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1 | 00:00:02,947 | 00:00:07,046 | National Geographic Earth: Making of a Planet Original Air Date on March 6, 2011 | National Geographic Earth: Making of a Planet Original Air Date on March 6, 2011 |
2 | 00:00:07,071 | 00:00:11,071 | -- sync, corrected by elderman -- | -- sync, corrected by elderman -- |
3 | 00:00:14,563 | 00:00:18,133 | The Earth, as far as we know it's the | The Earth, as far as we know it's the |
4 | 00:00:18,201 | 00:00:22,973 | only home to life in the universe. | only home to life in the universe. |
5 | 00:00:23,041 | 00:00:29,380 | So what makes our planet so special? | So what makes our planet so special? |
6 | 00:00:30,249 | 00:00:36,389 | To find answers, we must travel back in time. | To find answers, we must travel back in time. |
7 | 00:00:36,457 | 00:00:40,460 | See the first humans walk the Earth. | See the first humans walk the Earth. |
8 | 00:00:40,528 | 00:00:44,598 | Ride each colliding continent. | Ride each colliding continent. |
9 | 00:00:44,666 | 00:00:50,570 | Face killer dinosaurs. | Face killer dinosaurs. |
10 | 00:00:50,638 | 00:00:56,778 | Dive into oceans full of bizarre life forms. | Dive into oceans full of bizarre life forms. |
11 | 00:00:56,846 | 00:01:00,683 | Feel the bitter chill of global ice ages. | Feel the bitter chill of global ice ages. |
12 | 00:01:00,751 | 00:01:04,855 | And experience the fury of cosmic missile attacks. | And experience the fury of cosmic missile attacks. |
13 | 00:01:12,330 | 00:01:14,532 | By travelling back in time, | By travelling back in time, |
14 | 00:01:14,599 | 00:01:17,034 | we can piece together our planet's incredible | we can piece together our planet's incredible |
15 | 00:01:17,102 | 00:01:18,836 | story. | story. |
16 | 00:01:18,904 | 00:01:23,374 | And discover why all of this, and all of us, | And discover why all of this, and all of us, |
17 | 00:01:23,441 | 00:01:24,975 | are here. | are here. |
18 | 00:01:42,262 | 00:01:44,497 | The journey starts almost five billion | The journey starts almost five billion |
19 | 00:01:44,565 | 00:01:48,035 | years ago. | years ago. |
20 | 00:01:48,736 | 00:01:53,074 | There's no sign of Earth just yet. | There's no sign of Earth just yet. |
21 | 00:01:55,310 | 00:01:59,980 | Only the Sun, a newborn star surrounded by dust. | Only the Sun, a newborn star surrounded by dust. |
22 | 00:02:05,754 | 00:02:09,991 | The Earth hasn't formed yet. | The Earth hasn't formed yet. |
23 | 00:02:19,102 | 00:02:21,938 | But through time, gravity pulls the dust | But through time, gravity pulls the dust |
24 | 00:02:22,005 | 00:02:24,607 | into tiny rocks. | into tiny rocks. |
25 | 00:02:38,992 | 00:02:41,927 | To our surprise, something as complex as | To our surprise, something as complex as |
26 | 00:02:41,995 | 00:02:45,364 | a planet is made from nothing more than dust | a planet is made from nothing more than dust |
27 | 00:02:45,432 | 00:02:48,168 | and rocks. | and rocks. |
28 | 00:02:49,971 | 00:02:53,006 | Over millions of years, gravity pulls these | Over millions of years, gravity pulls these |
29 | 00:02:53,074 | 00:02:56,642 | rocks together to form the Earth, | rocks together to form the Earth, |
30 | 00:02:56,710 | 00:02:58,511 | one of at least a hundred planets | one of at least a hundred planets |
31 | 00:02:58,578 | 00:03:01,080 | circling the sun. | circling the sun. |
32 | 00:03:31,041 | 00:03:33,742 | But four and a half billion years ago, | But four and a half billion years ago, |
33 | 00:03:33,810 | 00:03:37,813 | Earth looks more like hell than home. | Earth looks more like hell than home. |
34 | 00:03:41,717 | 00:03:43,751 | Up close the temperature is over | Up close the temperature is over |
35 | 00:03:43,819 | 00:03:47,888 | 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. | 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit. |
36 | 00:03:47,956 | 00:03:50,924 | There's no air, just carbon dioxide, | There's no air, just carbon dioxide, |
37 | 00:03:50,992 | 00:03:54,427 | nitrogen and water vapor. | nitrogen and water vapor. |
38 | 00:03:54,629 | 00:03:57,164 | It's so hot and toxic that if we got any | It's so hot and toxic that if we got any |
39 | 00:03:57,232 | 00:03:59,700 | closer we'd be incinerated and | closer we'd be incinerated and |
40 | 00:03:59,768 | 00:04:03,638 | suffocated in seconds. | suffocated in seconds. |
41 | 00:04:13,784 | 00:04:16,052 | This newborn planet is a boiling ball of | This newborn planet is a boiling ball of |
42 | 00:04:16,120 | 00:04:17,720 | liquid rock; | liquid rock; |
43 | 00:04:24,828 | 00:04:28,630 | an endless ocean of lava. | an endless ocean of lava. |
44 | 00:04:37,974 | 00:04:40,242 | A young planet called Theia is heading | A young planet called Theia is heading |
45 | 00:04:40,310 | 00:04:45,115 | straight for Earth. | straight for Earth. |
46 | 00:04:45,383 | 00:04:48,318 | The size of Mars, it travels nearly 10 miles | The size of Mars, it travels nearly 10 miles |
47 | 00:04:48,386 | 00:04:51,255 | per second, twenty times faster than a | per second, twenty times faster than a |
48 | 00:04:51,323 | 00:04:52,924 | bullet. | bullet. |
49 | 00:05:01,366 | 00:05:04,168 | The intruder's gravity distorts the Earth's surface. | The intruder's gravity distorts the Earth's surface. |
50 | 00:05:33,569 | 00:05:36,604 | The blast wave races around the planet. | The blast wave races around the planet. |
51 | 00:05:37,239 | 00:05:40,508 | It's as though both young planets turn to liquid, | It's as though both young planets turn to liquid, |
52 | 00:05:50,920 | 00:05:52,888 | trillions of tons of debris blast | trillions of tons of debris blast |
53 | 00:05:52,955 | 00:05:56,492 | out into space. | out into space. |
54 | 00:06:13,178 | 00:06:15,745 | But over the course of a thousand years, | But over the course of a thousand years, |
55 | 00:06:15,813 | 00:06:18,581 | gravity turns the rubble into a ring of | gravity turns the rubble into a ring of |
56 | 00:06:18,649 | 00:06:24,286 | red hot dust and rock that circles the Earth. | red hot dust and rock that circles the Earth. |
57 | 00:06:29,424 | 00:06:32,226 | From this ring, a ball forms, | From this ring, a ball forms, |
58 | 00:06:32,294 | 00:06:37,231 | over two thousand miles wide. | over two thousand miles wide. |
59 | 00:06:41,971 | 00:06:46,174 | It's the birth of our moon. | It's the birth of our moon. |
60 | 00:06:51,547 | 00:06:55,151 | But it's much closer than the moon today, | But it's much closer than the moon today, |
61 | 00:06:55,218 | 00:06:58,721 | just 14,000 miles away instead of a quarter of | just 14,000 miles away instead of a quarter of |
62 | 00:06:58,789 | 00:07:02,359 | a million miles. | a million miles. |
63 | 00:07:18,312 | 00:07:20,947 | The sun rises over a cooling Earth. | The sun rises over a cooling Earth. |
64 | 00:07:21,014 | 00:07:27,152 | And sets just three hours later. | And sets just three hours later. |
65 | 00:07:27,287 | 00:07:29,555 | The Earth is spinning so fast that an entire | The Earth is spinning so fast that an entire |
66 | 00:07:29,623 | 00:07:34,593 | day lasts six hours. | day lasts six hours. |
67 | 00:07:34,861 | 00:07:37,162 | The days may pass quickly but the Earth | The days may pass quickly but the Earth |
68 | 00:07:37,230 | 00:07:41,366 | changes slowly. | changes slowly. |
69 | 00:07:41,568 | 00:07:44,136 | To understand the making of our planet we | To understand the making of our planet we |
70 | 00:07:44,204 | 00:07:48,974 | need to fast foard through millions of years. | need to fast foard through millions of years. |
71 | 00:08:12,367 | 00:08:14,936 | 3.9 billion years ago, | 3.9 billion years ago, |
72 | 00:08:15,003 | 00:08:19,174 | a hail of meteors attack the Earth. | a hail of meteors attack the Earth. |
73 | 00:08:19,642 | 00:08:21,944 | It's debris left over from the solar system's | It's debris left over from the solar system's |
74 | 00:08:22,012 | 00:08:25,448 | formation. | formation. |
75 | 00:08:32,458 | 00:08:35,026 | Inside the meteors are crystals that look like | Inside the meteors are crystals that look like |
76 | 00:08:35,094 | 00:08:39,831 | grains of salt. | grains of salt. |
77 | 00:08:40,099 | 00:08:43,401 | And inside the crystals are minute droplets of | And inside the crystals are minute droplets of |
78 | 00:08:43,469 | 00:08:45,303 | water. | water. |
79 | 00:08:52,243 | 00:08:54,945 | These deadly missiles could contain the vital | These deadly missiles could contain the vital |
80 | 00:08:55,013 | 00:08:57,714 | ingredient for life on Earth. | ingredient for life on Earth. |
81 | 00:09:11,794 | 00:09:14,429 | Only a small amount of water exists inside | Only a small amount of water exists inside |
82 | 00:09:14,497 | 00:09:17,699 | each meteorite, but as they bombard the Earth | each meteorite, but as they bombard the Earth |
83 | 00:09:17,766 | 00:09:20,201 | for over 20 million years, | for over 20 million years, |
84 | 00:09:20,268 | 00:09:23,605 | pools of water grow. | pools of water grow. |
85 | 00:09:26,075 | 00:09:28,310 | The Earth's core remains molten, | The Earth's core remains molten, |
86 | 00:09:28,377 | 00:09:30,479 | but its surface has cooled enough to form a | but its surface has cooled enough to form a |
87 | 00:09:30,546 | 00:09:32,347 | crust. | crust. |
