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# | Start | End | Original | Translated |
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1 | 00:00:00,914 | 00:00:04,519 | (dramatic music) | (dramatic music) |
2 | 00:00:05,481 | 00:00:06,919 | Mastrelli: It was a discovery | Mastrelli: It was a discovery |
3 | 00:00:06,994 | 00:00:09,359 | That mystified the archaeological world, | That mystified the archaeological world, |
4 | 00:00:11,161 | 00:00:14,119 | Buried among the ruins of egypt's oldest city, | Buried among the ruins of egypt's oldest city, |
5 | 00:00:16,114 | 00:00:20,639 | A 6000-year-old cemetery containing egypt's first kings | A 6000-year-old cemetery containing egypt's first kings |
6 | 00:00:21,881 | 00:00:25,319 | And the remains of wild and exotic animals. | And the remains of wild and exotic animals. |
7 | 00:00:26,834 | 00:00:30,919 | They were the ancestors of egypt's iconic animal gods. | They were the ancestors of egypt's iconic animal gods. |
8 | 00:00:32,601 | 00:00:36,352 | Have archaeologists finally found the source | Have archaeologists finally found the source |
9 | 00:00:36,361 | 00:00:38,999 | Of the religious imagery of ancient egypt? | Of the religious imagery of ancient egypt? |
10 | 00:00:41,314 | 00:00:45,232 | For centuries, the mysteries of the past | For centuries, the mysteries of the past |
11 | 00:00:45,241 | 00:00:48,272 | Have kept their secrets. | Have kept their secrets. |
12 | 00:00:48,281 | 00:00:52,039 | But there are clues cast in gold, | But there are clues cast in gold, |
13 | 00:00:52,114 | 00:00:56,119 | Etched in stone, written in blood. | Etched in stone, written in blood. |
14 | 00:00:59,801 | 00:01:01,919 | We can unlock them. | We can unlock them. |
15 | 00:01:18,441 | 00:01:19,712 | This is a replica of | This is a replica of |
16 | 00:01:19,721 | 00:01:21,319 | The narmer victory pallet recovered | The narmer victory pallet recovered |
17 | 00:01:21,394 | 00:01:23,072 | At hierakonpolis in egypt. | At hierakonpolis in egypt. |
18 | 00:01:23,081 | 00:01:25,472 | The original is over 5000 years old, | The original is over 5000 years old, |
19 | 00:01:25,481 | 00:01:28,759 | And amongst the oldest egyptian documents ever found. | And amongst the oldest egyptian documents ever found. |
20 | 00:01:28,834 | 00:01:31,952 | Narmer was the first pharaoh of a unified egypt, | Narmer was the first pharaoh of a unified egypt, |
21 | 00:01:31,961 | 00:01:34,352 | And by the looks of it, the artwork is pretty standard, | And by the looks of it, the artwork is pretty standard, |
22 | 00:01:34,361 | 00:01:37,552 | Big, powerful king smiting his enemy. | Big, powerful king smiting his enemy. |
23 | 00:01:37,561 | 00:01:40,039 | But what about all the animals? | But what about all the animals? |
24 | 00:01:40,114 | 00:01:41,872 | Why are they depicted here and later | Why are they depicted here and later |
25 | 00:01:41,881 | 00:01:43,479 | In temples across egypt? | In temples across egypt? |
26 | 00:01:44,441 | 00:01:46,592 | Extraordinary new discoveries are revealing | Extraordinary new discoveries are revealing |
27 | 00:01:46,601 | 00:01:49,552 | That this may not be the product of an active imagination, | That this may not be the product of an active imagination, |
28 | 00:01:49,561 | 00:01:52,119 | But inspired by real animals in what appears | But inspired by real animals in what appears |
29 | 00:01:52,194 | 00:01:53,999 | To be the world's first zoo. | To be the world's first zoo. |
30 | 00:02:00,354 | 00:02:04,719 | The nile valley, 400 miles south of cairo. | The nile valley, 400 miles south of cairo. |
31 | 00:02:07,154 | 00:02:09,319 | This was the site of hierakonpolis, | This was the site of hierakonpolis, |
32 | 00:02:10,921 | 00:02:14,039 | One of the ancient world's great forgotten cities. | One of the ancient world's great forgotten cities. |
33 | 00:02:16,594 | 00:02:21,559 | Settled around 4500 bce, it was home to a community | Settled around 4500 bce, it was home to a community |
34 | 00:02:21,801 | 00:02:23,632 | That existed over a thousand years | That existed over a thousand years |
35 | 00:02:23,641 | 00:02:25,919 | Before the first pharaoh. | Before the first pharaoh. |
36 | 00:02:27,801 | 00:02:29,312 | The city stretched | The city stretched |
37 | 00:02:29,321 | 00:02:31,392 | For almost two miles along the fertile banks | For almost two miles along the fertile banks |
38 | 00:02:31,401 | 00:02:32,439 | Of the river nile | Of the river nile |
39 | 00:02:35,161 | 00:02:37,312 | And was home to a thriving community | And was home to a thriving community |
40 | 00:02:37,321 | 00:02:39,239 | Of up to 10,000 people. | Of up to 10,000 people. |
41 | 00:02:41,801 | 00:02:43,639 | Even though this was the birthplace | Even though this was the birthplace |
42 | 00:02:43,714 | 00:02:45,439 | Of egyptian civilization, | Of egyptian civilization, |
43 | 00:02:46,514 | 00:02:49,919 | It was only of passing interest to most archaeologists | It was only of passing interest to most archaeologists |
44 | 00:02:51,234 | 00:02:53,319 | Until a discovery in the cemetery | Until a discovery in the cemetery |
45 | 00:02:53,394 | 00:02:55,159 | One mile south of the city. | One mile south of the city. |
46 | 00:03:01,641 | 00:03:05,872 | Egyptologist dr. Renee friedman has spent her working life | Egyptologist dr. Renee friedman has spent her working life |
47 | 00:03:05,881 | 00:03:09,879 | Uncovering the secrets of this ancient metropolis. | Uncovering the secrets of this ancient metropolis. |
48 | 00:03:13,561 | 00:03:15,559 | Friedman: Well now we're in the elite cemetery, | Friedman: Well now we're in the elite cemetery, |
49 | 00:03:15,634 | 00:03:17,792 | And we're going to the first tomb | And we're going to the first tomb |
50 | 00:03:17,801 | 00:03:21,879 | That was discovered on this site back in the 1980s. | That was discovered on this site back in the 1980s. |
