:05:02,753 | 00:05:04,761 | They would come from all over egypt | They would come from all over egypt |
95 | 00:05:04,838 | 00:05:08,173 | And they would come to the sphinx and leave gifts. | And they would come to the sphinx and leave gifts. |
96 | 00:05:08,183 | 00:05:10,175 | Mastrelli: The egyptians of thutmose's day | Mastrelli: The egyptians of thutmose's day |
97 | 00:05:10,185 | 00:05:13,478 | Called the sphinx hor-em-akhet, god of the sky. | Called the sphinx hor-em-akhet, god of the sky. |
98 | 00:05:15,515 | 00:05:17,107 | Three and a half thousand years ago | Three and a half thousand years ago |
99 | 00:05:17,184 | 00:05:20,110 | The sphinx played a huge role in the egyptian world. | The sphinx played a huge role in the egyptian world. |
100 | 00:05:21,855 | 00:05:25,866 | But the question remains: Who built it in the first place? | But the question remains: Who built it in the first place? |
101 | 00:05:25,942 | 00:05:26,950 | And why? | And why? |
102 | 00:05:28,028 | 00:05:31,621 | At first glance, it seems obvious to link the sphinx | At first glance, it seems obvious to link the sphinx |
103 | 00:05:31,698 | 00:05:36,001 | To the man-made mountains that tower over it: The pyramids. | To the man-made mountains that tower over it: The pyramids. |
104 | 00:05:38,047 | 00:05:40,955 | The pyramid directly behind the sphinx was built | The pyramid directly behind the sphinx was built |
105 | 00:05:40,966 | 00:05:41,840 | By the pharaoh khafre. | By the pharaoh khafre. |
106 | 00:05:45,471 | 00:05:47,637 | He also built the two temples nearby. | He also built the two temples nearby. |
107 | 00:05:50,133 | 00:05:53,977 | So experts think that khafre is the most likely candidate. | So experts think that khafre is the most likely candidate. |
108 | 00:05:56,065 | 00:05:58,648 | Lacovara: So the sphinx links up to all of these monuments | Lacovara: So the sphinx links up to all of these monuments |
109 | 00:05:58,725 | 00:06:02,310 | Of khafre: The temple, the pyramid. | Of khafre: The temple, the pyramid. |
110 | 00:06:02,321 | 00:06:04,738 | So the sphinx sort of stands here as a guardian | So the sphinx sort of stands here as a guardian |
111 | 00:06:04,815 | 00:06:07,866 | To all these monuments of khafre. | To all these monuments of khafre. |
112 | 00:06:09,411 | 00:06:12,079 | Mastrelli: But that alone isn't proof. | Mastrelli: But that alone isn't proof. |
113 | 00:06:12,155 | 00:06:15,740 | Some experts point the finger in another direction: | Some experts point the finger in another direction: |
114 | 00:06:15,751 | 00:06:18,001 | To the builder of another great pyramid | To the builder of another great pyramid |
115 | 00:06:18,078 | 00:06:20,745 | Which lies close to the sphinx. | Which lies close to the sphinx. |
116 | 00:06:20,756 | 00:06:22,923 | It was built by the father of khafre. | It was built by the father of khafre. |
117 | 00:06:24,343 | 00:06:26,301 | His name was khufu. | His name was khufu. |
118 | 00:06:28,180 | 00:06:32,099 | Khufu was the first pharaoh to build a pyramid at giza. | Khufu was the first pharaoh to build a pyramid at giza. |
119 | 00:06:32,175 | 00:06:36,436 | And if any man was capable of thinking big, it was this guy. | And if any man was capable of thinking big, it was this guy. |
120 | 00:06:36,513 | 00:06:38,855 | Hartwig: Khufu was an amazing innovator. | Hartwig: Khufu was an amazing innovator. |
121 | 00:06:38,932 | 00:06:41,182 | You can't underestimate what he did, | You can't underestimate what he did, |
122 | 00:06:41,193 | 00:06:44,111 | Because essentially he comes to a vast desolate place | Because essentially he comes to a vast desolate place |
123 | 00:06:44,187 | 00:06:46,196 | Which is the giza plateau | Which is the giza plateau |
124 | 00:06:46,273 | 00:06:48,698 | And he builds egypt's largest pyramid. | And he builds egypt's largest pyramid. |
125 | 00:06:50,193 | 00:06:53,578 | Mastrelli: Khufu's man-made mountain took 30 years to build | Mastrelli: Khufu's man-made mountain took 30 years to build |
126 | 00:06:54,948 | 00:06:57,207 | And was the tallest structure in the world. | And was the tallest structure in the world. |
127 | 00:06:59,545 | 00:07:01,294 | Hartwig: Nothing like this had ever appeared | Hartwig: Nothing like this had ever appeared |
128 | 00:07:01,371 | 00:07:03,380 | On the landscape before. | On the landscape before. |
129 | 00:07:03,457 | 00:07:05,799 | This pyramid was built as a type | This pyramid was built as a type |
130 | 00:07:05,876 | 00:07:07,801 | Of propagandistic statement, you know, | Of propagandistic statement, you know, |
131 | 00:07:07,878 | 00:07:09,428 | This is the power of the pharaoh. | This is the power of the pharaoh. |
132 | 00:07:11,056 | 00:07:13,473 | Mastrelli: So maybe khufu could have built the sphinx. | Mastrelli: So maybe khufu could have built the sphinx. |