88 | 00:09:32,415 | 00:09:36,818 | The air is around 170 degrees. | The air is around 170 degrees. |
89 | 00:09:39,154 | 00:09:41,089 | In the future, there's a chance we could | In the future, there's a chance we could |
90 | 00:09:41,157 | 00:09:44,659 | swallow this very water. | swallow this very water. |
91 | 00:09:44,727 | 00:09:46,661 | Every sip, every puddle, | Every sip, every puddle, |
92 | 00:09:46,729 | 00:09:49,831 | every drop of water in every ocean, | every drop of water in every ocean, |
93 | 00:09:49,898 | 00:09:53,034 | is billions of years old. | is billions of years old. |
94 | 00:09:53,836 | 00:09:55,703 | And it may have travelled millions of | And it may have travelled millions of |
95 | 00:09:55,770 | 00:09:59,073 | miles to reach us, carried inside a | miles to reach us, carried inside a |
96 | 00:09:59,141 | 00:10:01,976 | meteor. | meteor. |
97 | 00:10:03,979 | 00:10:06,179 | The Earth looks more familiar, | The Earth looks more familiar, |
98 | 00:10:06,247 | 00:10:11,418 | but it's still a dangerous place. | but it's still a dangerous place. |
99 | 00:10:11,586 | 00:10:13,520 | Winds are faster than the most destructive | Winds are faster than the most destructive |
100 | 00:10:13,588 | 00:10:15,989 | hurricanes today. | hurricanes today. |
101 | 00:10:16,057 | 00:10:18,125 | It's a mega storm, whipped up by the | It's a mega storm, whipped up by the |
102 | 00:10:18,193 | 00:10:22,330 | planet's rapid rotation. | planet's rapid rotation. |
103 | 00:10:32,074 | 00:10:34,910 | The moon is so close to Earth that its gravity | The moon is so close to Earth that its gravity |
104 | 00:10:34,977 | 00:10:38,212 | is overwhelmed, creating huge tides | is overwhelmed, creating huge tides |
105 | 00:10:38,280 | 00:10:42,083 | that race across the planet's surface. | that race across the planet's surface. |
106 | 00:11:13,882 | 00:11:16,684 | But over time, the moon moves away, | But over time, the moon moves away, |
107 | 00:11:16,751 | 00:11:21,221 | the waves calm down and the planet spins slower. | the waves calm down and the planet spins slower. |
108 | 00:11:26,226 | 00:11:29,562 | 700 million years after the planet's birth, | 700 million years after the planet's birth, |
109 | 00:11:29,629 | 00:11:33,766 | life-giving water covers its surface. | life-giving water covers its surface. |
110 | 00:11:35,035 | 00:11:37,303 | And scattered throughout are tiny | And scattered throughout are tiny |
111 | 00:11:37,371 | 00:11:40,106 | islands. | islands. |
112 | 00:11:45,514 | 00:11:49,951 | They seem to have appeared from nowhere. | They seem to have appeared from nowhere. |
113 | 00:11:51,854 | 00:11:55,823 | So how did they get here? | So how did they get here? |
114 | 00:12:00,463 | 00:12:02,330 | Molten rock bursts through the Earth's | Molten rock bursts through the Earth's |
115 | 00:12:02,398 | 00:12:07,668 | crust and rises up through the ocean. | crust and rises up through the ocean. |
116 | 00:12:09,371 | 00:12:11,306 | Over time the lava cools, | Over time the lava cools, |
117 | 00:12:11,374 | 00:12:14,509 | forming a volcanic island. | forming a volcanic island. |
118 | 00:12:19,748 | 00:12:22,016 | In the future, these islands will join | In the future, these islands will join |
119 | 00:12:22,084 | 00:12:27,288 | together to form the first continents. | together to form the first continents. |
120 | 00:12:27,956 | 00:12:31,992 | Earth now has water and land. | Earth now has water and land. |
121 | 00:12:32,060 | 00:12:34,762 | It's beginning to look like the planet we call home. | It's beginning to look like the planet we call home. |
122 | 00:12:37,465 | 00:12:40,066 | But the atmosphere is still toxic and the | But the atmosphere is still toxic and the |
123 | 00:12:40,134 | 00:12:43,068 | temperature is scorching. | temperature is scorching. |
124 | 00:12:43,136 | 00:12:45,037 | Life here is impossible. | Life here is impossible. |
125 | 00:12:55,691 | 00:12:57,759 | Since the planet's formation, | Since the planet's formation, |
126 | 00:12:57,827 | 00:13:01,763 | meteors have been pummeling Earth. | meteors have been pummeling Earth. |
127 | 00:13:02,365 | 00:13:06,668 | But now, 3.8 billion years ago, | But now, 3.8 billion years ago, |
128 | 00:13:06,735 | 00:13:09,904 | the assault enters a violent new phase. | the assault enters a violent new phase. |
129 | 00:13:09,972 | 00:13:12,039 | Something's disturbed the orbits of these | Something's disturbed the orbits of these |
130 | 00:13:12,106 | 00:13:16,042 | meteorites. | meteorites. |
131 | 00:13:18,078 | 00:13:20,313 | In addition to water, the meteors carry | In addition to water, the meteors carry |
132 | 00:13:20,381 | 00:13:23,582 | something else. | something else. |
133 | 00:13:32,491 | 00:13:35,026 | As they dissolve, the meteorites release | As they dissolve, the meteorites release |
134 | 00:13:35,094 | 00:13:36,461 | minerals. | minerals. |
135 | 00:13:36,529 | 00:13:39,030 | Carbon and primitive proteins made of amino | Carbon and primitive proteins made of amino |
136 | 00:13:39,098 | 00:13:42,400 | acids are transported from outer space to the | acids are transported from outer space to the |
137 | 00:13:42,468 | 00:13:45,336 | bottom of the ocean. | bottom of the ocean. |
138 | 00:13:50,475 | 00:13:54,211 | Thousands of feet below the waves, it is dark, | Thousands of feet below the waves, it is dark, |
139 | 00:13:54,278 | 00:13:57,947 | and close to freezing. | and close to freezing. |
140 | 00:14:13,031 | 00:14:17,768 | But a dramatic illusion is taking shape. | But a dramatic illusion is taking shape. |
141 | 00:14:19,438 | 00:14:25,010 | Underwater chimneys, spewing hot liquid. | Underwater chimneys, spewing hot liquid. |
142 | 00:14:28,447 | 00:14:31,082 | Seawater seeps down into the Earth through | Seawater seeps down into the Earth through |
143 | 00:14:31,150 | 00:14:33,852 | cracks in the crust, collecting minerals and | cracks in the crust, collecting minerals and |
144 | 00:14:33,920 | 00:14:36,588 | gases along the way. | gases along the way. |
145 | 00:14:36,656 | 00:14:39,323 | This potent mixture is released back out into | This potent mixture is released back out into |
146 | 00:14:39,391 | 00:14:44,027 | the ocean, building these towers. | the ocean, building these towers. |
147 | 00:14:48,399 | 00:14:50,067 | Combined with the minerals and chemicals | Combined with the minerals and chemicals |
148 | 00:14:50,134 | 00:14:52,602 | from the meteorites, the water becom a | from the meteorites, the water becom a |
149 | 00:14:52,670 | 00:14:54,804 | chemical soup. | chemical soup. |
150 | 00:14:57,008 | 00:14:59,843 | It's impossible to know how or when, | It's impossible to know how or when, |
151 | 00:14:59,911 | 00:15:02,279 | but somehow these chemicals come together | but somehow these chemicals come together |
152 | 00:15:02,347 | 00:15:06,284 | to create life. | to create life. |
153 | 00:15:07,519 | 00:15:09,521 | The water is now full of microscopic | The water is now full of microscopic |
154 | 00:15:09,588 | 00:15:11,289 | organisms. | organisms. |
155 | 00:15:11,357 | 00:15:13,859 | These single-celled bacteria are the | These single-celled bacteria are the |
156 | 00:15:13,926 | 00:15:18,431 | earliest forms of life on Earth. | earliest forms of life on Earth. |
157 | 00:15:22,103 | 00:15:25,338 | This is a defining moment in the making of | This is a defining moment in the making of |
158 | 00:15:25,406 | 00:15:27,340 | the planet. | the planet. |
159 | 00:15:29,310 | 00:15:33,013 | Microscopic life is underway. | Microscopic life is underway. |
160 | 00:15:43,391 | 00:15:45,693 | For hundreds of millions of years | For hundreds of millions of years |
161 | 00:15:45,761 | 00:15:47,662 | nothing changes. | nothing changes. |
162 | 00:15:50,900 | 00:15:55,905 | The only life is single-celled bacteria. | The only life is single-celled bacteria. |
163 | 00:16:04,347 | 00:16:06,482 | To find more complex life, | To find more complex life, |
164 | 00:16:06,550 | 00:16:11,720 | we need to fast forward to 3.5 billion years ago, | we need to fast forward to 3.5 billion years ago, |
165 | 00:16:15,158 | 00:16:18,961 | and a shallow ocean. | and a shallow ocean. |
166 | 00:16:25,068 | 00:16:29,138 | These look like rocks, or even plants, | These look like rocks, or even plants, |
167 | 00:16:29,206 | 00:16:33,809 | growing out of the sea bed. | growing out of the sea bed. |
168 | 00:16:34,644 | 00:16:37,847 | Each mound is a colony of living bacteria | Each mound is a colony of living bacteria |
169 | 00:16:37,915 | 00:16:40,683 | called a stromatolite. | called a stromatolite. |
170 | 00:16:45,322 | 00:16:48,590 | These bacteria turn sunlight into food, | These bacteria turn sunlight into food, |
171 | 00:16:48,658 | 00:16:51,893 | a process called photosynthesis. | a process called photosynthesis. |
172 | 00:16:51,961 | 00:16:54,829 | It uses the power of sunlight to traform | It uses the power of sunlight to traform |
173 | 00:16:54,897 | 00:16:58,399 | carbon dioxide and water into glucose, | carbon dioxide and water into glucose, |
174 | 00:16:58,467 | 00:17:00,902 | a simple form of sugar. | a simple form of sugar. |
175 | 00:17:15,386 | 00:17:18,688 | And this magical transformation releases | And this magical transformation releases |
176 | 00:17:18,756 | 00:17:23,361 | a by-product, a gas called oxygen. | a by-product, a gas called oxygen. |