51 | 00:03:21,954 | 00:03:23,479 | And this gave us our first hint | And this gave us our first hint |
52 | 00:03:23,554 | 00:03:26,799 | That something very special was going on here. | That something very special was going on here. |
53 | 00:03:28,354 | 00:03:29,639 | Mastrelli: Close to the tomb | Mastrelli: Close to the tomb |
54 | 00:03:29,714 | 00:03:31,239 | Of one of the city's early rulers, | Of one of the city's early rulers, |
55 | 00:03:32,274 | 00:03:35,439 | The team came upon what they thought was a child's grave. | The team came upon what they thought was a child's grave. |
56 | 00:03:38,514 | 00:03:40,359 | But as they dug deeper, | But as they dug deeper, |
57 | 00:03:40,434 | 00:03:42,879 | They realized this wasn't a human burial. | They realized this wasn't a human burial. |
58 | 00:03:44,274 | 00:03:47,599 | Their findings defied rational explanation. | Their findings defied rational explanation. |
59 | 00:03:48,514 | 00:03:52,679 | Friedman: It contained seven baboons, a baby hippopotamus | Friedman: It contained seven baboons, a baby hippopotamus |
60 | 00:03:52,754 | 00:03:54,352 | And a wild cat. | And a wild cat. |
61 | 00:03:54,361 | 00:03:55,799 | And these are animals | And these are animals |
62 | 00:03:55,874 | 00:03:58,279 | That no one had ever found buried before. | That no one had ever found buried before. |
63 | 00:03:58,354 | 00:04:00,192 | Mastrelli: As renee and her team continued | Mastrelli: As renee and her team continued |
64 | 00:04:00,201 | 00:04:02,119 | To investigate the site, | To investigate the site, |
65 | 00:04:02,194 | 00:04:04,592 | More and more formal burials | More and more formal burials |
66 | 00:04:04,601 | 00:04:07,559 | Of exotic animals were unearthed. | Of exotic animals were unearthed. |
67 | 00:04:07,634 | 00:04:09,319 | Friedman: And the next amazing animal we found | Friedman: And the next amazing animal we found |
68 | 00:04:09,394 | 00:04:12,199 | Was the elephant over there. | Was the elephant over there. |
69 | 00:04:12,274 | 00:04:15,879 | And then a few years later another elephant, | And then a few years later another elephant, |
70 | 00:04:15,954 | 00:04:19,072 | And then after that a hartebeest and a leopard | And then after that a hartebeest and a leopard |
71 | 00:04:19,081 | 00:04:23,399 | And more baboons, which was, it was amazing. | And more baboons, which was, it was amazing. |
72 | 00:04:23,474 | 00:04:24,992 | It's never been found, | It's never been found, |
73 | 00:04:25,001 | 00:04:27,719 | It's never been paralleled in any other site. | It's never been paralleled in any other site. |
74 | 00:04:27,794 | 00:04:30,279 | (eerie music) | (eerie music) |
75 | 00:04:32,994 | 00:04:34,759 | Mastrelli: The experts were mystified. | Mastrelli: The experts were mystified. |
76 | 00:04:38,361 | 00:04:42,119 | What could explain this array of exotic animals | What could explain this array of exotic animals |
77 | 00:04:42,194 | 00:04:45,439 | Buried among the tombs of the city's ruling elite? | Buried among the tombs of the city's ruling elite? |
78 | 00:04:49,554 | 00:04:52,519 | Friedman: So here we have the jaw of one of the elephants. | Friedman: So here we have the jaw of one of the elephants. |
79 | 00:04:52,594 | 00:04:54,192 | When it came out of the ground | When it came out of the ground |
80 | 00:04:54,201 | 00:04:57,319 | I realized I didn't have a box that was big enough. | I realized I didn't have a box that was big enough. |
81 | 00:04:57,394 | 00:05:00,679 | Here was just one half of this jaw, | Here was just one half of this jaw, |
82 | 00:05:00,754 | 00:05:05,559 | And you can see just how big the teeth are as well. | And you can see just how big the teeth are as well. |
83 | 00:05:05,634 | 00:05:07,999 | Mastrelli: The wide range of species was a puzzle. | Mastrelli: The wide range of species was a puzzle. |
84 | 00:05:09,481 | 00:05:12,519 | While some would have been native to egypt at the time, | While some would have been native to egypt at the time, |
85 | 00:05:12,594 | 00:05:15,519 | Many came from habitats hundreds of miles away. | Many came from habitats hundreds of miles away. |
86 | 00:05:17,401 | 00:05:20,159 | What were all these animals doing at hierakonpolis? | What were all these animals doing at hierakonpolis? |
87 | 00:05:21,714 | 00:05:22,839 | How did they get here? | How did they get here? |
88 | 00:05:26,521 | 00:05:28,432 | To help find clues, | To help find clues, |
89 | 00:05:28,441 | 00:05:31,399 | Their bones were sent to the royal belgian institute | Their bones were sent to the royal belgian institute |
90 | 00:05:31,474 | 00:05:34,119 | Of natural sciences in brussels. | Of natural sciences in brussels. |
91 | 00:05:38,681 | 00:05:41,479 | Archaeozoologist wim van neer | Archaeozoologist wim van neer |
92 | 00:05:41,554 | 00:05:44,519 | Began by examining the baboon skeletons. | Began by examining the baboon skeletons. |
93 | 00:05:49,634 | 00:05:52,679 | He quickly spotted something unusual. | He quickly spotted something unusual. |
94 | 00:05:54,514 | 00:05:56,599 | Almost every one had at some point | Almost every one had at some point |
95 | 00:05:56,674 | 00:05:59,479 | In their lives suffered identical injuries, | In their lives suffered identical injuries, |
96 | 00:06:00,361 | 00:06:03,319 | Resulting in broken hands and feet. | Resulting in broken hands and feet. |
97 | 00:06:04,514 | 00:06:08,359 | Ven neer: This part of the lower arm is a bone here. | Ven neer: This part of the lower arm is a bone here. |
98 | 00:06:08,434 | 00:06:13,399 | In fact it's this one, which is broken at this level, | In fact it's this one, which is broken at this level, |
99 | 00:06:13,721 | 00:06:15,239 | And the fracture is here. | And the fracture is here. |
100 | 00:06:15,314 | 00:06:18,279 | And this is what we call a parry fracture | And this is what we call a parry fracture |