133 | 00:07:14,968 | 00:07:18,645 | Having changed the face of egypt, why not go for broke. | Having changed the face of egypt, why not go for broke. |
134 | 00:07:18,722 | 00:07:22,399 | His face, there for all to see, for all time. | His face, there for all to see, for all time. |
135 | 00:07:23,894 | 00:07:25,819 | This way, the theory goes, | This way, the theory goes, |
136 | 00:07:25,896 | 00:07:27,863 | He would always be watching over them. | He would always be watching over them. |
137 | 00:07:30,233 | 00:07:32,993 | Hartwig: This is the type of pharaoh that would have wanted | Hartwig: This is the type of pharaoh that would have wanted |
138 | 00:07:33,069 | 00:07:36,154 | To put his mark on the landscape not only in terms | To put his mark on the landscape not only in terms |
139 | 00:07:36,165 | 00:07:38,999 | Of this pyramid but also in terms of the sphinx. | Of this pyramid but also in terms of the sphinx. |
140 | 00:07:42,162 | 00:07:45,580 | Mastrelli: Dr. Melinda hartwig is in the khufu camp of belief: | Mastrelli: Dr. Melinda hartwig is in the khufu camp of belief: |
141 | 00:07:45,591 | 00:07:48,592 | That it was he who built the sphinx and not his son khafre. | That it was he who built the sphinx and not his son khafre. |
142 | 00:07:49,920 | 00:07:51,419 | And she is searching for evidence | And she is searching for evidence |
143 | 00:07:51,430 | 00:07:53,513 | In the layout of the site | In the layout of the site |
144 | 00:07:53,590 | 00:07:55,515 | To support her theory. | To support her theory. |
145 | 00:07:55,592 | 00:07:56,674 | Hartwig: Today this is the approach | Hartwig: Today this is the approach |
146 | 00:07:56,685 | 00:07:58,435 | That most tourists would take. | That most tourists would take. |
147 | 00:07:58,512 | 00:08:01,095 | Here's the sphinx in front of us with the pyramid | Here's the sphinx in front of us with the pyramid |
148 | 00:08:01,106 | 00:08:02,847 | Of khafre behind. | Of khafre behind. |
149 | 00:08:02,858 | 00:08:06,100 | However, this wasn't how people saw it in the ancient world. | However, this wasn't how people saw it in the ancient world. |
150 | 00:08:06,111 | 00:08:07,602 | They would have seen it slightly differently | They would have seen it slightly differently |
151 | 00:08:07,613 | 00:08:09,696 | Because they would have been coming from the south. | Because they would have been coming from the south. |
152 | 00:08:11,107 | 00:08:13,858 | And so this would have been the first thing they saw: | And so this would have been the first thing they saw: |
153 | 00:08:13,869 | 00:08:15,610 | They would see the sphinx in profile | They would see the sphinx in profile |
154 | 00:08:15,621 | 00:08:17,871 | And they would see the pyramid of khufu, not khafre. | And they would see the pyramid of khufu, not khafre. |
155 | 00:08:18,957 | 00:08:21,541 | By seeing the sphinx in profile | By seeing the sphinx in profile |
156 | 00:08:21,618 | 00:08:25,703 | And the pyramid of khufu behind, you have a sense | And the pyramid of khufu behind, you have a sense |
157 | 00:08:25,714 | 00:08:28,790 | Of a two-dimensional rendering which was very important | Of a two-dimensional rendering which was very important |
158 | 00:08:28,800 | 00:08:30,884 | To the ancient egyptians. | To the ancient egyptians. |
159 | 00:08:30,961 | 00:08:33,294 | Mastrelli: In their carvings and paintings | Mastrelli: In their carvings and paintings |
160 | 00:08:33,305 | 00:08:34,971 | Egyptians loved a profile. | Egyptians loved a profile. |
161 | 00:08:37,809 | 00:08:40,477 | Even some of their sculptures were designed | Even some of their sculptures were designed |
162 | 00:08:40,554 | 00:08:42,187 | To be viewed from sideways on. | To be viewed from sideways on. |
163 | 00:08:43,732 | 00:08:46,399 | And when you look at this as an ancient egyptian, | And when you look at this as an ancient egyptian, |
164 | 00:08:46,476 | 00:08:49,528 | It appears as if the sphinx is guarding khufu's tomb. | It appears as if the sphinx is guarding khufu's tomb. |
165 | 00:08:51,398 | 00:08:52,239 | And that's not all. | And that's not all. |
166 | 00:08:53,325 | 00:08:57,244 | Dr. Hartwig turns her attention to the monuments of khafre, | Dr. Hartwig turns her attention to the monuments of khafre, |
167 | 00:08:57,320 | 00:09:00,622 | Khufu's son, the man assumed to have built the sphinx. | Khufu's son, the man assumed to have built the sphinx. |
168 | 00:09:03,660 | 00:09:06,294 | Khafre's pyramid lies directly behind the sphinx. | Khafre's pyramid lies directly behind the sphinx. |
169 | 00:09:08,340 | 00:09:11,758 | But hartwig finds a clue in the layout of the causeway | But hartwig finds a clue in the layout of the causeway |
170 | 00:09:11,835 | 00:09:14,636 | That leads from khafre's pyramid down to his temple. | That leads from khafre's pyramid down to his temple. |
171 | 00:09:16,840 | 00:09:17,922 | Hartwig: So here is khafre's causeway. | Hartwig: So here is khafre's causeway. |