177 | 00:17:27,399 | 00:17:30,034 | Underwater, the stromatolites slowly | Underwater, the stromatolites slowly |
178 | 00:17:30,102 | 00:17:34,171 | fill the oceans with oxygen. | fill the oceans with oxygen. |
179 | 00:17:37,442 | 00:17:40,643 | The oxygen then turns traces of iron into | The oxygen then turns traces of iron into |
180 | 00:17:40,711 | 00:17:43,846 | rust, which fall to the ocean floor, | rust, which fall to the ocean floor, |
181 | 00:17:43,914 | 00:17:47,717 | to form deposits of iron rich rock. | to form deposits of iron rich rock. |
182 | 00:17:47,785 | 00:17:50,220 | It's this mineral that will one day be used to | It's this mineral that will one day be used to |
183 | 00:17:50,287 | 00:17:55,126 | build bridges, ships, and skyscrapers. | build bridges, ships, and skyscrapers. |
184 | 00:18:05,439 | 00:18:08,374 | Above the waves, the oxygen transforms the | Above the waves, the oxygen transforms the |
185 | 00:18:08,442 | 00:18:10,577 | atmosphere. | atmosphere. |
186 | 00:18:10,644 | 00:18:12,812 | These stromatolites are creating the most | These stromatolites are creating the most |
187 | 00:18:12,880 | 00:18:16,883 | important element for life on earth. | important element for life on earth. |
188 | 00:18:16,950 | 00:18:19,853 | Without them, virtually every living thing | Without them, virtually every living thing |
189 | 00:18:19,920 | 00:18:22,122 | wouldn't exist. | wouldn't exist. |
190 | 00:18:30,265 | 00:18:32,600 | Over the next two billion years oxygen | Over the next two billion years oxygen |
191 | 00:18:32,668 | 00:18:35,204 | levels continue to rise, | levels continue to rise, |
192 | 00:18:35,271 | 00:18:37,740 | and as the planet's spin slows, | and as the planet's spin slows, |
193 | 00:18:37,808 | 00:18:43,880 | the days get longer, lasting at least 16 hours. | the days get longer, lasting at least 16 hours. |
194 | 00:18:53,557 | 00:18:56,725 | 3 billion years after the planet's birth, | 3 billion years after the planet's birth, |
195 | 00:18:56,792 | 00:18:59,160 | there's still no complex life, | there's still no complex life, |
196 | 00:18:59,228 | 00:19:05,466 | no plants, no dinosaurs, no humans. | no plants, no dinosaurs, no humans. |
197 | 00:19:06,234 | 00:19:08,669 | But the Earth has something unlike any | But the Earth has something unlike any |
198 | 00:19:08,737 | 00:19:11,439 | other planet in this solar system, | other planet in this solar system, |
199 | 00:19:11,507 | 00:19:14,943 | a force with the power to change everything. | a force with the power to change everything. |
200 | 00:19:23,316 | 00:19:24,650 | One and a half billion | One and a half billion |
201 | 00:19:24,717 | 00:19:29,255 | years ago, the Earth is a beautiful blue ball, | years ago, the Earth is a beautiful blue ball, |
202 | 00:19:29,323 | 00:19:33,559 | dotted with volcanic islands. | dotted with volcanic islands. |
203 | 00:19:33,827 | 00:19:37,063 | Over millions of years, a mysterious force | Over millions of years, a mysterious force |
204 | 00:19:37,131 | 00:19:40,099 | rearranges these islands. | rearranges these islands. |
205 | 00:19:40,167 | 00:19:41,700 | Hidden beneath the ocean, | Hidden beneath the ocean, |
206 | 00:19:41,768 | 00:19:44,369 | the Earth's crust breaks into vast | the Earth's crust breaks into vast |
207 | 00:19:44,437 | 00:19:46,438 | plates. | plates. |
208 | 00:19:46,706 | 00:19:50,574 | But even deeper, the Earth's core is so hot | But even deeper, the Earth's core is so hot |
209 | 00:19:50,642 | 00:19:52,977 | that it generates movement in the rock | that it generates movement in the rock |
210 | 00:19:53,044 | 00:19:56,646 | beneath the crust. | beneath the crust. |
211 | 00:19:57,014 | 00:19:59,482 | These movements push and pull the plates | These movements push and pull the plates |
212 | 00:19:59,550 | 00:20:02,886 | around the globe, carrying the oceans and | around the globe, carrying the oceans and |
213 | 00:20:02,954 | 00:20:05,856 | islands with them. | islands with them. |
214 | 00:20:06,625 | 00:20:09,827 | Millions of years race by, | Millions of years race by, |
215 | 00:20:09,895 | 00:20:14,065 | our planet is alive, and changing. | our planet is alive, and changing. |
216 | 00:20:15,968 | 00:20:19,169 | Over 400 million years a vast new super | Over 400 million years a vast new super |
217 | 00:20:19,237 | 00:20:21,372 | continent takes shape. | continent takes shape. |
218 | 00:20:21,439 | 00:20:25,543 | It's called Rodinia. | It's called Rodinia. |
219 | 00:20:29,748 | 00:20:32,583 | In the shallow waters surrounding Rodinia, | In the shallow waters surrounding Rodinia, |
220 | 00:20:32,651 | 00:20:34,852 | stromatolites work their magic for more | stromatolites work their magic for more |
221 | 00:20:34,920 | 00:20:38,789 | than two billion years, pumping oxygen into the | than two billion years, pumping oxygen into the |
222 | 00:20:38,857 | 00:20:40,957 | atmosphere. | atmosphere. |
223 | 00:20:42,127 | 00:20:45,195 | The temperature is 85 degrees. | The temperature is 85 degrees. |
224 | 00:20:45,530 | 00:20:49,467 | And the days are 18 hours long. | And the days are 18 hours long. |
225 | 00:20:56,842 | 00:21:00,379 | But this planet looks more like Mars than Earth. | But this planet looks more like Mars than Earth. |
226 | 00:21:05,552 | 00:21:09,056 | To find life, we must fast forward through time. | To find life, we must fast forward through time. |
227 | 00:21:21,968 | 00:21:27,772 | Washington State: 750 million years ago. | Washington State: 750 million years ago. |
228 | 00:21:27,840 | 00:21:30,909 | A force deep inside the planet rips the crust | A force deep inside the planet rips the crust |
229 | 00:21:30,976 | 00:21:33,310 | to pieces. | to pieces. |
230 | 00:21:33,378 | 00:21:34,879 | It's as though the world is breaking | It's as though the world is breaking |
231 | 00:21:34,946 | 00:21:36,847 | apart. | apart. |
232 | 00:21:38,517 | 00:21:40,218 | And there's only one force powerful enough | And there's only one force powerful enough |
233 | 00:21:40,285 | 00:21:44,389 | to do this, heat. | to do this, heat. |
234 | 00:21:45,157 | 00:21:47,926 | It escapes from the Earth's molten core, | It escapes from the Earth's molten core, |
235 | 00:21:47,993 | 00:21:52,463 | stretching and weakening the crust. | stretching and weakening the crust. |
236 | 00:21:52,531 | 00:21:55,566 | Inch by inch, year by year, | Inch by inch, year by year, |
237 | 00:21:55,634 | 00:21:56,867 | the great super-continent is | the great super-continent is |
238 | 00:21:56,935 | 00:22:00,671 | splitting in two. | splitting in two. |
239 | 00:22:38,046 | 00:22:41,014 | The intense geological activity spawns a mass | The intense geological activity spawns a mass |
240 | 00:22:41,082 | 00:22:43,417 | of volcanoes. | of volcanoes. |
241 | 00:22:43,685 | 00:22:45,185 | They pump carbon dioxide into the | They pump carbon dioxide into the |
242 | 00:22:45,253 | 00:22:47,988 | atmosphere. | atmosphere. |
243 | 00:23:04,741 | 00:23:07,176 | The carbon dioxide mixes with water, | The carbon dioxide mixes with water, |
244 | 00:23:07,244 | 00:23:10,746 | and creates acid rain. | and creates acid rain. |
245 | 00:23:20,957 | 00:23:23,024 | When the continent tore apart, | When the continent tore apart, |
246 | 00:23:23,092 | 00:23:29,063 | many rocks were exposed. | many rocks were exposed. |
247 | 00:23:29,665 | 00:23:32,800 | These rocks absorb the acid rain, | These rocks absorb the acid rain, |
248 | 00:23:32,868 | 00:23:35,536 | including its carbon dioxide. | including its carbon dioxide. |
249 | 00:23:35,604 | 00:23:38,806 | Vast quantities of CO 2 are absorbed out of the | Vast quantities of CO 2 are absorbed out of the |
250 | 00:23:38,874 | 00:23:41,309 | atmosphere. | atmosphere. |
251 | 00:23:48,585 | 00:23:51,221 | Now, there's not enough carbon dioxide in the | Now, there's not enough carbon dioxide in the |
252 | 00:23:51,288 | 00:23:56,426 | air to trap the sun's heat around the planet. | air to trap the sun's heat around the planet. |
253 | 00:23:57,061 | 00:23:59,129 | In just a few thousand years, | In just a few thousand years, |
254 | 00:23:59,197 | 00:24:01,565 | the temperature plummets to around | the temperature plummets to around |
255 | 00:24:01,632 | 00:24:05,601 | minus 60 degrees. | minus 60 degrees. |
256 | 00:24:05,836 | 00:24:08,837 | This frozen wasteland is Southern Australia, | This frozen wasteland is Southern Australia, |
257 | 00:24:08,905 | 00:24:13,675 | 650 million years ago. | 650 million years ago. |
258 | 00:24:13,743 | 00:24:16,978 | It's the start of what some scientists call | It's the start of what some scientists call |
259 | 00:24:17,046 | 00:24:20,682 | Snowball Earth, a period they believe to | Snowball Earth, a period they believe to |
260 | 00:24:20,750 | 00:24:24,353 | be the longest, coldest ice age ever to grip | be the longest, coldest ice age ever to grip |
261 | 00:24:24,421 | 00:24:25,321 | the planet. | the planet. |
262 | 00:24:30,495 | 00:24:33,397 | A vast wall of ice looms thousands of feet | A vast wall of ice looms thousands of feet |
263 | 00:24:33,465 | 00:24:35,066 | high. | high. |
264 | 00:24:37,002 | 00:24:40,805 | And it's unstoppable. | And it's unstoppable. |