101 | 00:06:18,354 | 00:06:22,439 | That has to do with protecting from a blow on the head. | That has to do with protecting from a blow on the head. |
102 | 00:06:23,394 | 00:06:25,952 | Mastrelli: The broken bones suggested the baboons | Mastrelli: The broken bones suggested the baboons |
103 | 00:06:25,961 | 00:06:28,279 | Had all been attacked with a blunt instrument. | Had all been attacked with a blunt instrument. |
104 | 00:06:30,674 | 00:06:33,319 | In the wild, they would have almost certainly died | In the wild, they would have almost certainly died |
105 | 00:06:33,394 | 00:06:34,479 | From their injuries. | From their injuries. |
106 | 00:06:35,554 | 00:06:37,872 | But the bones revealed that wasn't the case | But the bones revealed that wasn't the case |
107 | 00:06:37,881 | 00:06:39,279 | With these baboons. | With these baboons. |
108 | 00:06:40,921 | 00:06:43,719 | Ven neer: And so here you see various bones | Ven neer: And so here you see various bones |
109 | 00:06:43,794 | 00:06:45,799 | Of the hand and the feet. | Of the hand and the feet. |
110 | 00:06:45,874 | 00:06:47,319 | So you have the two ends. | So you have the two ends. |
111 | 00:06:47,394 | 00:06:49,879 | They were broken and this thickening here | They were broken and this thickening here |
112 | 00:06:49,954 | 00:06:51,719 | Is where new bone is formed | Is where new bone is formed |
113 | 00:06:51,794 | 00:06:54,759 | That makes sure the two ends fuse. | That makes sure the two ends fuse. |
114 | 00:06:54,834 | 00:06:56,599 | Mastrelli: The evidence suggests | Mastrelli: The evidence suggests |
115 | 00:06:56,674 | 00:06:59,359 | The injured baboons had been cared for after being attacked. | The injured baboons had been cared for after being attacked. |
116 | 00:07:00,281 | 00:07:04,272 | For wim, there was only one possible explanation. | For wim, there was only one possible explanation. |
117 | 00:07:04,281 | 00:07:07,159 | These animals had first been captured in the wild | These animals had first been captured in the wild |
118 | 00:07:07,234 | 00:07:08,919 | And then held in captivity. | And then held in captivity. |
119 | 00:07:10,201 | 00:07:14,119 | Ven neer: This process of healing takes four to six weeks | Ven neer: This process of healing takes four to six weeks |
120 | 00:07:14,194 | 00:07:16,919 | Before the two ends fuse. | Before the two ends fuse. |
121 | 00:07:16,994 | 00:07:19,792 | And so we know that these animals must have been | And so we know that these animals must have been |
122 | 00:07:19,801 | 00:07:23,799 | In captivity for at least four to six weeks. | In captivity for at least four to six weeks. |
123 | 00:07:28,361 | 00:07:30,439 | Mastrelli: Wim continued his forensic analysis | Mastrelli: Wim continued his forensic analysis |
124 | 00:07:30,514 | 00:07:31,399 | Of the bones. | Of the bones. |
125 | 00:07:32,441 | 00:07:34,359 | He then identified a similar wound | He then identified a similar wound |
126 | 00:07:34,434 | 00:07:35,919 | On the leg bone of a hippo. | On the leg bone of a hippo. |
127 | 00:07:39,081 | 00:07:41,799 | Ven neer: This is a bone of the lower leg. | Ven neer: This is a bone of the lower leg. |
128 | 00:07:44,194 | 00:07:47,712 | This is normal intact bone, | This is normal intact bone, |
129 | 00:07:47,721 | 00:07:49,479 | And this is the opposite side. | And this is the opposite side. |
130 | 00:07:49,554 | 00:07:52,759 | And here you have again a healed fracture. | And here you have again a healed fracture. |
131 | 00:07:54,754 | 00:07:56,992 | Mastrelli: From the location of the break, | Mastrelli: From the location of the break, |
132 | 00:07:57,001 | 00:08:00,359 | Wim believes there's only one way this hippo's fibula | Wim believes there's only one way this hippo's fibula |
133 | 00:08:00,434 | 00:08:01,719 | Could have been fractured. | Could have been fractured. |
134 | 00:08:03,481 | 00:08:05,799 | Ven neer: So the animal must have been constrained | Ven neer: So the animal must have been constrained |
135 | 00:08:05,874 | 00:08:07,632 | With some kind of a rope, | With some kind of a rope, |
136 | 00:08:07,641 | 00:08:09,399 | A rope that must have been attached to a tree or something, | A rope that must have been attached to a tree or something, |
137 | 00:08:09,474 | 00:08:12,279 | And the animal must have tried to free itself | And the animal must have tried to free itself |
138 | 00:08:12,354 | 00:08:15,359 | And has broken its own leg by doing that. | And has broken its own leg by doing that. |
139 | 00:08:16,521 | 00:08:17,879 | Mastrelli: The skeletons | Mastrelli: The skeletons |
140 | 00:08:17,954 | 00:08:19,479 | From hierakonpolis reveal a mystery. | From hierakonpolis reveal a mystery. |
141 | 00:08:21,241 | 00:08:24,992 | Egypt's oldest city housed a strange collection | Egypt's oldest city housed a strange collection |
142 | 00:08:25,001 | 00:08:26,479 | Of captive animals. | Of captive animals. |
143 | 00:08:29,561 | 00:08:31,239 | So how important was this collection | So how important was this collection |
144 | 00:08:31,314 | 00:08:33,039 | To this prehistoric society? | To this prehistoric society? |
145 | 00:08:35,554 | 00:08:37,319 | One clue comes from the contents | One clue comes from the contents |
146 | 00:08:37,394 | 00:08:39,239 | Of an ancient elephant's stomach. | Of an ancient elephant's stomach. |
147 | 00:08:40,434 | 00:08:44,119 | Incredibly, remnants of its last meal still survive | Incredibly, remnants of its last meal still survive |
148 | 00:08:45,241 | 00:08:48,752 | Nearly 6,000 years after it died. | Nearly 6,000 years after it died. |
149 | 00:08:48,761 | 00:08:52,119 | Friedman: Now elephants only digest about 45% of their food, | Friedman: Now elephants only digest about 45% of their food, |
150 | 00:08:52,194 | 00:08:55,072 | Which is good for us 'cause it's allowed us | Which is good for us 'cause it's allowed us |
151 | 00:08:55,081 | 00:08:59,879 | To get very good evidence for what he ate. | To get very good evidence for what he ate. |