172 | 00:09:17,933 | 00:09:19,924 | Now, this is where the body of the king | Now, this is where the body of the king |
173 | 00:09:19,935 | 00:09:24,020 | Would have been brought up and then buried inside a pyramid. | Would have been brought up and then buried inside a pyramid. |
174 | 00:09:24,097 | 00:09:26,106 | But when you analyze the position, there's something | But when you analyze the position, there's something |
175 | 00:09:26,182 | 00:09:28,608 | That just not quite right. | That just not quite right. |
176 | 00:09:28,685 | 00:09:31,194 | You would expect the causeway to come right down here, | You would expect the causeway to come right down here, |
177 | 00:09:31,271 | 00:09:34,439 | Like right in front of me, and then head due east, | Like right in front of me, and then head due east, |
178 | 00:09:34,449 | 00:09:37,284 | But instead it swerves. | But instead it swerves. |
179 | 00:09:37,360 | 00:09:40,111 | Mastrelli: Traditionally, the ceremonial path leading | Mastrelli: Traditionally, the ceremonial path leading |
180 | 00:09:40,122 | 00:09:43,748 | To a pharaoh's pyramid runs due east, in a straight line. | To a pharaoh's pyramid runs due east, in a straight line. |
181 | 00:09:45,035 | 00:09:46,534 | Not this one. | Not this one. |
182 | 00:09:46,545 | 00:09:49,120 | Khafre's causeway is set at an angle | Khafre's causeway is set at an angle |
183 | 00:09:49,131 | 00:09:51,548 | And it appears to go around the sphinx. | And it appears to go around the sphinx. |
184 | 00:09:52,792 | 00:09:56,052 | Hartwig: It swerves, it's over here, and it swerves | Hartwig: It swerves, it's over here, and it swerves |
185 | 00:09:56,129 | 00:09:58,972 | To avoid something, and that thing is the sphinx, | To avoid something, and that thing is the sphinx, |
186 | 00:09:59,049 | 00:10:01,891 | Which means that the sphinx existed there | Which means that the sphinx existed there |
187 | 00:10:01,968 | 00:10:02,976 | Already before khafre. | Already before khafre. |
188 | 00:10:04,646 | 00:10:06,187 | Mastrelli: If the sphinx was already here, | Mastrelli: If the sphinx was already here, |
189 | 00:10:07,733 | 00:10:11,067 | Then that points to it being khufu's creation. | Then that points to it being khufu's creation. |
190 | 00:10:11,144 | 00:10:14,062 | But the final piece of evidence in melinda's theory | But the final piece of evidence in melinda's theory |
191 | 00:10:14,072 | 00:10:16,230 | May be the most compelling. | May be the most compelling. |
192 | 00:10:16,241 | 00:10:18,900 | Can we match the face on the sphinx | Can we match the face on the sphinx |
193 | 00:10:18,910 | 00:10:21,411 | With a known representation of khufu? | With a known representation of khufu? |
194 | 00:10:22,998 | 00:10:24,164 | Dr. Melinda hartwig | Dr. Melinda hartwig |
195 | 00:10:24,240 | 00:10:26,249 | Has identified some compelling reasons | Has identified some compelling reasons |
196 | 00:10:26,326 | 00:10:29,410 | Why khufu may be the pharaoh who built the sphinx. | Why khufu may be the pharaoh who built the sphinx. |
197 | 00:10:29,421 | 00:10:31,829 | It's a project that requires a massive ego, | It's a project that requires a massive ego, |
198 | 00:10:31,840 | 00:10:34,841 | And his pyramid is the largest on the giza plateau. | And his pyramid is the largest on the giza plateau. |
199 | 00:10:34,918 | 00:10:36,843 | But does khufu bear any resemblance | But does khufu bear any resemblance |
200 | 00:10:36,920 | 00:10:38,094 | With the face of the sphinx? | With the face of the sphinx? |
201 | 00:10:39,756 | 00:10:43,350 | To explore the question, melinda has come to the only place | To explore the question, melinda has come to the only place |
202 | 00:10:43,426 | 00:10:46,844 | In the world where there's a confirmed likeness of khufu: | In the world where there's a confirmed likeness of khufu: |
203 | 00:10:46,855 | 00:10:49,105 | The egyptian museum in cairo. | The egyptian museum in cairo. |
204 | 00:10:50,517 | 00:10:53,768 | What happens when we compare that image | What happens when we compare that image |
205 | 00:10:53,779 | 00:10:55,528 | To the face of the sphinx? | To the face of the sphinx? |
206 | 00:10:56,856 | 00:10:58,856 | Hartwig: When we look at the face of khufu | Hartwig: When we look at the face of khufu |
207 | 00:10:58,867 | 00:11:00,784 | He has very broad planes | He has very broad planes |
208 | 00:11:00,860 | 00:11:04,204 | To his face, his ears are pushed forward, | To his face, his ears are pushed forward, |
209 | 00:11:04,280 | 00:11:05,947 | He has deep set eyes. | He has deep set eyes. |
210 | 00:11:05,957 | 00:11:08,958 | These are the same features that we see on the sphinx, | These are the same features that we see on the sphinx, |
211 | 00:11:09,035 | 00:11:12,087 | So it makes perfect sense that the sphinx is khufu. | So it makes perfect sense that the sphinx is khufu. |