265 | 00:24:41,073 | 00:24:43,541 | The more ice there is the more sunlight it | The more ice there is the more sunlight it |
266 | 00:24:43,608 | 00:24:45,776 | reflects away from the planet, | reflects away from the planet, |
267 | 00:24:45,844 | 00:24:49,579 | and the faster the ice spreads. | and the faster the ice spreads. |
268 | 00:24:50,447 | 00:24:55,617 | Nearby is a second ice sheet just as high. | Nearby is a second ice sheet just as high. |
269 | 00:24:55,685 | 00:24:58,220 | The two sheets spread away from the poles, | The two sheets spread away from the poles, |
270 | 00:24:58,288 | 00:25:00,789 | toward each other to meet at the Equator. | toward each other to meet at the Equator. |
271 | 00:25:24,714 | 00:25:27,082 | Now an ice sheet up to 10,000 | Now an ice sheet up to 10,000 |
272 | 00:25:27,150 | 00:25:33,056 | feet thick covers the entire planet. | feet thick covers the entire planet. |
273 | 00:25:34,525 | 00:25:38,295 | Earth first began as a molten ball of fire, | Earth first began as a molten ball of fire, |
274 | 00:25:38,363 | 00:25:42,499 | now it's a frozen ball of ice. | now it's a frozen ball of ice. |
275 | 00:25:45,970 | 00:25:49,073 | Virtually all the sun's light, and warmth, | Virtually all the sun's light, and warmth, |
276 | 00:25:49,140 | 00:25:54,245 | reflects back into space. | reflects back into space. |
277 | 00:26:01,320 | 00:26:03,221 | And it seems as though nothing, | And it seems as though nothing, |
278 | 00:26:03,289 | 00:26:06,625 | not even the Sun can rescue the planet now. | not even the Sun can rescue the planet now. |
279 | 00:26:19,393 | 00:26:22,094 | 650 million years ago, | 650 million years ago, |
280 | 00:26:22,162 | 00:26:25,432 | ice entombs the planet. | ice entombs the planet. |
281 | 00:26:25,499 | 00:26:28,302 | For 15 million years, the Earth is a vast | For 15 million years, the Earth is a vast |
282 | 00:26:28,369 | 00:26:31,171 | frozen snowball. | frozen snowball. |
283 | 00:26:33,275 | 00:26:35,243 | But it can't last forever; | But it can't last forever; |
284 | 00:26:35,311 | 00:26:37,646 | something must release the Earth from this | something must release the Earth from this |
285 | 00:26:37,713 | 00:26:41,250 | frozen prison. | frozen prison. |
286 | 00:26:41,318 | 00:26:43,653 | And when it does, who knows whether life has | And when it does, who knows whether life has |
287 | 00:26:43,720 | 00:26:46,956 | survived beneath the ice. | survived beneath the ice. |
288 | 00:26:47,024 | 00:26:49,993 | The surface is frozen but the core is still | The surface is frozen but the core is still |
289 | 00:26:50,060 | 00:26:53,962 | hotter than the sun's surface. | hotter than the sun's surface. |
290 | 00:26:59,568 | 00:27:01,235 | Volcanoes have been erupting since the | Volcanoes have been erupting since the |
291 | 00:27:01,302 | 00:27:03,837 | world began to freeze. | world began to freeze. |
292 | 00:27:03,905 | 00:27:07,373 | But up until now even their heat and power | But up until now even their heat and power |
293 | 00:27:07,441 | 00:27:11,344 | made no impact on the ice. | made no impact on the ice. |
294 | 00:27:13,648 | 00:27:16,016 | Volcanoes pump out billions of tons of | Volcanoes pump out billions of tons of |
295 | 00:27:16,084 | 00:27:19,687 | carbon dioxide. | carbon dioxide. |
296 | 00:27:19,954 | 00:27:22,590 | Before the big freeze, the Earth's rocks | Before the big freeze, the Earth's rocks |
297 | 00:27:22,657 | 00:27:27,195 | absorbed most of the CO2. | absorbed most of the CO2. |
298 | 00:27:27,530 | 00:27:30,632 | But now, with the rocks smothered in ice, | But now, with the rocks smothered in ice, |
299 | 00:27:30,700 | 00:27:33,168 | there's nothing to absorb the gas. | there's nothing to absorb the gas. |
300 | 00:27:33,236 | 00:27:36,639 | So it fills the atmosphere. | So it fills the atmosphere. |
301 | 00:27:43,447 | 00:27:46,149 | Like a blanket, it traps the sun's warmth | Like a blanket, it traps the sun's warmth |
302 | 00:27:46,217 | 00:27:47,884 | around the planet, allowing the | around the planet, allowing the |
303 | 00:27:47,952 | 00:27:51,921 | temperatures to rise. | temperatures to rise. |
304 | 00:27:52,223 | 00:27:55,725 | Now, after 15 million years, | Now, after 15 million years, |
305 | 00:27:55,793 | 00:27:58,861 | the ice begins to melt. | the ice begins to melt. |
306 | 00:28:21,321 | 00:28:23,822 | It's thought that during Snowball Earth | It's thought that during Snowball Earth |
307 | 00:28:23,890 | 00:28:26,524 | the ice pushed the crust down. | the ice pushed the crust down. |
308 | 00:28:26,592 | 00:28:31,029 | But now, as it melts, the crust bounces up, | But now, as it melts, the crust bounces up, |
309 | 00:28:31,097 | 00:28:35,099 | creating fissures and weak spots, | creating fissures and weak spots, |
310 | 00:28:35,167 | 00:28:37,769 | and more volcanoes. | and more volcanoes. |
311 | 00:28:42,742 | 00:28:45,844 | The volcanoes release more carbon dioxide and | The volcanoes release more carbon dioxide and |
312 | 00:28:45,912 | 00:28:50,049 | push the temperature up even higher. | push the temperature up even higher. |
313 | 00:28:50,450 | 00:28:54,887 | The melt gathers momentum. | The melt gathers momentum. |
314 | 00:28:54,955 | 00:28:58,859 | And oxygen levels rise. | And oxygen levels rise. |
315 | 00:28:59,628 | 00:29:02,363 | Through a series of chemical reactions the | Through a series of chemical reactions the |
316 | 00:29:02,431 | 00:29:05,867 | ice has created oxygen. | ice has created oxygen. |
317 | 00:29:06,168 | 00:29:08,002 | While the planet was frozen, | While the planet was frozen, |
318 | 00:29:08,070 | 00:29:11,439 | the Sun's ultraviolet rays reacted with water | the Sun's ultraviolet rays reacted with water |
319 | 00:29:11,506 | 00:29:14,709 | molecules in the ice, to produce hydrogen | molecules in the ice, to produce hydrogen |
320 | 00:29:14,777 | 00:29:18,679 | peroxide, a chemical rich in oxygen. | peroxide, a chemical rich in oxygen. |
321 | 00:29:30,726 | 00:29:34,262 | Now, as the ice melts, the hydrogen peroxide | Now, as the ice melts, the hydrogen peroxide |
322 | 00:29:34,330 | 00:29:36,398 | breaks down and releases massive | breaks down and releases massive |
323 | 00:29:36,465 | 00:29:41,102 | amounts of oxygen. | amounts of oxygen. |
324 | 00:29:47,176 | 00:29:51,046 | The Earth is waking up, and it's a very | The Earth is waking up, and it's a very |
325 | 00:29:51,114 | 00:29:53,215 | different place. | different place. |
326 | 00:30:30,985 | 00:30:33,919 | 600 million years ago, the atmosphere is | 600 million years ago, the atmosphere is |
327 | 00:30:33,987 | 00:30:37,857 | warmer, like a summer day. | warmer, like a summer day. |
328 | 00:30:39,926 | 00:30:45,163 | And the days are about 22 hours long. | And the days are about 22 hours long. |
329 | 00:30:50,203 | 00:30:54,140 | Add all this water and it's the perfect recipe | Add all this water and it's the perfect recipe |
330 | 00:30:54,208 | 00:30:56,142 | for life. | for life. |
331 | 00:31:00,448 | 00:31:03,050 | Before Snowball Earth, primitive bacteria | Before Snowball Earth, primitive bacteria |
332 | 00:31:03,118 | 00:31:06,387 | emerged in the oceans. | emerged in the oceans. |
333 | 00:31:06,455 | 00:31:08,623 | But surely they couldn't have survived | But surely they couldn't have survived |
334 | 00:31:08,691 | 00:31:12,593 | an ice age 75 times longer than the entire | an ice age 75 times longer than the entire |
335 | 00:31:12,661 | 00:31:15,995 | span of human history. | span of human history. |
336 | 00:31:16,197 | 00:31:18,131 | If something has survived, | If something has survived, |
337 | 00:31:18,198 | 00:31:21,600 | then life may be found where it was last seen, | then life may be found where it was last seen, |
338 | 00:31:21,668 | 00:31:24,069 | in the oceans. | in the oceans. |
339 | 00:31:28,308 | 00:31:31,677 | Now, 540 million years ago, | Now, 540 million years ago, |
340 | 00:31:31,745 | 00:31:33,913 | in an ocean full of oxygen, | in an ocean full of oxygen, |
341 | 00:31:33,981 | 00:31:38,551 | those primitive bacteria have evolved. | those primitive bacteria have evolved. |
342 | 00:31:38,853 | 00:31:40,387 | A handful must have clung on through the | A handful must have clung on through the |
343 | 00:31:40,455 | 00:31:43,490 | big freeze. | big freeze. |
344 | 00:31:43,557 | 00:31:45,192 | There are plants scattered on the sea | There are plants scattered on the sea |
345 | 00:31:45,260 | 00:31:49,663 | floor. | floor. |
346 | 00:31:49,998 | 00:31:54,868 | And something else. | And something else. |
347 | 00:31:55,103 | 00:31:57,771 | What looks like an armored slug takes up | What looks like an armored slug takes up |
348 | 00:31:57,839 | 00:31:59,873 | residence. | residence. |
349 | 00:31:59,941 | 00:32:04,077 | It's called Wiwaxia, a new generation of | It's called Wiwaxia, a new generation of |
350 | 00:32:04,145 | 00:32:08,781 | complex multi-celled organisms. | complex multi-celled organisms. |
351 | 00:32:09,016 | 00:32:10,617 | The Earth enters one of the most dynamic | The Earth enters one of the most dynamic |
352 | 00:32:10,685 | 00:32:17,691 | periods in its history, the Cambrian explosion. | periods in its history, the Cambrian explosion. |
353 | 00:32:17,758 | 00:32:20,460 | Increased oxygen levels allow creatures to grow | Increased oxygen levels allow creatures to grow |