152 | 00:08:59,954 | 00:09:02,592 | But we found boxes and boxes of it. | But we found boxes and boxes of it. |
153 | 00:09:02,601 | 00:09:04,319 | He was a very well-fed elephant. | He was a very well-fed elephant. |
154 | 00:09:05,714 | 00:09:07,392 | Mastrelli: In the wild, | Mastrelli: In the wild, |
155 | 00:09:07,401 | 00:09:09,639 | This elephant would have lived off natural vegetation. | This elephant would have lived off natural vegetation. |
156 | 00:09:10,994 | 00:09:14,352 | Yet botanical analysis of its stomach contents revealed | Yet botanical analysis of its stomach contents revealed |
157 | 00:09:14,361 | 00:09:17,472 | Its last meal contained farmed wheat. | Its last meal contained farmed wheat. |
158 | 00:09:17,481 | 00:09:18,992 | Friedman: This was clear evidence | Friedman: This was clear evidence |
159 | 00:09:19,001 | 00:09:20,359 | That this elephant is not a wild elephant | That this elephant is not a wild elephant |
160 | 00:09:20,434 | 00:09:23,152 | That was just captured recently. | That was just captured recently. |
161 | 00:09:23,161 | 00:09:25,072 | This is one that has been maintained | This is one that has been maintained |
162 | 00:09:25,081 | 00:09:31,152 | On site for some time. | On site for some time. |
163 | 00:09:31,161 | 00:09:32,759 | Mastrelli: Renee and her team have discovered | Mastrelli: Renee and her team have discovered |
164 | 00:09:32,834 | 00:09:36,319 | A prehistoric cemetery unlike any other. | A prehistoric cemetery unlike any other. |
165 | 00:09:37,161 | 00:09:40,352 | Friedman: So here in essence we have the world's first zoo. | Friedman: So here in essence we have the world's first zoo. |
166 | 00:09:40,361 | 00:09:43,232 | This dates back over 6000 years ago. | This dates back over 6000 years ago. |
167 | 00:09:43,241 | 00:09:46,672 | This is before even the invention of writing. | This is before even the invention of writing. |
168 | 00:09:46,681 | 00:09:49,552 | Before the invention of the potter's wheel. | Before the invention of the potter's wheel. |
169 | 00:09:49,561 | 00:09:52,192 | This is before the pyramids were even a glint | This is before the pyramids were even a glint |
170 | 00:09:52,201 | 00:09:53,839 | In some king's eye. | In some king's eye. |
171 | 00:09:56,674 | 00:09:58,359 | Mastrelli: Renee suspects the animals | Mastrelli: Renee suspects the animals |
172 | 00:09:58,434 | 00:09:59,799 | Were the prized possession | Were the prized possession |
173 | 00:09:59,874 | 00:10:02,079 | Of the early rulers of hierakonpolis. | Of the early rulers of hierakonpolis. |
174 | 00:10:04,114 | 00:10:05,879 | This zoo was a statement of power | This zoo was a statement of power |
175 | 00:10:05,954 | 00:10:08,199 | To demonstrate their might to the masses. | To demonstrate their might to the masses. |
176 | 00:10:11,001 | 00:10:13,632 | But further investigation suggests | But further investigation suggests |
177 | 00:10:13,641 | 00:10:16,319 | This wasn't just some king's vanity project. | This wasn't just some king's vanity project. |
178 | 00:10:17,954 | 00:10:19,392 | This zoo was created | This zoo was created |
179 | 00:10:19,401 | 00:10:22,512 | To help tame a terrifying force of nature | To help tame a terrifying force of nature |
180 | 00:10:22,521 | 00:10:27,519 | That was beyond their control, a force they called chaos. | That was beyond their control, a force they called chaos. |
181 | 00:10:39,314 | 00:10:42,599 | The evidence unearthed over three decades of excavations | The evidence unearthed over three decades of excavations |
182 | 00:10:42,674 | 00:10:45,152 | At hierakonpolis suggests the forerunners | At hierakonpolis suggests the forerunners |
183 | 00:10:45,161 | 00:10:47,152 | Of the pharaohs went to great lengths | Of the pharaohs went to great lengths |
184 | 00:10:47,161 | 00:10:48,759 | To put together a collection | To put together a collection |
185 | 00:10:48,834 | 00:10:51,639 | Of exotic and dangerous animals. | Of exotic and dangerous animals. |
186 | 00:10:51,714 | 00:10:52,679 | The question is why? | The question is why? |
187 | 00:10:57,474 | 00:10:59,072 | Was there more to the tradition | Was there more to the tradition |
188 | 00:10:59,081 | 00:11:01,599 | Than just a projection of the early rulers' might? | Than just a projection of the early rulers' might? |
189 | 00:11:04,834 | 00:11:07,679 | Egyptologist salima ikram has a theory. | Egyptologist salima ikram has a theory. |
190 | 00:11:09,794 | 00:11:11,792 | She believes it was a weapon in a battle | She believes it was a weapon in a battle |
191 | 00:11:11,801 | 00:11:13,639 | Against a force of nature | Against a force of nature |
192 | 00:11:13,714 | 00:11:17,439 | The egyptians feared more than anything else, | The egyptians feared more than anything else, |
193 | 00:11:17,874 | 00:11:20,039 | Chaos. | Chaos. |
194 | 00:11:20,114 | 00:11:21,879 | Ikram: The ancient egyptians realized | Ikram: The ancient egyptians realized |
195 | 00:11:21,954 | 00:11:23,639 | That nature was chaotic, | That nature was chaotic, |
196 | 00:11:23,714 | 00:11:25,312 | And if they were going to survive, | And if they were going to survive, |
197 | 00:11:25,321 | 00:11:26,679 | It had to be controlled. | It had to be controlled. |
198 | 00:11:28,681 | 00:11:31,639 | Mastrelli: It is the belief of some archaeologists | Mastrelli: It is the belief of some archaeologists |
199 | 00:11:31,714 | 00:11:35,312 | That these early rulers tried to control chaos | That these early rulers tried to control chaos |
200 | 00:11:35,321 | 00:11:37,472 | By controlling the magical powers | By controlling the magical powers |
201 | 00:11:37,481 | 00:11:39,439 | Of the beasts they'd captured. | Of the beasts they'd captured. |
202 | 00:11:41,474 | 00:11:43,079 | Ikram: The keystone, the foundation for egyptian | Ikram: The keystone, the foundation for egyptian |