212 | 00:11:13,548 | 00:11:16,716 | Mastrelli: There seems to be a resemblance between the two. | Mastrelli: There seems to be a resemblance between the two. |
213 | 00:11:16,793 | 00:11:18,635 | And there's another clue here: | And there's another clue here: |
214 | 00:11:18,712 | 00:11:21,379 | In every known statue of khafre, | In every known statue of khafre, |
215 | 00:11:21,390 | 00:11:23,765 | He's shown wearing a ceremonial beard. | He's shown wearing a ceremonial beard. |
216 | 00:11:24,976 | 00:11:26,768 | But the sphinx doesn't have a beard, | But the sphinx doesn't have a beard, |
217 | 00:11:27,896 | 00:11:30,397 | And neither does this statue of khufu. | And neither does this statue of khufu. |
218 | 00:11:31,983 | 00:11:35,727 | There's only one problem: This statue is less | There's only one problem: This statue is less |
219 | 00:11:35,737 | 00:11:36,945 | Than four inches tall. | Than four inches tall. |
220 | 00:11:40,066 | 00:11:41,983 | Hartwig: In getting a positive id, | Hartwig: In getting a positive id, |
221 | 00:11:41,993 | 00:11:45,820 | Of course you need more than just this small little statue. | Of course you need more than just this small little statue. |
222 | 00:11:45,831 | 00:11:48,248 | It's such a tiny thing to compare against something | It's such a tiny thing to compare against something |
223 | 00:11:48,324 | 00:11:50,417 | As massive as the sphinx. | As massive as the sphinx. |
224 | 00:11:50,493 | 00:11:52,744 | In the end there is so little evidence | In the end there is so little evidence |
225 | 00:11:52,754 | 00:11:54,337 | That we can be absolutely sure | That we can be absolutely sure |
226 | 00:11:54,414 | 00:11:56,414 | Of whose face is on the sphinx. | Of whose face is on the sphinx. |
227 | 00:11:56,425 | 00:12:00,251 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
228 | 00:12:00,262 | 00:12:02,595 | Mastrelli: It seems likely the sphinx was built | Mastrelli: It seems likely the sphinx was built |
229 | 00:12:02,672 | 00:12:06,182 | By one of the pharaohs that built these pyramids. | By one of the pharaohs that built these pyramids. |
230 | 00:12:06,259 | 00:12:09,185 | Khufu is a very convincing candidate, | Khufu is a very convincing candidate, |
231 | 00:12:09,262 | 00:12:12,856 | But his son khafre is perhaps an even stronger choice, | But his son khafre is perhaps an even stronger choice, |
232 | 00:12:12,932 | 00:12:16,317 | As his pyramid lies directly behind the sphinx. | As his pyramid lies directly behind the sphinx. |
233 | 00:12:17,529 | 00:12:22,190 | Dr. Peter lacovara has decided to explore khafre's causeway. | Dr. Peter lacovara has decided to explore khafre's causeway. |
234 | 00:12:22,200 | 00:12:25,368 | It's a raised path that still exists today, | It's a raised path that still exists today, |
235 | 00:12:26,788 | 00:12:29,205 | Passing right beside the sphinx enclosure | Passing right beside the sphinx enclosure |
236 | 00:12:29,282 | 00:12:31,583 | And running uphill to khafre's pyramid. | And running uphill to khafre's pyramid. |
237 | 00:12:32,702 | 00:12:35,119 | Lacovara: We're looking up at the causeway that runs | Lacovara: We're looking up at the causeway that runs |
238 | 00:12:35,130 | 00:12:37,881 | From the pyramid all the way down to the temple. | From the pyramid all the way down to the temple. |
239 | 00:12:39,551 | 00:12:41,968 | Mastrelli: At the corner of the sphinx enclosure, | Mastrelli: At the corner of the sphinx enclosure, |
240 | 00:12:42,045 | 00:12:44,045 | Lacovara has found an important piece | Lacovara has found an important piece |
241 | 00:12:44,055 | 00:12:46,639 | Of evidence left behind by khafre's builders. | Of evidence left behind by khafre's builders. |
242 | 00:12:47,801 | 00:12:48,725 | Lacovara: What's really interesting | Lacovara: What's really interesting |
243 | 00:12:48,802 | 00:12:50,134 | Is you can see up here | Is you can see up here |
244 | 00:12:50,145 | 00:12:52,637 | In the corner there's a cut that's been filled in | In the corner there's a cut that's been filled in |
245 | 00:12:52,647 | 00:12:56,641 | By modern blocks, and we think there was a drainage ditch | By modern blocks, and we think there was a drainage ditch |
246 | 00:12:56,651 | 00:13:00,061 | That siphoned water off from the causeway down | That siphoned water off from the causeway down |
247 | 00:13:00,071 | 00:13:03,481 | Into this big depression where the quarry was | Into this big depression where the quarry was |
248 | 00:13:03,492 | 00:13:06,201 | And would have flooded this area when it did rain. | And would have flooded this area when it did rain. |
249 | 00:13:08,330 | 00:13:11,155 | Mastrelli: The purpose of khafre's drainage channel was | Mastrelli: The purpose of khafre's drainage channel was |
250 | 00:13:11,166 | 00:13:12,916 | To prevent his causeway from flooding | To prevent his causeway from flooding |
251 | 00:13:14,252 | 00:13:16,828 | By draining off rainwater into the area | By draining off rainwater into the area |