354 | 00:32:20,528 | 00:32:26,867 | larger and develop bony skeletons. | larger and develop bony skeletons. |
355 | 00:32:27,035 | 00:32:33,840 | There are worms, sponges, | There are worms, sponges, |
356 | 00:32:33,908 | 00:32:37,810 | and these trilobites: distant relatives of | and these trilobites: distant relatives of |
357 | 00:32:37,878 | 00:32:42,681 | insects, lobsters, even scorpions. | insects, lobsters, even scorpions. |
358 | 00:32:51,090 | 00:32:55,760 | Life in the oceans blossoms. | Life in the oceans blossoms. |
359 | 00:32:56,696 | 00:33:02,834 | From microscopic bacteria, to monsters. | From microscopic bacteria, to monsters. |
360 | 00:33:12,410 | 00:33:15,946 | This is Anomalocaris. | This is Anomalocaris. |
361 | 00:33:16,013 | 00:33:20,850 | Nearly two feet long, it has large eyes, | Nearly two feet long, it has large eyes, |
362 | 00:33:20,918 | 00:33:25,588 | razor sharp teeth and grasping limbs. | razor sharp teeth and grasping limbs. |
363 | 00:33:43,409 | 00:33:48,046 | All it has to do, is take its pick. | All it has to do, is take its pick. |
364 | 00:33:56,322 | 00:33:58,556 | The trilobite can't right itself, | The trilobite can't right itself, |
365 | 00:33:58,624 | 00:34:02,861 | its soft belly is exposed. | its soft belly is exposed. |
366 | 00:34:16,978 | 00:34:19,813 | Also found in the sea is Pikaia. | Also found in the sea is Pikaia. |
367 | 00:34:19,881 | 00:34:22,116 | Only an inch and a half long, | Only an inch and a half long, |
368 | 00:34:22,183 | 00:34:27,621 | they may be the first organism with a spine. | they may be the first organism with a spine. |
369 | 00:34:31,559 | 00:34:34,795 | Over millions of years, this simple structure | Over millions of years, this simple structure |
370 | 00:34:34,863 | 00:34:37,965 | will evolve into the spine that keeps us | will evolve into the spine that keeps us |
371 | 00:34:38,033 | 00:34:40,468 | standing. | standing. |
372 | 00:34:57,319 | 00:34:59,854 | Expecting to find life in ruins, | Expecting to find life in ruins, |
373 | 00:34:59,922 | 00:35:05,093 | the oceans are in fact full of life. | the oceans are in fact full of life. |
374 | 00:35:06,028 | 00:35:09,797 | Where trilobites scavenge and monsters | Where trilobites scavenge and monsters |
375 | 00:35:09,865 | 00:35:12,366 | prowl. | prowl. |
376 | 00:35:12,434 | 00:35:14,235 | And where creatures begin to take on | And where creatures begin to take on |
377 | 00:35:14,302 | 00:35:16,537 | familiar forms. | familiar forms. |
378 | 00:35:19,441 | 00:35:22,376 | Beneath the waves there are already tens of | Beneath the waves there are already tens of |
379 | 00:35:22,444 | 00:35:27,314 | thousands of plant and animal species. | thousands of plant and animal species. |
380 | 00:35:27,382 | 00:35:30,718 | The advance of life seems unstoppable. | The advance of life seems unstoppable. |
381 | 00:35:47,265 | 00:35:49,867 | 460 million years ago, | 460 million years ago, |
382 | 00:35:49,934 | 00:35:53,537 | the plates have been moving, again. | the plates have been moving, again. |
383 | 00:35:53,772 | 00:35:59,143 | A new continent now exists, Gondwana. | A new continent now exists, Gondwana. |
384 | 00:36:00,979 | 00:36:03,648 | It's 90 degrees and oxygen levels are close | It's 90 degrees and oxygen levels are close |
385 | 00:36:03,715 | 00:36:06,684 | to what they are today. | to what they are today. |
386 | 00:36:08,587 | 00:36:10,888 | The land should be covered with plants and | The land should be covered with plants and |
387 | 00:36:10,955 | 00:36:13,557 | crawling with creatures. | crawling with creatures. |
388 | 00:36:13,625 | 00:36:15,592 | But there's not much here, | But there's not much here, |
389 | 00:36:15,660 | 00:36:18,796 | besides a few patches of algae. | besides a few patches of algae. |
390 | 00:36:27,238 | 00:36:36,146 | There's only one explanation, the Sun. | There's only one explanation, the Sun. |
391 | 00:36:40,085 | 00:36:46,391 | It blasts the surface with deadly radiation, | It blasts the surface with deadly radiation, |
392 | 00:36:46,459 | 00:36:48,494 | so the complex life in the ocean doesn't stand | so the complex life in the ocean doesn't stand |
393 | 00:36:48,562 | 00:36:50,796 | a chance on land. | a chance on land. |
394 | 00:36:54,668 | 00:36:57,136 | But 30 miles up, where the rays enter the | But 30 miles up, where the rays enter the |
395 | 00:36:57,204 | 00:37:02,074 | Earth's atmosphere, something is happening. | Earth's atmosphere, something is happening. |
396 | 00:37:04,177 | 00:37:06,813 | When oxygen meets the sun's radiation, | When oxygen meets the sun's radiation, |
397 | 00:37:06,880 | 00:37:09,081 | it turns into another kind of gas, | it turns into another kind of gas, |
398 | 00:37:09,149 | 00:37:11,951 | call ozone. | call ozone. |
399 | 00:37:13,754 | 00:37:15,689 | This gas forms a blanket around the | This gas forms a blanket around the |
400 | 00:37:15,756 | 00:37:19,392 | planet and absorbs the lethal radiation. | planet and absorbs the lethal radiation. |
401 | 00:37:22,163 | 00:37:25,699 | Over 120 million years, the ozone layer gets | Over 120 million years, the ozone layer gets |
402 | 00:37:25,767 | 00:37:28,936 | thicker and prevents more and more radiation | thicker and prevents more and more radiation |
403 | 00:37:29,003 | 00:37:32,105 | from reaching the Earth's surface. | from reaching the Earth's surface. |
404 | 00:37:32,173 | 00:37:34,942 | Without this layer, life on land simply | Without this layer, life on land simply |
405 | 00:37:35,009 | 00:37:37,110 | wouldn't exist. | wouldn't exist. |
406 | 00:37:37,511 | 00:37:39,946 | Now, shielded from radiation, | Now, shielded from radiation, |
407 | 00:37:40,013 | 00:37:43,082 | life takes off. | life takes off. |
408 | 00:37:46,519 | 00:37:52,224 | Small mossy lumps are the first land plants. | Small mossy lumps are the first land plants. |
409 | 00:37:52,759 | 00:37:56,261 | They pump out even more oxygen. | They pump out even more oxygen. |
410 | 00:37:56,329 | 00:38:00,766 | Levels soar. | Levels soar. |
411 | 00:38:06,941 | 00:38:11,011 | 375 million years ago, a new species lives in | 375 million years ago, a new species lives in |
412 | 00:38:11,079 | 00:38:14,648 | the water, swimming. | the water, swimming. |
413 | 00:38:26,395 | 00:38:31,566 | It's a strange fish called a Tiktaalik. | It's a strange fish called a Tiktaalik. |
414 | 00:38:53,622 | 00:38:58,192 | It uses its neck to raise itself up. | It uses its neck to raise itself up. |
415 | 00:39:12,374 | 00:39:14,442 | And its fins function as legs, | And its fins function as legs, |
416 | 00:39:18,780 | 00:39:22,049 | allowing it to move out of the water. | allowing it to move out of the water. |
417 | 00:39:34,063 | 00:39:36,598 | This is one of the most important moments in | This is one of the most important moments in |
418 | 00:39:36,666 | 00:39:39,567 | the making of our planet. | the making of our planet. |
419 | 00:39:40,269 | 00:39:43,605 | Over 15 million years, creatures like these | Over 15 million years, creatures like these |
420 | 00:39:43,673 | 00:39:45,374 | evolve. | evolve. |
421 | 00:39:46,843 | 00:39:49,145 | They grow stronger limbs and spend more | They grow stronger limbs and spend more |
422 | 00:39:49,213 | 00:39:52,214 | time out of the water, where plant life is | time out of the water, where plant life is |
423 | 00:39:52,282 | 00:39:54,650 | exploding. | exploding. |
424 | 00:39:55,018 | 00:39:58,587 | Until, 360 million years ago, | Until, 360 million years ago, |
425 | 00:39:58,655 | 00:40:01,456 | their relatives, called tetrapods, | their relatives, called tetrapods, |
426 | 00:40:01,524 | 00:40:04,660 | make the land their home. | make the land their home. |
427 | 00:40:04,828 | 00:40:07,429 | From tetrapods, four legged vertebrates | From tetrapods, four legged vertebrates |
428 | 00:40:07,497 | 00:40:10,399 | evolve into dinosaurs, birds, | evolve into dinosaurs, birds, |
429 | 00:40:10,467 | 00:40:15,504 | mammals and eventually humans. | mammals and eventually humans. |
430 | 00:40:18,875 | 00:40:22,011 | There are mosses and ferns everywhere, | There are mosses and ferns everywhere, |
431 | 00:40:22,079 | 00:40:26,582 | some at least a hundred feet tall. | some at least a hundred feet tall. |
432 | 00:40:26,984 | 00:40:29,285 | A seed is carried by the wind. | A seed is carried by the wind. |
433 | 00:40:35,326 | 00:40:36,626 | Until now, | Until now, |
434 | 00:40:36,694 | 00:40:39,395 | plants reproduced using spores, | plants reproduced using spores, |
435 | 00:40:39,463 | 00:40:41,831 | single-celled particles that need plenty of | single-celled particles that need plenty of |
436 | 00:40:41,899 | 00:40:44,800 | water to grow. | water to grow. |
437 | 00:40:46,236 | 00:40:50,339 | But this seed is miles from water. | But this seed is miles from water. |
438 | 00:40:52,776 | 00:40:55,344 | This embryonic plant has its own food and | This embryonic plant has its own food and |
439 | 00:40:55,411 | 00:40:58,780 | water supply. | water supply. |
440 | 00:40:58,848 | 00:41:02,083 | Unlike a spore, this seed can survive far | Unlike a spore, this seed can survive far |
441 | 00:41:02,151 | 00:41:06,620 | from water for months, even years. | from water for months, even years. |