203 | 00:11:43,154 | 00:11:48,432 | Religion, is the idea of order, maat, over chaos, izfit. | Religion, is the idea of order, maat, over chaos, izfit. |
204 | 00:11:48,441 | 00:11:51,712 | And one of the things was controlling the wild beasts | And one of the things was controlling the wild beasts |
205 | 00:11:51,721 | 00:11:53,319 | That frequented the land | That frequented the land |
206 | 00:11:53,394 | 00:11:56,519 | And were of great threat to the ancient egyptians. | And were of great threat to the ancient egyptians. |
207 | 00:11:56,594 | 00:11:57,959 | Mastrelli: Experts now suspect | Mastrelli: Experts now suspect |
208 | 00:11:58,034 | 00:12:00,439 | The zoo was a magical weapon | The zoo was a magical weapon |
209 | 00:12:00,514 | 00:12:03,959 | In an on-going battle against chaos. | In an on-going battle against chaos. |
210 | 00:12:04,034 | 00:12:05,712 | Adams: The hippos would come out at night, | Adams: The hippos would come out at night, |
211 | 00:12:05,721 | 00:12:08,359 | And they would trample around in the crops and eat, | And they would trample around in the crops and eat, |
212 | 00:12:08,434 | 00:12:09,559 | Before heading back to the water. | Before heading back to the water. |
213 | 00:12:09,634 | 00:12:12,119 | And so probably because of this, | And so probably because of this, |
214 | 00:12:12,194 | 00:12:17,039 | The hippo came to exemplify chaos. | The hippo came to exemplify chaos. |
215 | 00:12:18,194 | 00:12:19,872 | Mastrelli: While the hippo was the animal | Mastrelli: While the hippo was the animal |
216 | 00:12:19,881 | 00:12:22,199 | That represented chaos, | That represented chaos, |
217 | 00:12:22,274 | 00:12:25,719 | The baboons, one of the most abundant species found | The baboons, one of the most abundant species found |
218 | 00:12:25,794 | 00:12:28,599 | In the cemetery would go on to have a wealth | In the cemetery would go on to have a wealth |
219 | 00:12:28,674 | 00:12:30,672 | Of symbolic meaning. | Of symbolic meaning. |
220 | 00:12:30,681 | 00:12:35,392 | Adams: We see that there's an element of protectiveness | Adams: We see that there's an element of protectiveness |
221 | 00:12:35,401 | 00:12:38,039 | Within baboons that the egyptians made use of | Within baboons that the egyptians made use of |
222 | 00:12:38,114 | 00:12:39,559 | In a variety of different ways. | In a variety of different ways. |
223 | 00:12:39,634 | 00:12:43,719 | They can be associated with protection of tombs | They can be associated with protection of tombs |
224 | 00:12:43,794 | 00:12:45,639 | In sacred places. | In sacred places. |
225 | 00:12:45,714 | 00:12:48,112 | They're also associated with the god thoth | They're also associated with the god thoth |
226 | 00:12:48,121 | 00:12:49,872 | Who was a moon god. | Who was a moon god. |
227 | 00:12:49,881 | 00:12:51,632 | It seems to be related to the fact | It seems to be related to the fact |
228 | 00:12:51,641 | 00:12:55,639 | That baboons can often be seen at night | That baboons can often be seen at night |
229 | 00:12:55,714 | 00:12:57,879 | Making strange gestures like this | Making strange gestures like this |
230 | 00:12:57,954 | 00:12:59,719 | As we see it in iconography, | As we see it in iconography, |
231 | 00:12:59,794 | 00:13:00,879 | Toward a full moon. | Toward a full moon. |
232 | 00:13:03,801 | 00:13:05,792 | Mastrelli: In time, the characteristics | Mastrelli: In time, the characteristics |
233 | 00:13:05,801 | 00:13:08,879 | Of these animals would take on mythical significance. | Of these animals would take on mythical significance. |
234 | 00:13:10,914 | 00:13:14,359 | They'd eventually become key figures in egyptian religion. | They'd eventually become key figures in egyptian religion. |
235 | 00:13:16,514 | 00:13:18,272 | The animals from the zoo would be buried | The animals from the zoo would be buried |
236 | 00:13:18,281 | 00:13:21,039 | Alongside the early rulers of hierakonpolis. | Alongside the early rulers of hierakonpolis. |
237 | 00:13:22,674 | 00:13:25,159 | Friedman: This ruler like the other ones we have here | Friedman: This ruler like the other ones we have here |
238 | 00:13:25,234 | 00:13:27,152 | Had a number of animals with him. | Had a number of animals with him. |
239 | 00:13:27,161 | 00:13:31,312 | So we have a leopard, we have baboons, | So we have a leopard, we have baboons, |
240 | 00:13:31,321 | 00:13:34,119 | We have an aurochs, we have a crocodile | We have an aurochs, we have a crocodile |
241 | 00:13:34,194 | 00:13:36,119 | And we have an ostrich. | And we have an ostrich. |
242 | 00:13:36,194 | 00:13:37,392 | Mastrelli: But further investigation | Mastrelli: But further investigation |
243 | 00:13:37,401 | 00:13:39,159 | Of the animal bones | Of the animal bones |
244 | 00:13:39,234 | 00:13:43,039 | Reveals some grisly information about these burials. | Reveals some grisly information about these burials. |
245 | 00:13:44,521 | 00:13:47,879 | Friedman: We've been able to get dates on our animals now | Friedman: We've been able to get dates on our animals now |
246 | 00:13:47,954 | 00:13:50,352 | From what they had for their final meal. | From what they had for their final meal. |
247 | 00:13:50,361 | 00:13:53,472 | And this has allowed us to get carbon 14 dates, | And this has allowed us to get carbon 14 dates, |
248 | 00:13:53,481 | 00:13:55,312 | Which has been showing us | Which has been showing us |
249 | 00:13:55,321 | 00:13:58,672 | That many of these animals were buried all at the same time, | That many of these animals were buried all at the same time, |
250 | 00:13:58,681 | 00:14:01,559 | Because the dates are almost identical. | Because the dates are almost identical. |
251 | 00:14:01,634 | 00:14:04,479 | Mastrelli: These animals did not die of natural causes. | Mastrelli: These animals did not die of natural causes. |
252 | 00:14:05,954 | 00:14:08,119 | They were all systematically slaughtered. | They were all systematically slaughtered. |