252 | 00:13:16,838 | 00:13:18,379 | Where the sphinx sits today. | Where the sphinx sits today. |
253 | 00:13:20,258 | 00:13:23,000 | Lacovara believes this is evidence | Lacovara believes this is evidence |
254 | 00:13:23,011 | 00:13:24,969 | The sphinx didn't exist before khafre. | The sphinx didn't exist before khafre. |
255 | 00:13:27,173 | 00:13:28,673 | Lacovara: Clearly it doesn't make sense | Lacovara: Clearly it doesn't make sense |
256 | 00:13:28,683 | 00:13:30,266 | That if this had already existed, | That if this had already existed, |
257 | 00:13:30,343 | 00:13:33,010 | If the sphinx had been built, say, by khufu, | If the sphinx had been built, say, by khufu, |
258 | 00:13:33,021 | 00:13:35,513 | They wouldn't be flooding this area with water. | They wouldn't be flooding this area with water. |
259 | 00:13:35,524 | 00:13:37,765 | There would be no reason to be pouring water | There would be no reason to be pouring water |
260 | 00:13:37,776 | 00:13:39,692 | In to this great monument. | In to this great monument. |
261 | 00:13:40,946 | 00:13:42,862 | So it seems clear that that is evidence | So it seems clear that that is evidence |
262 | 00:13:42,939 | 00:13:47,075 | That this sphinx was made by khafre and late in his reign. | That this sphinx was made by khafre and late in his reign. |
263 | 00:13:48,370 | 00:13:51,454 | Mastrelli: If lacovara is right, then when khafre came | Mastrelli: If lacovara is right, then when khafre came |
264 | 00:13:51,531 | 00:13:55,533 | To the throne this area was nothing more than a pit used | To the throne this area was nothing more than a pit used |
265 | 00:13:55,544 | 00:13:58,211 | For collecting excess rainwater, | For collecting excess rainwater, |
266 | 00:13:58,288 | 00:14:01,589 | The sphinx hadn't yet been carved from the stone. | The sphinx hadn't yet been carved from the stone. |
267 | 00:14:03,218 | 00:14:06,219 | Unlike the pyramids, the sphinx wasn't built out | Unlike the pyramids, the sphinx wasn't built out |
268 | 00:14:06,296 | 00:14:09,380 | Of blocks hauled to the location. | Of blocks hauled to the location. |
269 | 00:14:09,391 | 00:14:12,684 | It was carved right out of the bedrock in a single piece. | It was carved right out of the bedrock in a single piece. |
270 | 00:14:14,220 | 00:14:16,980 | So whoever it was that built the sphinx, | So whoever it was that built the sphinx, |
271 | 00:14:17,056 | 00:14:19,732 | Started by removing thousands of tons of rock | Started by removing thousands of tons of rock |
272 | 00:14:19,809 | 00:14:24,529 | From the desert floor, in the form of huge multi-ton blocks. | From the desert floor, in the form of huge multi-ton blocks. |
273 | 00:14:26,324 | 00:14:29,400 | The lump of rock left behind was then carved | The lump of rock left behind was then carved |
274 | 00:14:29,411 | 00:14:31,244 | Into the shape of the sphinx. | Into the shape of the sphinx. |
275 | 00:14:32,831 | 00:14:36,165 | And the composition of the rock offers an interesting trail | And the composition of the rock offers an interesting trail |
276 | 00:14:36,242 | 00:14:40,420 | Of clues as to who may have built the statue. | Of clues as to who may have built the statue. |
277 | 00:14:40,496 | 00:14:43,247 | Lacovara: If you look, the limestone is layered | Lacovara: If you look, the limestone is layered |
278 | 00:14:43,258 | 00:14:44,832 | Like a layer cake, | Like a layer cake, |
279 | 00:14:44,843 | 00:14:47,594 | And some layers were softer than others depending | And some layers were softer than others depending |
280 | 00:14:47,670 | 00:14:50,671 | On what was in them, and so they've eroded more | On what was in them, and so they've eroded more |
281 | 00:14:50,682 | 00:14:52,348 | Than the layers above and below them. | Than the layers above and below them. |
282 | 00:14:54,510 | 00:14:56,853 | Mastrelli: Lacovara has identified a tell-tale pattern | Mastrelli: Lacovara has identified a tell-tale pattern |
283 | 00:14:56,930 | 00:14:57,937 | In the limestone. | In the limestone. |
284 | 00:14:59,524 | 00:15:02,442 | Some layers are harder and more durable than others. | Some layers are harder and more durable than others. |
285 | 00:15:03,778 | 00:15:06,946 | And that leaves a unique pattern of weathering running | And that leaves a unique pattern of weathering running |
286 | 00:15:07,023 | 00:15:09,032 | Through the rock of the sphinx today. | Through the rock of the sphinx today. |
287 | 00:15:11,036 | 00:15:14,028 | Lacovara has also identified this same pattern | Lacovara has also identified this same pattern |
288 | 00:15:14,039 | 00:15:18,199 | In the temple built by khafre in front of the sphinx. | In the temple built by khafre in front of the sphinx. |
289 | 00:15:18,209 | 00:15:22,203 | He sees exactly the same sequence of soft and hard rock. | He sees exactly the same sequence of soft and hard rock. |