442 | 00:41:19,165 | 00:41:22,501 | The humble seed spreads life across the planet. | The humble seed spreads life across the planet. |
443 | 00:41:22,569 | 00:41:25,437 | And each tree and plant pumps out even more | And each tree and plant pumps out even more |
444 | 00:41:25,505 | 00:41:27,706 | oxygen. | oxygen. |
445 | 00:41:41,589 | 00:41:45,692 | It's an environment very much like today. | It's an environment very much like today. |
446 | 00:42:02,675 | 00:42:05,343 | The planet has come a long way, | The planet has come a long way, |
447 | 00:42:05,411 | 00:42:08,479 | from a lump of burning rock and dust, | from a lump of burning rock and dust, |
448 | 00:42:08,547 | 00:42:11,315 | to a blue and green world bursting with | to a blue and green world bursting with |
449 | 00:42:11,382 | 00:42:13,017 | life. | life. |
450 | 00:42:19,023 | 00:42:27,598 | There are now fish, plants, and this, | There are now fish, plants, and this, |
451 | 00:42:29,301 | 00:42:31,402 | the dragonfly. | the dragonfly. |
452 | 00:42:34,272 | 00:42:37,008 | It's called Meganeura. | It's called Meganeura. |
453 | 00:42:37,710 | 00:42:41,812 | This insect is the size of an eagle. | This insect is the size of an eagle. |
454 | 00:42:41,879 | 00:42:43,948 | What were once legs have evolved into | What were once legs have evolved into |
455 | 00:42:44,015 | 00:42:47,051 | wings, extending the dragonfly's hunting | wings, extending the dragonfly's hunting |
456 | 00:42:47,119 | 00:42:51,089 | territory over a vast area. | territory over a vast area. |
457 | 00:42:54,860 | 00:42:56,894 | There are also millipedes, | There are also millipedes, |
458 | 00:42:56,962 | 00:43:00,732 | and spiders down there. | and spiders down there. |
459 | 00:43:04,937 | 00:43:08,173 | These creatures, called arthropod, | These creatures, called arthropod, |
460 | 00:43:08,240 | 00:43:10,541 | were among the first to set foot on land | were among the first to set foot on land |
461 | 00:43:10,609 | 00:43:13,277 | hundreds of millions of years ago. | hundreds of millions of years ago. |
462 | 00:43:13,612 | 00:43:16,080 | They look almost identical to the bugs | They look almost identical to the bugs |
463 | 00:43:16,148 | 00:43:18,883 | that invade our homes today. | that invade our homes today. |
464 | 00:43:18,951 | 00:43:21,418 | Except for one big difference. | Except for one big difference. |
465 | 00:43:21,486 | 00:43:25,823 | Like the Meganeura, they're monsters. | Like the Meganeura, they're monsters. |
466 | 00:43:25,991 | 00:43:28,058 | It's a world full of giants, | It's a world full of giants, |
467 | 00:43:28,126 | 00:43:31,028 | where millipedes are 6 feet long, | where millipedes are 6 feet long, |
468 | 00:43:31,095 | 00:43:36,867 | andcorpions are the size of wolves. | andcorpions are the size of wolves. |
469 | 00:43:38,336 | 00:43:40,637 | This is because the oxygen level is much | This is because the oxygen level is much |
470 | 00:43:40,705 | 00:43:42,705 | higher than it is today, | higher than it is today, |
471 | 00:43:42,773 | 00:43:45,041 | which allows their respiratory systems to | which allows their respiratory systems to |
472 | 00:43:45,108 | 00:43:47,676 | be more efficient, fueling thier bodies to | be more efficient, fueling thier bodies to |
473 | 00:43:47,744 | 00:43:50,179 | grow larger. | grow larger. |
474 | 00:43:59,788 | 00:44:02,256 | So far, animals have been laying their eggs | So far, animals have been laying their eggs |
475 | 00:44:02,324 | 00:44:05,993 | in the water. | in the water. |
476 | 00:44:06,194 | 00:44:07,928 | But a lizard-like creature, | But a lizard-like creature, |
477 | 00:44:07,996 | 00:44:11,832 | called the hylonomus, prefers land. | called the hylonomus, prefers land. |
478 | 00:44:12,601 | 00:44:15,737 | Its eggs contain all the water and nutrients | Its eggs contain all the water and nutrients |
479 | 00:44:15,804 | 00:44:18,973 | that the developing fetus needs. | that the developing fetus needs. |
480 | 00:44:19,041 | 00:44:20,342 | The babies grow in their own | The babies grow in their own |
481 | 00:44:20,409 | 00:44:23,011 | self-contained pond. | self-contained pond. |
482 | 00:44:23,079 | 00:44:25,147 | The egg is a major evolutionary | The egg is a major evolutionary |
483 | 00:44:25,215 | 00:44:27,517 | breakthrough. | breakthrough. |
484 | 00:44:28,252 | 00:44:31,387 | Allowing animals to leave the water behind, | Allowing animals to leave the water behind, |
485 | 00:44:31,455 | 00:44:34,190 | and conquer land. | and conquer land. |
486 | 00:44:46,168 | 00:44:51,305 | This baby hylonomus leads the advance, | This baby hylonomus leads the advance, |
487 | 00:44:52,807 | 00:44:56,577 | as a new creature, the reptile. | as a new creature, the reptile. |
488 | 00:45:10,493 | 00:45:14,997 | Inevitably, with life, comes death. | Inevitably, with life, comes death. |
489 | 00:45:15,598 | 00:45:18,233 | Dead plant matter builds up and decays | Dead plant matter builds up and decays |
490 | 00:45:18,301 | 00:45:22,370 | into dense soggy layers. | into dense soggy layers. |
491 | 00:45:22,438 | 00:45:24,072 | Over hundreds of millions of years, | Over hundreds of millions of years, |
492 | 00:45:24,140 | 00:45:26,441 | rocks cover these layers. | rocks cover these layers. |
493 | 00:45:26,508 | 00:45:27,942 | And heat from the Earth's core and | And heat from the Earth's core and |
494 | 00:45:28,010 | 00:45:30,144 | pressure from the overlying rocks | pressure from the overlying rocks |
495 | 00:45:30,212 | 00:45:34,783 | transform these layers into seams of coal. | transform these layers into seams of coal. |
496 | 00:45:36,385 | 00:45:39,221 | Each lump of coal burned today is made of | Each lump of coal burned today is made of |
497 | 00:45:39,289 | 00:45:44,294 | plants that died 300 million years ago. | plants that died 300 million years ago. |
498 | 00:45:55,774 | 00:45:58,475 | Amidst the decay, hidden from sight, | Amidst the decay, hidden from sight, |
499 | 00:45:58,542 | 00:46:01,077 | life is stirring. | life is stirring. |
500 | 00:46:01,412 | 00:46:03,713 | Soon seeds will germinate, | Soon seeds will germinate, |
501 | 00:46:03,781 | 00:46:06,349 | plants will grow, and this wasteland will | plants will grow, and this wasteland will |
502 | 00:46:06,417 | 00:46:08,552 | live again. | live again. |
503 | 00:46:08,620 | 00:46:12,322 | Life seems to have conquered the planet. | Life seems to have conquered the planet. |
504 | 00:46:12,389 | 00:46:13,823 | But will it last? | But will it last? |
505 | 00:46:29,703 | 00:46:31,304 | A herd of creatures graze | A herd of creatures graze |
506 | 00:46:31,371 | 00:46:37,743 | the Siberian plains, and they are big. | the Siberian plains, and they are big. |
507 | 00:46:44,952 | 00:46:48,521 | Evolution takes a huge leap forward, | Evolution takes a huge leap forward, |
508 | 00:46:48,589 | 00:46:53,426 | small lizards are now giant reptiles. | small lizards are now giant reptiles. |
509 | 00:46:54,061 | 00:46:57,630 | These scutosaurs are distant relatives of | These scutosaurs are distant relatives of |
510 | 00:46:57,698 | 00:47:01,234 | turtles. | turtles. |
511 | 00:47:03,871 | 00:47:06,806 | If these plant eaters look this tough, | If these plant eaters look this tough, |
512 | 00:47:06,873 | 00:47:11,777 | the carnivores must be seriously mean. | the carnivores must be seriously mean. |
513 | 00:47:15,849 | 00:47:19,184 | Like this gorgonopsid. | Like this gorgonopsid. |
514 | 00:47:19,252 | 00:47:21,754 | A perfectly engineered pre-historic killing | A perfectly engineered pre-historic killing |
515 | 00:47:21,821 | 00:47:23,389 | machine. | machine. |
516 | 00:47:41,677 | 00:47:44,579 | The gorgonopsid's sabre-teeth wound the scutosaur. | The gorgonopsid's sabre-teeth wound the scutosaur. |
517 | 00:47:56,457 | 00:47:58,124 | The predator watches, | The predator watches, |
518 | 00:47:58,192 | 00:48:01,661 | as its prey grows weak from blood loss. | as its prey grows weak from blood loss. |
519 | 00:48:03,264 | 00:48:09,570 | But before it can make its final move, | But before it can make its final move, |
520 | 00:48:09,638 | 00:48:12,841 | something strange happens. | something strange happens. |
521 | 00:48:12,908 | 00:48:17,046 | The ground gets hot. | The ground gets hot. |
522 | 00:48:22,787 | 00:48:25,488 | Enormous pressure builds beneath the surface, | Enormous pressure builds beneath the surface, |
523 | 00:48:25,556 | 00:48:28,524 | and lava spews into the air. | and lava spews into the air. |
524 | 00:48:57,858 | 00:49:01,861 | But the lava isn't from one single volcano, | But the lava isn't from one single volcano, |
525 | 00:49:01,929 | 00:49:05,264 | the entire landscape is erupting. | the entire landscape is erupting. |
526 | 00:49:07,467 | 00:49:09,868 | It's a flood basalt eruption. | It's a flood basalt eruption. |
527 | 00:49:09,936 | 00:49:12,704 | A massive plume of mantle rises up from | A massive plume of mantle rises up from |
528 | 00:49:12,772 | 00:49:16,007 | deep inside the Earth, and pushes molten rock | deep inside the Earth, and pushes molten rock |
529 | 00:49:16,074 | 00:49:21,812 | out through fissures in the Earth's crust. | out through fissures in the Earth's crust. |
530 | 00:49:24,249 | 00:49:28,152 | The lush paradise is now a lifeless hell. | The lush paradise is now a lifeless hell. |