253 | 00:14:10,194 | 00:14:11,799 | For dr. Renee friedman, | For dr. Renee friedman, |
254 | 00:14:11,874 | 00:14:14,279 | This key finding deepened her understanding | This key finding deepened her understanding |
255 | 00:14:14,354 | 00:14:15,799 | Of the fate of the animals | Of the fate of the animals |
256 | 00:14:16,761 | 00:14:19,152 | And proved to be an important clue | And proved to be an important clue |
257 | 00:14:19,161 | 00:14:23,359 | In unraveling the secrets of hierakonpolis in later years. | In unraveling the secrets of hierakonpolis in later years. |
258 | 00:14:25,721 | 00:14:28,519 | The zoo only lasted for a few generations, | The zoo only lasted for a few generations, |
259 | 00:14:29,401 | 00:14:32,119 | And the next period in the city's history | And the next period in the city's history |
260 | 00:14:32,194 | 00:14:36,479 | Saw a significant escalation in the war on chaos. | Saw a significant escalation in the war on chaos. |
261 | 00:14:39,161 | 00:14:42,432 | Friedman: Here we are in the huge predynastic town, | Friedman: Here we are in the huge predynastic town, |
262 | 00:14:42,441 | 00:14:44,919 | Which spreads for over three kilometers. | Which spreads for over three kilometers. |
263 | 00:14:44,994 | 00:14:47,552 | And here we're in downtown hierakonpolis, | And here we're in downtown hierakonpolis, |
264 | 00:14:47,561 | 00:14:49,559 | Predynastic hierakonpolis at one | Predynastic hierakonpolis at one |
265 | 00:14:49,634 | 00:14:51,559 | Of its most intriguing structures, | Of its most intriguing structures, |
266 | 00:14:52,681 | 00:14:56,119 | What I believe to be a predynastic ceremonial center. | What I believe to be a predynastic ceremonial center. |
267 | 00:14:57,801 | 00:15:01,072 | Mastrelli: 5500 years after it was built, | Mastrelli: 5500 years after it was built, |
268 | 00:15:01,081 | 00:15:03,072 | The site is still littered with millions | The site is still littered with millions |
269 | 00:15:03,081 | 00:15:05,152 | Of fragments of pottery | Of fragments of pottery |
270 | 00:15:05,161 | 00:15:07,519 | And over 30,000 animal bones | And over 30,000 animal bones |
271 | 00:15:08,361 | 00:15:11,839 | From cattle, crocodiles and hippos. | From cattle, crocodiles and hippos. |
272 | 00:15:15,234 | 00:15:17,879 | Renee believes that after the zoo, | Renee believes that after the zoo, |
273 | 00:15:17,954 | 00:15:20,759 | Ritual sacrifice was performed right here | Ritual sacrifice was performed right here |
274 | 00:15:20,834 | 00:15:22,239 | In an ancient arena. | In an ancient arena. |
275 | 00:15:25,954 | 00:15:27,312 | Friedman: The animals that were used here | Friedman: The animals that were used here |
276 | 00:15:27,321 | 00:15:29,719 | Were probably captured specifically | Were probably captured specifically |
277 | 00:15:29,794 | 00:15:31,312 | For the purpose of slaughter. | For the purpose of slaughter. |
278 | 00:15:31,321 | 00:15:32,919 | They weren't maintained. | They weren't maintained. |
279 | 00:15:32,994 | 00:15:34,352 | So they may have been captured | So they may have been captured |
280 | 00:15:34,361 | 00:15:37,319 | And kept for a short time, | And kept for a short time, |
281 | 00:15:37,394 | 00:15:41,239 | But they were almost certainly for use in the rituals | But they were almost certainly for use in the rituals |
282 | 00:15:41,314 | 00:15:43,799 | That were undertaken in this ceremonial center. | That were undertaken in this ceremonial center. |
283 | 00:15:44,834 | 00:15:48,279 | These are the animals that symbolized | These are the animals that symbolized |
284 | 00:15:48,354 | 00:15:50,352 | The control of nature. | The control of nature. |
285 | 00:15:50,361 | 00:15:52,912 | By putting them in a walled compound, | By putting them in a walled compound, |
286 | 00:15:52,921 | 00:15:55,072 | You were showing your control of them. | You were showing your control of them. |
287 | 00:15:55,081 | 00:15:56,592 | By slaughtering them | By slaughtering them |
288 | 00:15:56,601 | 00:15:58,599 | You were showing even more of the control. | You were showing even more of the control. |
289 | 00:15:58,674 | 00:16:01,399 | Mastrelli: The ceremonial center was the city's new, | Mastrelli: The ceremonial center was the city's new, |
290 | 00:16:01,474 | 00:16:04,799 | Improved weapon in the war on chaos. | Improved weapon in the war on chaos. |
291 | 00:16:05,714 | 00:16:10,272 | Hierakonpolis once played host to vast ceremonial rituals | Hierakonpolis once played host to vast ceremonial rituals |
292 | 00:16:10,281 | 00:16:12,879 | Involving the slaughter of hundreds of animals. | Involving the slaughter of hundreds of animals. |
293 | 00:16:14,281 | 00:16:16,439 | Friedman: All of the animals here, we have here, | Friedman: All of the animals here, we have here, |
294 | 00:16:16,514 | 00:16:18,352 | Many of them have butchering marks. | Many of them have butchering marks. |
295 | 00:16:18,361 | 00:16:22,519 | It is clear we're looking at the residue of feasting, | It is clear we're looking at the residue of feasting, |
296 | 00:16:22,594 | 00:16:25,392 | Not of animals that were buried whole, | Not of animals that were buried whole, |
297 | 00:16:25,401 | 00:16:26,839 | And that's the difference. | And that's the difference. |
298 | 00:16:26,914 | 00:16:29,639 | Here these animals would have been paraded, | Here these animals would have been paraded, |
299 | 00:16:29,714 | 00:16:31,559 | There would have been a ritual slaughter, | There would have been a ritual slaughter, |
300 | 00:16:31,634 | 00:16:34,199 | And then they would have eaten them. | And then they would have eaten them. |
301 | 00:16:34,274 | 00:16:35,479 | Mastrelli: Experts now believe | Mastrelli: Experts now believe |
302 | 00:16:35,554 | 00:16:36,839 | The city's enduring obsession | The city's enduring obsession |