290 | 00:15:22,213 | 00:15:24,464 | The grooves in the walls of the temple | The grooves in the walls of the temple |
291 | 00:15:24,540 | 00:15:27,800 | And the grooves on the sphinx match. | And the grooves on the sphinx match. |
292 | 00:15:27,877 | 00:15:30,211 | Lacovara: It's incredible, you can see here | Lacovara: It's incredible, you can see here |
293 | 00:15:30,221 | 00:15:33,130 | Where we have this differential pattern of wear. | Where we have this differential pattern of wear. |
294 | 00:15:33,141 | 00:15:36,300 | Here's this soft layer here that runs across this block | Here's this soft layer here that runs across this block |
295 | 00:15:36,311 | 00:15:38,144 | And the neighboring block. | And the neighboring block. |
296 | 00:15:38,221 | 00:15:39,971 | They're all sort of like fingerprints, | They're all sort of like fingerprints, |
297 | 00:15:39,981 | 00:15:42,723 | They all tell us exactly where they came from, | They all tell us exactly where they came from, |
298 | 00:15:42,734 | 00:15:45,902 | And so we can match them all up with the rock | And so we can match them all up with the rock |
299 | 00:15:45,979 | 00:15:47,528 | On the sphinx's body itself. | On the sphinx's body itself. |
300 | 00:15:49,658 | 00:15:52,984 | Mastrelli: The unique pattern running through the stone proves | Mastrelli: The unique pattern running through the stone proves |
301 | 00:15:52,994 | 00:15:55,995 | That the rock that once surrounded the sphinx's body | That the rock that once surrounded the sphinx's body |
302 | 00:15:56,072 | 00:15:58,414 | Was taken to make khafre's temples. | Was taken to make khafre's temples. |
303 | 00:15:59,492 | 00:16:02,585 | So the sphinx itself must have been carved | So the sphinx itself must have been carved |
304 | 00:16:02,662 | 00:16:04,087 | After khafre's temples. | After khafre's temples. |
305 | 00:16:05,248 | 00:16:08,049 | There was no sphinx before that time. | There was no sphinx before that time. |
306 | 00:16:09,085 | 00:16:10,510 | Lacovara: I think there's no doubt | Lacovara: I think there's no doubt |
307 | 00:16:10,586 | 00:16:12,253 | That khafre built the great sphinx, | That khafre built the great sphinx, |
308 | 00:16:12,263 | 00:16:15,515 | I think all the evidence points in that direction. | I think all the evidence points in that direction. |
309 | 00:16:15,591 | 00:16:17,517 | Mastrelli: So the face on the sphinx has a name. | Mastrelli: So the face on the sphinx has a name. |
310 | 00:16:19,012 | 00:16:21,104 | This is khafre. | This is khafre. |
311 | 00:16:22,849 | 00:16:24,065 | One question remains: | One question remains: |
312 | 00:16:26,444 | 00:16:29,696 | Can we discover why he built this monster? | Can we discover why he built this monster? |
313 | 00:16:29,772 | 00:16:32,448 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
314 | 00:16:34,119 | 00:16:36,285 | The great sphinx of giza was built | The great sphinx of giza was built |
315 | 00:16:36,362 | 00:16:39,622 | By the pharaoh khafre around 4,500 years ago. | By the pharaoh khafre around 4,500 years ago. |
316 | 00:16:41,367 | 00:16:44,377 | But what motivated him to create this vast structure? | But what motivated him to create this vast structure? |
317 | 00:16:46,289 | 00:16:51,467 | Around 2494 bce the pharaoh khafre died, | Around 2494 bce the pharaoh khafre died, |
318 | 00:16:51,544 | 00:16:54,137 | After ruling egypt for a quarter of a century. | After ruling egypt for a quarter of a century. |
319 | 00:16:55,390 | 00:16:57,882 | But he wasn't forgotten. | But he wasn't forgotten. |
320 | 00:16:57,892 | 00:17:00,551 | Just a stone's throw from the sphinx, | Just a stone's throw from the sphinx, |
321 | 00:17:00,562 | 00:17:04,147 | Archeologists have recently discovered a special cemetery | Archeologists have recently discovered a special cemetery |
322 | 00:17:04,223 | 00:17:06,524 | Dedicated to priests of khafre. | Dedicated to priests of khafre. |
323 | 00:17:07,810 | 00:17:11,145 | Their job was to keep his name alive after his death | Their job was to keep his name alive after his death |
324 | 00:17:11,156 | 00:17:14,240 | Through religious rituals and offerings to the gods. | Through religious rituals and offerings to the gods. |
325 | 00:17:15,577 | 00:17:19,328 | It's now believed that this cult of khafre lasted far longer | It's now believed that this cult of khafre lasted far longer |
326 | 00:17:19,405 | 00:17:21,822 | Than previously suspected. | Than previously suspected. |
327 | 00:17:21,833 | 00:17:25,251 | For hundreds of years priests tended khafre's temple. | For hundreds of years priests tended khafre's temple. |
328 | 00:17:26,921 | 00:17:29,080 | But why did khafre's memory survive | But why did khafre's memory survive |
329 | 00:17:29,090 | 00:17:31,340 | For so many centuries after his death? | For so many centuries after his death? |