531 | 00:49:28,220 | 00:49:33,125 | The scutosaurs and the gorgonopsids are dead. | The scutosaurs and the gorgonopsids are dead. |
532 | 00:49:33,560 | 00:49:35,561 | They're the first casualties in the | They're the first casualties in the |
533 | 00:49:35,629 | 00:49:37,830 | greatest mass extinction the world | greatest mass extinction the world |
534 | 00:49:37,898 | 00:49:42,603 | has ever seen, the Permian Extinction. | has ever seen, the Permian Extinction. |
535 | 00:49:53,480 | 00:49:56,215 | On the other side of the continent Gondwana, | On the other side of the continent Gondwana, |
536 | 00:49:56,282 | 00:50:00,885 | nothing's changed, yet. | nothing's changed, yet. |
537 | 00:50:09,796 | 00:50:11,997 | It appears to be snowing, | It appears to be snowing, |
538 | 00:50:12,065 | 00:50:17,169 | but the temperature is about 70 degrees. | but the temperature is about 70 degrees. |
539 | 00:50:17,237 | 00:50:19,372 | It's actually ash, fallout from the | It's actually ash, fallout from the |
540 | 00:50:19,440 | 00:50:23,543 | eruptions some 10,000 miles away. | eruptions some 10,000 miles away. |
541 | 00:50:28,384 | 00:50:31,185 | The ash burns and suffocates the animals, | The ash burns and suffocates the animals, |
542 | 00:50:31,253 | 00:50:34,055 | killing them around the world. | killing them around the world. |
543 | 00:50:45,934 | 00:50:48,769 | Sulphur dioxide from the eruptions fills the | Sulphur dioxide from the eruptions fills the |
544 | 00:50:48,837 | 00:50:51,505 | atmosphere. | atmosphere. |
545 | 00:50:52,040 | 00:50:55,141 | As it rains, the gas turns to sulphuric | As it rains, the gas turns to sulphuric |
546 | 00:50:55,209 | 00:50:59,211 | acid, and burns everything it falls on. | acid, and burns everything it falls on. |
547 | 00:51:02,917 | 00:51:06,486 | What was a local disaster has now turned | What was a local disaster has now turned |
548 | 00:51:06,554 | 00:51:08,355 | global. | global. |
549 | 00:51:20,570 | 00:51:22,972 | The Siberian eruptions increase the Earth's | The Siberian eruptions increase the Earth's |
550 | 00:51:23,040 | 00:51:26,042 | carbon dioxide levels. | carbon dioxide levels. |
551 | 00:51:26,110 | 00:51:28,878 | The atmosphere gets hotter. | The atmosphere gets hotter. |
552 | 00:51:28,946 | 00:51:32,849 | Water evaporates. | Water evaporates. |
553 | 00:51:32,917 | 00:51:34,985 | And vegetation dies. | And vegetation dies. |
554 | 00:51:45,664 | 00:51:52,269 | Around the world, life on land is being wiped out. | Around the world, life on land is being wiped out. |
555 | 00:51:52,337 | 00:51:54,104 | And life in the oceans, | And life in the oceans, |
556 | 00:51:54,172 | 00:51:56,574 | has also been compromised. | has also been compromised. |
557 | 00:51:58,510 | 00:52:03,948 | The waters turn pink. | The waters turn pink. |
558 | 00:52:07,286 | 00:52:11,656 | Plants, trilobites, and predators, disappear. | Plants, trilobites, and predators, disappear. |
559 | 00:52:20,831 | 00:52:22,999 | The new, hotter atmosphere heated the | The new, hotter atmosphere heated the |
560 | 00:52:23,067 | 00:52:27,170 | oceans and stripped them of oxygen. | oceans and stripped them of oxygen. |
561 | 00:52:27,438 | 00:52:29,973 | Now, this pink algae is one of the few life | Now, this pink algae is one of the few life |
562 | 00:52:30,041 | 00:52:34,745 | forms that can survive in the stagnant water. | forms that can survive in the stagnant water. |
563 | 00:52:34,913 | 00:52:37,848 | The Siberian eruptions transform the entire | The Siberian eruptions transform the entire |
564 | 00:52:37,916 | 00:52:40,918 | planet, nothing, not even the deepest ocean | planet, nothing, not even the deepest ocean |
565 | 00:52:40,986 | 00:52:45,623 | floor, is beyond their reach. | floor, is beyond their reach. |
566 | 00:52:52,564 | 00:52:55,132 | Bubbles of methane gas escape from beneath the | Bubbles of methane gas escape from beneath the |
567 | 00:52:55,200 | 00:52:57,401 | sea bed. | sea bed. |
568 | 00:53:01,506 | 00:53:04,108 | Methane is a greenhouse gas, | Methane is a greenhouse gas, |
569 | 00:53:04,175 | 00:53:07,679 | at least twenty times deadlier than carbon dioxide. | at least twenty times deadlier than carbon dioxide. |
570 | 00:53:09,782 | 00:53:12,817 | Until now, the gas has been frozen. | Until now, the gas has been frozen. |
571 | 00:53:12,885 | 00:53:15,220 | But as the sea temperature rises, | But as the sea temperature rises, |
572 | 00:53:15,288 | 00:53:18,123 | it begins to melt. | it begins to melt. |
573 | 00:53:31,470 | 00:53:33,305 | Released into the atmosphere, | Released into the atmosphere, |
574 | 00:53:33,372 | 00:53:35,940 | this powerful gas pushes up temperatures | this powerful gas pushes up temperatures |
575 | 00:53:36,008 | 00:53:39,643 | even further. | even further. |
576 | 00:53:39,878 | 00:53:42,880 | It's now almost 105 degrees, | It's now almost 105 degrees, |
577 | 00:53:42,948 | 00:53:45,282 | 11 degrees hotter than before the Siberian | 11 degrees hotter than before the Siberian |
578 | 00:53:45,350 | 00:53:47,318 | eruptions. | eruptions. |
579 | 00:53:51,924 | 00:53:54,793 | Creatures that survive the initial destruction | Creatures that survive the initial destruction |
580 | 00:53:54,861 | 00:53:58,464 | now face a new and deadly environment. | now face a new and deadly environment. |
581 | 00:53:58,532 | 00:54:02,435 | Few will live. | Few will live. |
582 | 00:54:02,870 | 00:54:05,471 | It's been five hundred thousand years since | It's been five hundred thousand years since |
583 | 00:54:05,539 | 00:54:07,740 | the eruptions first began, | the eruptions first began, |
584 | 00:54:07,808 | 00:54:11,377 | And all this time, the lava's been pouring out. | And all this time, the lava's been pouring out. |
585 | 00:54:13,280 | 00:54:16,082 | By now, it covers an area the size of the | By now, it covers an area the size of the |
586 | 00:54:16,150 | 00:54:18,785 | United States with a layer of molten rock | United States with a layer of molten rock |
587 | 00:54:18,852 | 00:54:24,156 | nearly 4 miles deep. | nearly 4 miles deep. |
588 | 00:54:26,392 | 00:54:32,030 | 95 per cent of the species are gone. | 95 per cent of the species are gone. |
589 | 00:54:32,665 | 00:54:36,167 | A few survive by eating anything they can find | A few survive by eating anything they can find |
590 | 00:54:36,235 | 00:54:41,172 | and living in burrows underground. | and living in burrows underground. |
591 | 00:54:44,344 | 00:54:49,649 | But everything else, is dead. | But everything else, is dead. |
592 | 00:54:49,716 | 00:54:53,553 | 250 million years ago, the Earth reverts back | 250 million years ago, the Earth reverts back |
593 | 00:54:53,621 | 00:54:56,890 | to an almost lifeless planet. | to an almost lifeless planet. |
594 | 00:54:56,958 | 00:55:00,093 | But that's about to change, again. | But that's about to change, again. |
595 | 00:55:06,436 | 00:55:08,036 | It's been fifty million | It's been fifty million |
596 | 00:55:08,104 | 00:55:10,739 | years since virtually all life on Earth was | years since virtually all life on Earth was |
597 | 00:55:10,806 | 00:55:13,575 | wiped out. | wiped out. |
598 | 00:55:13,776 | 00:55:16,677 | And the planet has been transformed. | And the planet has been transformed. |
599 | 00:55:19,748 | 00:55:23,217 | It's now 200 million years ago, | It's now 200 million years ago, |
600 | 00:55:23,285 | 00:55:26,287 | and just one supercontinent, Pangea, | and just one supercontinent, Pangea, |
601 | 00:55:26,354 | 00:55:30,057 | stretches from pole to pole. | stretches from pole to pole. |
602 | 00:55:35,865 | 00:55:38,433 | After the trauma of the mass extinction, | After the trauma of the mass extinction, |
603 | 00:55:38,501 | 00:55:41,303 | the planet heals. | the planet heals. |
604 | 00:55:41,371 | 00:55:44,740 | Temperatures stabilize; the acid rain | Temperatures stabilize; the acid rain |
605 | 00:55:44,807 | 00:55:48,210 | neutralizes and vegetation returns. | neutralizes and vegetation returns. |
606 | 00:55:50,080 | 00:55:52,448 | With 95 per cent of all life on Earth wiped | With 95 per cent of all life on Earth wiped |
607 | 00:55:52,516 | 00:55:56,419 | out, the field opens for a new species to | out, the field opens for a new species to |
608 | 00:55:56,487 | 00:55:58,288 | emerge. | emerge. |
609 | 00:55:58,522 | 00:56:00,790 | One that will dominate the planet like no | One that will dominate the planet like no |
610 | 00:56:00,858 | 00:56:02,725 | other. | other. |
611 | 00:56:09,398 | 00:56:13,467 | The dinosaurs. | The dinosaurs. |
612 | 00:56:13,602 | 00:56:17,105 | These are called Ammosaurs. | These are called Ammosaurs. |
613 | 00:56:17,172 | 00:56:19,341 | Like all dinos, they evolved from the | Like all dinos, they evolved from the |
614 | 00:56:19,408 | 00:56:25,880 | reptiles that survived the Permian Extinction. | reptiles that survived the Permian Extinction. |
615 | 00:56:26,349 | 00:56:30,151 | At 15 feet tall, their size makes them slow, | At 15 feet tall, their size makes them slow, |
616 | 00:56:30,219 | 00:56:33,188 | and vulnerable. | and vulnerable. |
617 | 00:56:39,994 | 00:56:46,599 | Nearby is the dilophosaurus. | Nearby is the dilophosaurus. |
618 | 00:56:49,502 | 00:56:54,539 | It's small, | It's small, |
619 | 00:56:54,607 | 00:56:56,742 | and fast. | and fast. |