303 | 00:16:36,914 | 00:16:39,519 | With animals became legendary. | With animals became legendary. |
304 | 00:16:41,241 | 00:16:44,352 | They would inspire some of the most captivating imagery | They would inspire some of the most captivating imagery |
305 | 00:16:44,361 | 00:16:45,839 | From the ancient world. | From the ancient world. |
306 | 00:16:51,474 | 00:16:53,159 | The discovery of the animals | The discovery of the animals |
307 | 00:16:53,234 | 00:16:56,119 | From what could be the world's first zoo | From what could be the world's first zoo |
308 | 00:16:56,194 | 00:16:59,359 | Didn't just reveal a bizarre historical oddity. | Didn't just reveal a bizarre historical oddity. |
309 | 00:17:02,194 | 00:17:05,559 | Experts now believe the archaeologists may have stumbled | Experts now believe the archaeologists may have stumbled |
310 | 00:17:05,634 | 00:17:08,512 | Upon an early fascination with animals | Upon an early fascination with animals |
311 | 00:17:08,521 | 00:17:10,359 | That would influence 3000 years | That would influence 3000 years |
312 | 00:17:10,434 | 00:17:12,519 | Of egyptian iconography. | Of egyptian iconography. |
313 | 00:17:16,354 | 00:17:20,432 | Ikram: All of these animals, the wild bull, the crocodile, | Ikram: All of these animals, the wild bull, the crocodile, |
314 | 00:17:20,441 | 00:17:22,119 | The hippo, the baboons, | The hippo, the baboons, |
315 | 00:17:22,194 | 00:17:25,632 | These are all animals that become key players | These are all animals that become key players |
316 | 00:17:25,641 | 00:17:28,432 | In egyptian religion. | In egyptian religion. |
317 | 00:17:28,441 | 00:17:33,239 | The zoo really shows us how the egyptian ideas of god | The zoo really shows us how the egyptian ideas of god |
318 | 00:17:33,314 | 00:17:37,039 | And man and nature all come together. | And man and nature all come together. |
319 | 00:17:37,881 | 00:17:40,752 | Mastrelli: Cats, wild dogs, | Mastrelli: Cats, wild dogs, |
320 | 00:17:40,761 | 00:17:44,112 | Crocodiles, bulls, sheep | Crocodiles, bulls, sheep |
321 | 00:17:44,121 | 00:17:45,872 | And hippos would all be used | And hippos would all be used |
322 | 00:17:45,881 | 00:17:48,839 | To represent the different characteristics of the gods, | To represent the different characteristics of the gods, |
323 | 00:17:50,674 | 00:17:55,312 | And all were present in predynastic hierakonpolis. | And all were present in predynastic hierakonpolis. |
324 | 00:17:55,321 | 00:17:57,632 | Ikram: So all the elements of religion, | Ikram: So all the elements of religion, |
325 | 00:17:57,641 | 00:17:59,792 | Culture, start during this period, | Culture, start during this period, |
326 | 00:17:59,801 | 00:18:01,559 | And you see them continuing | And you see them continuing |
327 | 00:18:01,634 | 00:18:04,559 | Through the rest of the 3000 years of egyptian history. | Through the rest of the 3000 years of egyptian history. |
328 | 00:18:05,401 | 00:18:08,112 | Mastrelli: The curious mix of exotic species | Mastrelli: The curious mix of exotic species |
329 | 00:18:08,121 | 00:18:11,799 | Inspired egypt's iconic animal gods. | Inspired egypt's iconic animal gods. |
330 | 00:18:11,874 | 00:18:15,632 | And evidence to confirm their importance can still be found | And evidence to confirm their importance can still be found |
331 | 00:18:15,641 | 00:18:18,119 | 15 miles south of the ancient city. | 15 miles south of the ancient city. |
332 | 00:18:21,554 | 00:18:24,479 | This is the temple of horus at edfu. | This is the temple of horus at edfu. |
333 | 00:18:26,921 | 00:18:30,112 | Dating to 237 bce, | Dating to 237 bce, |
334 | 00:18:30,121 | 00:18:32,592 | Its carved reliefs reveal the animals | Its carved reliefs reveal the animals |
335 | 00:18:32,601 | 00:18:34,752 | The egyptians held sacred, | The egyptians held sacred, |
336 | 00:18:34,761 | 00:18:36,112 | Long after the zoo and | Long after the zoo and |
337 | 00:18:36,121 | 00:18:41,072 | Ceremonial center had disappeared. | Ceremonial center had disappeared. |
338 | 00:18:41,081 | 00:18:43,872 | Ikram: Although this temple is 3000 years later | Ikram: Although this temple is 3000 years later |
339 | 00:18:43,881 | 00:18:45,952 | Than when hierakonpolis was founded, | Than when hierakonpolis was founded, |
340 | 00:18:45,961 | 00:18:49,159 | It is in fact closer to us in time. | It is in fact closer to us in time. |
341 | 00:18:49,234 | 00:18:51,792 | But what is extraordinary is that the animals | But what is extraordinary is that the animals |
342 | 00:18:51,801 | 00:18:53,472 | That you see here depicted | That you see here depicted |
343 | 00:18:53,481 | 00:18:56,359 | Are the same ones that you find in hierakonpolis. | Are the same ones that you find in hierakonpolis. |
344 | 00:18:59,721 | 00:19:01,632 | So this room is really exciting | So this room is really exciting |
345 | 00:19:01,641 | 00:19:03,719 | In terms of our story of the zoo, | In terms of our story of the zoo, |
346 | 00:19:03,794 | 00:19:07,312 | Because the first thing found at hierakonpolis was baboons. | Because the first thing found at hierakonpolis was baboons. |
347 | 00:19:07,321 | 00:19:09,799 | And here we have some fabulous baboons | And here we have some fabulous baboons |
348 | 00:19:09,874 | 00:19:11,632 | Marching in procession. | Marching in procession. |
349 | 00:19:11,641 | 00:19:15,079 | So you can see how, even though this is 3000 years later, | So you can see how, even though this is 3000 years later, |
350 | 00:19:15,154 | 00:19:17,792 | It really ties into the first animal | It really ties into the first animal |
351 | 00:19:17,801 | 00:19:20,519 | That was ever excavated at hierakonpolis. | That was ever excavated at hierakonpolis. |
352 | 00:19:21,714 | 00:19:24,192 | Mastrelli: While the baboons offer a fascinating link | Mastrelli: While the baboons offer a fascinating link |
353 | 00:19:24,201 | 00:19:25,679 | To the prehistoric zoo, | To the prehistoric zoo, |