330 | 00:17:33,086 | 00:17:36,337 | The answer and the final clue to the mystery | The answer and the final clue to the mystery |
331 | 00:17:36,347 | 00:17:39,766 | Of the sphinx lies with the giant statue itself | Of the sphinx lies with the giant statue itself |
332 | 00:17:39,842 | 00:17:41,851 | And the temple that sits at its paws. | And the temple that sits at its paws. |
333 | 00:17:44,764 | 00:17:47,523 | Archeologists call this the sphinx temple. | Archeologists call this the sphinx temple. |
334 | 00:17:47,600 | 00:17:49,525 | Built by the pharaoh khafre, | Built by the pharaoh khafre, |
335 | 00:17:49,602 | 00:17:51,861 | It's the only one of its kind in egypt. | It's the only one of its kind in egypt. |
336 | 00:17:53,523 | 00:17:57,533 | Lacovara: Around it are these remains of huge pillars | Lacovara: Around it are these remains of huge pillars |
337 | 00:17:57,610 | 00:18:01,779 | Which would have had giant statues of khafre standing | Which would have had giant statues of khafre standing |
338 | 00:18:01,790 | 00:18:03,372 | In front of them. | In front of them. |
339 | 00:18:03,449 | 00:18:08,285 | And then this one here, one over here, one over here, | And then this one here, one over here, one over here, |
340 | 00:18:08,296 | 00:18:12,465 | One there, so we have 12 statues in total. | One there, so we have 12 statues in total. |
341 | 00:18:14,803 | 00:18:17,962 | Mastrelli: Altogether, lacovara maps out the positions | Mastrelli: Altogether, lacovara maps out the positions |
342 | 00:18:17,972 | 00:18:22,391 | Of 24 stone pillars and what he believes | Of 24 stone pillars and what he believes |
343 | 00:18:22,468 | 00:18:24,969 | Were 12 huge statues of khafre. | Were 12 huge statues of khafre. |
344 | 00:18:24,979 | 00:18:28,064 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
345 | 00:18:28,141 | 00:18:31,308 | To lacovara, this means khafre | To lacovara, this means khafre |
346 | 00:18:31,319 | 00:18:33,694 | And his people were sun worshipers. | And his people were sun worshipers. |
347 | 00:18:36,399 | 00:18:39,400 | Lacovara: It's a time when the god of the sun | Lacovara: It's a time when the god of the sun |
348 | 00:18:39,410 | 00:18:42,411 | Is becoming much more important in egyptian religion. | Is becoming much more important in egyptian religion. |
349 | 00:18:43,832 | 00:18:47,491 | The solar symbolism of this temple is pretty clear, | The solar symbolism of this temple is pretty clear, |
350 | 00:18:47,502 | 00:18:50,419 | It's reflected in the numbers of the statues, | It's reflected in the numbers of the statues, |
351 | 00:18:50,496 | 00:18:52,171 | Symbolizing the hours of the day. | Symbolizing the hours of the day. |
352 | 00:18:54,750 | 00:18:57,501 | Mastrelli: This is the key to understanding the purpose | Mastrelli: This is the key to understanding the purpose |
353 | 00:18:57,512 | 00:18:58,302 | Of the sphinx. | Of the sphinx. |
354 | 00:19:01,507 | 00:19:04,183 | It's part of a vast cosmic building project. | It's part of a vast cosmic building project. |
355 | 00:19:07,438 | 00:19:10,931 | And when lacovara maps out the positions of khafre's temple, | And when lacovara maps out the positions of khafre's temple, |
356 | 00:19:10,942 | 00:19:13,609 | The sphinx and the pyramid, | The sphinx and the pyramid, |
357 | 00:19:13,686 | 00:19:15,778 | Their religious significance becomes clear. | Their religious significance becomes clear. |
358 | 00:19:17,532 | 00:19:21,609 | He discovers that during the spring and fall equinoxes, | He discovers that during the spring and fall equinoxes, |
359 | 00:19:21,619 | 00:19:23,944 | The two special times of the year when day | The two special times of the year when day |
360 | 00:19:23,955 | 00:19:26,539 | And night are in perfect balance, | And night are in perfect balance, |
361 | 00:19:26,616 | 00:19:31,294 | Sphinx, temple and pyramid are all perfectly aligned | Sphinx, temple and pyramid are all perfectly aligned |
362 | 00:19:31,370 | 00:19:33,379 | With the rising and setting sun. | With the rising and setting sun. |
363 | 00:19:35,800 | 00:19:37,133 | Lacovara: And you can kind of visualize it | Lacovara: And you can kind of visualize it |
364 | 00:19:37,210 | 00:19:40,628 | 'cause during the equinox the sun rises directly | 'cause during the equinox the sun rises directly |
365 | 00:19:40,638 | 00:19:42,796 | Over this court. | Over this court. |
366 | 00:19:42,807 | 00:19:45,224 | In the center axis of the temple we have a niche | In the center axis of the temple we have a niche |
367 | 00:19:45,301 | 00:19:48,728 | For a statue, and then on the opposite wall | For a statue, and then on the opposite wall |
368 | 00:19:48,804 | 00:19:52,648 | Of the temple we have another niche also on center axis, | Of the temple we have another niche also on center axis, |
369 | 00:19:52,725 | 00:19:55,568 | And these two statues would be illuminated | And these two statues would be illuminated |