354 | 00:19:26,834 | 00:19:30,039 | A vast relief carved onto the temple wall | A vast relief carved onto the temple wall |
355 | 00:19:30,114 | 00:19:33,479 | Depicts another animal with enduring links to the zoo | Depicts another animal with enduring links to the zoo |
356 | 00:19:33,554 | 00:19:37,239 | And the later ceremonial center at hierakonpolis. | And the later ceremonial center at hierakonpolis. |
357 | 00:19:40,201 | 00:19:43,392 | Ikram: This wall is covered by images of hippos, | Ikram: This wall is covered by images of hippos, |
358 | 00:19:43,401 | 00:19:45,399 | And here they're being hunted, | And here they're being hunted, |
359 | 00:19:45,474 | 00:19:47,639 | Not just wallowing and having a nice time. | Not just wallowing and having a nice time. |
360 | 00:19:50,354 | 00:19:52,992 | Mastrelli: The relief inscribed onto the victory passage | Mastrelli: The relief inscribed onto the victory passage |
361 | 00:19:53,001 | 00:19:56,112 | Illustrates the ancient egyptian's perceived mastery | Illustrates the ancient egyptian's perceived mastery |
362 | 00:19:56,121 | 00:19:57,119 | Over chaos. | Over chaos. |
363 | 00:19:58,761 | 00:20:03,159 | It features the king, depicted as the falcon-headed horus, | It features the king, depicted as the falcon-headed horus, |
364 | 00:20:03,234 | 00:20:07,439 | Hunting a hippo representing seth, the god of chaos. | Hunting a hippo representing seth, the god of chaos. |
365 | 00:20:10,194 | 00:20:11,799 | Ikram: In this scene you can see | Ikram: In this scene you can see |
366 | 00:20:11,874 | 00:20:13,399 | That the hippo has been brought in, | That the hippo has been brought in, |
367 | 00:20:13,474 | 00:20:15,232 | And the king is killing it | And the king is killing it |
368 | 00:20:15,241 | 00:20:17,879 | And is preparing to cut it into small pieces. | And is preparing to cut it into small pieces. |
369 | 00:20:19,721 | 00:20:22,272 | Mastrelli: The similarities between the illustrations | Mastrelli: The similarities between the illustrations |
370 | 00:20:22,281 | 00:20:23,999 | On the temple walls at edfu | On the temple walls at edfu |
371 | 00:20:24,841 | 00:20:26,512 | And the activities | And the activities |
372 | 00:20:26,521 | 00:20:30,119 | At hierakonpolis 3000 years earlier are staggering. | At hierakonpolis 3000 years earlier are staggering. |
373 | 00:20:34,834 | 00:20:37,872 | Ikram: This is the ultimate link between what is going on | Ikram: This is the ultimate link between what is going on |
374 | 00:20:37,881 | 00:20:40,359 | On this wall and what happened at hierakonpolis. | On this wall and what happened at hierakonpolis. |
375 | 00:20:40,434 | 00:20:42,912 | And even though it's 3000 years apart, | And even though it's 3000 years apart, |
376 | 00:20:42,921 | 00:20:46,679 | This is the same ritual that was continuing in the minds | This is the same ritual that was continuing in the minds |
377 | 00:20:46,754 | 00:20:48,199 | Of the ancient egyptians | Of the ancient egyptians |
378 | 00:20:48,274 | 00:20:50,999 | In order to establish order over chaos. | In order to establish order over chaos. |
379 | 00:20:52,194 | 00:20:54,279 | Mastrelli: Ancient egypt's fascination | Mastrelli: Ancient egypt's fascination |
380 | 00:20:54,354 | 00:20:57,999 | With the animal kingdom may have begun over 6000 years ago, | With the animal kingdom may have begun over 6000 years ago, |
381 | 00:20:59,161 | 00:21:01,239 | But the cemetery at hierakonpolis | But the cemetery at hierakonpolis |
382 | 00:21:01,314 | 00:21:03,072 | Continues to surprise us | Continues to surprise us |
383 | 00:21:03,081 | 00:21:04,999 | With new evidence every day. | With new evidence every day. |
384 | 00:21:05,961 | 00:21:09,959 | Friedman: So here, eroding out of the side of the tomb, | Friedman: So here, eroding out of the side of the tomb, |
385 | 00:21:10,034 | 00:21:12,112 | Is a baboon bone. | Is a baboon bone. |
386 | 00:21:12,121 | 00:21:16,279 | This is probably the elbow of one of the seven baboons | This is probably the elbow of one of the seven baboons |
387 | 00:21:16,354 | 00:21:17,792 | That were buried here. | That were buried here. |
388 | 00:21:17,801 | 00:21:20,279 | Because these tombs were heavily plundered, | Because these tombs were heavily plundered, |
389 | 00:21:20,354 | 00:21:24,439 | Repeatedly, you find this explosion of bones | Repeatedly, you find this explosion of bones |
390 | 00:21:24,514 | 00:21:25,519 | All around them. | All around them. |
391 | 00:21:27,321 | 00:21:30,919 | And every so often one decides to reappear, | And every so often one decides to reappear, |
392 | 00:21:30,994 | 00:21:32,159 | Just like this has. | Just like this has. |
393 | 00:21:33,481 | 00:21:35,392 | Mastrelli: The zoo from the dawn of history | Mastrelli: The zoo from the dawn of history |
394 | 00:21:35,401 | 00:21:39,392 | Played an incredible role in shaping egyptian civilization. | Played an incredible role in shaping egyptian civilization. |
395 | 00:21:39,401 | 00:21:40,592 | For over three decades | For over three decades |
396 | 00:21:40,601 | 00:21:42,119 | Renee has devoted her life | Renee has devoted her life |
397 | 00:21:42,194 | 00:21:44,912 | To investigating this extraordinary landscape, | To investigating this extraordinary landscape, |
398 | 00:21:44,921 | 00:21:47,319 | And her findings are redefining everything | And her findings are redefining everything |
399 | 00:21:47,394 | 00:21:49,959 | Scholars thought they knew about egypt | Scholars thought they knew about egypt |
400 | 00:21:50,034 | 00:21:51,872 | In the time before the pharaohs. | In the time before the pharaohs. |
401 | 00:21:51,881 | 00:21:55,799 | But with just 20% of the ancient city excavated, | But with just 20% of the ancient city excavated, |
402 | 00:21:55,874 | 00:21:59,279 | Hierakonpolis is only beginning to reveal its secrets. | Hierakonpolis is only beginning to reveal its secrets. |