370 | 00:19:55,645 | 00:19:58,738 | During the equinox so the sun would rise | During the equinox so the sun would rise |
371 | 00:19:58,814 | 00:20:01,398 | And light up the statues giving birth to the statue | And light up the statues giving birth to the statue |
372 | 00:20:01,409 | 00:20:04,235 | As it's illuminated, then as it makes its arc | As it's illuminated, then as it makes its arc |
373 | 00:20:04,245 | 00:20:07,571 | Across the sky, the statue would be darkened to die | Across the sky, the statue would be darkened to die |
374 | 00:20:07,582 | 00:20:10,917 | And then it would illuminate the other one showing it reborn | And then it would illuminate the other one showing it reborn |
375 | 00:20:10,993 | 00:20:14,503 | So we have this eternal cycle of death and rebirth. | So we have this eternal cycle of death and rebirth. |
376 | 00:20:14,580 | 00:20:16,497 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
377 | 00:20:16,507 | 00:20:18,758 | Mastrelli: On these special days of the year, | Mastrelli: On these special days of the year, |
378 | 00:20:18,834 | 00:20:22,086 | The sun passes over the temple and drops down | The sun passes over the temple and drops down |
379 | 00:20:22,096 | 00:20:25,348 | Behind the sphinx itself to the base of khafre's pyramid. | Behind the sphinx itself to the base of khafre's pyramid. |
380 | 00:20:27,518 | 00:20:32,271 | Sun, pyramid, sphinx, temple, all united, | Sun, pyramid, sphinx, temple, all united, |
381 | 00:20:35,017 | 00:20:38,185 | With the sphinx, the symbol of the pharaoh himself, | With the sphinx, the symbol of the pharaoh himself, |
382 | 00:20:38,196 | 00:20:40,613 | Presenting offerings to the sun god. | Presenting offerings to the sun god. |
383 | 00:20:40,690 | 00:20:42,698 | Lacovara: This is a giant representation | Lacovara: This is a giant representation |
384 | 00:20:42,775 | 00:20:45,409 | Of khafre offering this temple to the gods. | Of khafre offering this temple to the gods. |
385 | 00:20:46,946 | 00:20:47,954 | Mastrelli: We can look at the sphinx | Mastrelli: We can look at the sphinx |
386 | 00:20:48,030 | 00:20:49,455 | And call it a vanity project: | And call it a vanity project: |
387 | 00:20:51,042 | 00:20:54,126 | A man carves his own image directly into a rock face, | A man carves his own image directly into a rock face, |
388 | 00:20:55,880 | 00:21:00,040 | But in fact, the ambition behind it seems far bigger. | But in fact, the ambition behind it seems far bigger. |
389 | 00:21:00,051 | 00:21:03,344 | The way all this was built, the positioning of each stone, | The way all this was built, the positioning of each stone, |
390 | 00:21:04,389 | 00:21:08,474 | The alignment of sphinx with temple and pyramids, | The alignment of sphinx with temple and pyramids, |
391 | 00:21:08,551 | 00:21:11,644 | These make it a piece of precision engineering. | These make it a piece of precision engineering. |
392 | 00:21:11,721 | 00:21:15,723 | And the way lacovara reads it, it all has a special purpose: | And the way lacovara reads it, it all has a special purpose: |
393 | 00:21:15,733 | 00:21:20,736 | To give khafre nothing less than immortality. | To give khafre nothing less than immortality. |
394 | 00:21:20,813 | 00:21:22,989 | Lacovara: So the main purpose of all this construction, | Lacovara: So the main purpose of all this construction, |
395 | 00:21:23,065 | 00:21:27,326 | All this building, was to ensure the eternal life, | All this building, was to ensure the eternal life, |
396 | 00:21:27,403 | 00:21:29,912 | The immortal existence of the pharaoh, of khafre. | The immortal existence of the pharaoh, of khafre. |
397 | 00:21:31,082 | 00:21:34,000 | Mastrelli: And although his world eventually vanished, | Mastrelli: And although his world eventually vanished, |
398 | 00:21:34,076 | 00:21:38,245 | Khafre's plan to live forever seems to have worked. | Khafre's plan to live forever seems to have worked. |
399 | 00:21:38,256 | 00:21:40,006 | (rumbling) | (rumbling) |
400 | 00:21:40,082 | 00:21:43,342 | Millions of tourists still flock to egypt to gaze in wonder | Millions of tourists still flock to egypt to gaze in wonder |
401 | 00:21:43,419 | 00:21:45,753 | Upon the face of khafre. | Upon the face of khafre. |
402 | 00:21:45,763 | 00:21:48,088 | These are not the devoted pilgrimages of the time | These are not the devoted pilgrimages of the time |
403 | 00:21:48,099 | 00:21:50,433 | Of thutmose iv, and even | Of thutmose iv, and even |
404 | 00:21:50,509 | 00:21:52,184 | If the visitors don't leave offerings | If the visitors don't leave offerings |
405 | 00:21:52,261 | 00:21:54,762 | And instead return home with souvenirs, | And instead return home with souvenirs, |
406 | 00:21:54,772 | 00:21:57,523 | It's probably not a big deal for khafre, | It's probably not a big deal for khafre, |
407 | 00:21:57,600 | 00:21:59,066 | It's the attention that matters. | It's the attention that matters. |