620 | 00:57:17,667 | 00:57:19,734 | The ammosaurus is too big a meal for one | The ammosaurus is too big a meal for one |
621 | 00:57:19,801 | 00:57:22,403 | dilophosaurus. | dilophosaurus. |
622 | 00:57:22,471 | 00:57:24,438 | But not for two. | But not for two. |
623 | 00:57:39,155 | 00:57:42,191 | The dinosaurs have repopulated the Earth. | The dinosaurs have repopulated the Earth. |
624 | 00:57:42,826 | 00:57:45,962 | But no species can tame this restless, | But no species can tame this restless, |
625 | 00:57:46,029 | 00:57:48,197 | volatile planet. | volatile planet. |
626 | 00:57:54,105 | 00:57:56,073 | The earth's crust is thinning. | The earth's crust is thinning. |
627 | 00:57:56,140 | 00:57:58,041 | It's releasing lava and shaking with | It's releasing lava and shaking with |
628 | 00:57:58,109 | 00:58:01,144 | earthquakes, as if being stretched by some | earthquakes, as if being stretched by some |
629 | 00:58:01,212 | 00:58:03,413 | unseen force. | unseen force. |
630 | 00:58:09,585 | 00:58:11,920 | It's also happening near what will become | It's also happening near what will become |
631 | 00:58:11,988 | 00:58:16,224 | North America's eastern seaboard. | North America's eastern seaboard. |
632 | 00:58:24,399 | 00:58:28,302 | The Earth's plates are on the move again. | The Earth's plates are on the move again. |
633 | 00:58:28,370 | 00:58:30,371 | 190 million years ago, the great | 190 million years ago, the great |
634 | 00:58:30,439 | 00:58:34,174 | super-continent of Pangea tears apart. | super-continent of Pangea tears apart. |
635 | 00:58:39,114 | 00:58:41,081 | A vast slab of land breaks away, | A vast slab of land breaks away, |
636 | 00:58:41,149 | 00:58:44,284 | creating a chasm. | creating a chasm. |
637 | 00:58:44,352 | 00:58:47,620 | It fills with a new ocean called the Tethys | It fills with a new ocean called the Tethys |
638 | 00:58:47,688 | 00:58:51,791 | over what will one day be the Middle East. | over what will one day be the Middle East. |
639 | 00:58:57,397 | 00:58:59,365 | Currents push nutrients up into | Currents push nutrients up into |
640 | 00:58:59,433 | 00:59:04,838 | the coastal waters. | the coastal waters. |
641 | 00:59:04,905 | 00:59:07,407 | And the nutrients attract fish, | And the nutrients attract fish, |
642 | 00:59:07,475 | 00:59:14,348 | in the millions. | in the millions. |
643 | 00:59:14,415 | 00:59:22,522 | But again, with so much life, also comes death. | But again, with so much life, also comes death. |
644 | 00:59:22,590 | 00:59:28,194 | Dead fish and plankton carpet the ocean floor. | Dead fish and plankton carpet the ocean floor. |
645 | 00:59:28,261 | 00:59:30,496 | Over the next 10 million years, | Over the next 10 million years, |
646 | 00:59:30,564 | 00:59:33,232 | layers of rock will bury and heat | layers of rock will bury and heat |
647 | 00:59:33,299 | 00:59:35,967 | the dead creatures. | the dead creatures. |
648 | 00:59:36,035 | 00:59:37,369 | Ancient fish and | Ancient fish and |
649 | 00:59:37,436 | 00:59:43,409 | plankton will become oil. | plankton will become oil. |
650 | 00:59:55,823 | 00:59:58,926 | Every gallon of gas in our cars, | Every gallon of gas in our cars, |
651 | 00:59:58,993 | 01:00:01,896 | every piece of plastic on the planet, | every piece of plastic on the planet, |
652 | 01:00:01,963 | 01:00:04,465 | the paint on our walls, the carpet under our | the paint on our walls, the carpet under our |
653 | 01:00:04,533 | 01:00:08,203 | feet, even the soap we wash with, | feet, even the soap we wash with, |
654 | 01:00:08,271 | 01:00:17,079 | almost all originated in this way. | almost all originated in this way. |
655 | 01:00:24,320 | 01:00:27,455 | 180 million years ago, the North American | 180 million years ago, the North American |
656 | 01:00:27,522 | 01:00:30,424 | plate is still moving away from the European | plate is still moving away from the European |
657 | 01:00:30,492 | 01:00:39,733 | and Asian plate. | and Asian plate. |
658 | 01:00:39,801 | 01:00:42,570 | It's shifting about one inch each year, | It's shifting about one inch each year, |
659 | 01:00:42,638 | 01:00:49,444 | the same speed at which our fingernails grow. | the same speed at which our fingernails grow. |
660 | 01:00:49,512 | 01:00:52,715 | But fast forward 35 million years and a new | But fast forward 35 million years and a new |
661 | 01:00:52,783 | 01:00:58,954 | ocean forms, as well as new continents. | ocean forms, as well as new continents. |
662 | 01:00:59,022 | 01:01:00,889 | The United States breaks away from | The United States breaks away from |
663 | 01:01:00,957 | 01:01:05,660 | Africa. | Africa. |
664 | 01:01:05,728 | 01:01:08,963 | The world as we know it takes shape. | The world as we know it takes shape. |
665 | 01:01:09,030 | 01:01:11,965 | The chasm between the two continents fills, | The chasm between the two continents fills, |
666 | 01:01:12,033 | 01:01:19,205 | creating the Atlantic Ocean. | creating the Atlantic Ocean. |
667 | 01:01:22,843 | 01:01:29,949 | And in the middle, lies a volcano. | And in the middle, lies a volcano. |
668 | 01:01:30,017 | 01:01:32,785 | Like before, currents deep beneath the | Like before, currents deep beneath the |
669 | 01:01:32,852 | 01:01:41,394 | Earth's crust move the plates again. | Earth's crust move the plates again. |
670 | 01:01:54,940 | 01:01:58,209 | The entire sea floor tears in two and is | The entire sea floor tears in two and is |
671 | 01:01:58,277 | 01:01:59,945 | pushed up into a ridge of | pushed up into a ridge of |
672 | 01:02:00,012 | 01:02:05,151 | mountains and volcanoes. | mountains and volcanoes. |
673 | 01:02:05,219 | 01:02:07,387 | It grows higher than the Himalayas, | It grows higher than the Himalayas, |
674 | 01:02:07,454 | 01:02:10,391 | and longer than the Rockies. | and longer than the Rockies. |
675 | 01:02:10,458 | 01:02:15,330 | The water here is hot, as molten lava forces | The water here is hot, as molten lava forces |
676 | 01:02:15,398 | 01:02:22,204 | its way out from deep inside the earth. | its way out from deep inside the earth. |
677 | 01:02:22,271 | 01:02:25,274 | As the lava cools, it creates a new range of | As the lava cools, it creates a new range of |
678 | 01:02:25,342 | 01:02:32,214 | volcanic mountains, and a new ocean floor. | volcanic mountains, and a new ocean floor. |
679 | 01:02:32,282 | 01:02:35,651 | Pangea breaks apart, and our world | Pangea breaks apart, and our world |
680 | 01:02:35,719 | 01:02:44,127 | rearranges again. | rearranges again. |
681 | 01:02:56,142 | 01:02:59,043 | It's this geological activity that makes the | It's this geological activity that makes the |
682 | 01:02:59,111 | 01:03:04,782 | Earth restless, creative and unique. | Earth restless, creative and unique. |
683 | 01:03:04,850 | 01:03:06,884 | And every time the planet reinvents | And every time the planet reinvents |
684 | 01:03:06,952 | 01:03:15,526 | itself, its inhabitants adapt and evolve. | itself, its inhabitants adapt and evolve. |
685 | 01:03:19,598 | 01:03:24,904 | Like the ichthyosaurs. | Like the ichthyosaurs. |
686 | 01:03:24,971 | 01:03:27,840 | Their reptile ancestors lived on land, | Their reptile ancestors lived on land, |
687 | 01:03:27,908 | 01:03:29,976 | but as the planet changed, | but as the planet changed, |
688 | 01:03:30,044 | 01:03:32,312 | so did these animals. | so did these animals. |
689 | 01:03:32,380 | 01:03:33,981 | They grew fins and moved into the newly | They grew fins and moved into the newly |
690 | 01:03:34,048 | 01:03:41,889 | formed Atlantic Ocean. | formed Atlantic Ocean. |
691 | 01:03:41,957 | 01:03:44,292 | This one is 20 feet long, | This one is 20 feet long, |
692 | 01:03:44,359 | 01:03:53,534 | and can travel at a quick 25 miles an hour. | and can travel at a quick 25 miles an hour. |
693 | 01:03:55,337 | 01:03:57,772 | It's the ocean's fastest creature and | It's the ocean's fastest creature and |
694 | 01:03:57,840 | 01:03:59,707 | most efficient predator. | most efficient predator. |
695 | 01:03:59,775 | 01:04:08,216 | It rules the oceans for 50 million years. | It rules the oceans for 50 million years. |
696 | 01:04:19,429 | 01:04:28,003 | But now, there's a new contender. | But now, there's a new contender. |
697 | 01:04:37,313 | 01:04:42,984 | The pliosaur. | The pliosaur. |
698 | 01:04:43,052 | 01:04:46,521 | Longer than a bus, and as heavy as a truck, | Longer than a bus, and as heavy as a truck, |
699 | 01:04:46,589 | 01:04:49,524 | its jaws are eight times more powerful | its jaws are eight times more powerful |
700 | 01:04:49,592 | 01:04:52,094 | than a great white sharks', | than a great white sharks', |
701 | 01:04:52,161 | 01:05:00,502 | with teeth 12 inches long. | with teeth 12 inches long. |
702 | 01:05:08,512 | 01:05:10,947 | The Earth, and its inhabitants, | The Earth, and its inhabitants, |
703 | 01:05:11,014 | 01:05:13,883 | have changed beyond recognition. | have changed beyond recognition. |
704 | 01:05:13,951 | 01:05:16,785 | This was once solid ground, | This was once solid ground, |
705 | 01:05:16,853 | 01:05:20,456 | now it's the Atlantic Ocean. | now it's the Atlantic Ocean. |
706 | 01:05:20,524 | 01:05:23,326 | The very spot where ammosaurs grazed and | The very spot where ammosaurs grazed and |
707 | 01:05:23,394 | 01:05:26,829 | dilophosaurs stalked their prey. | dilophosaurs stalked their prey. |
708 | 01:05:26,897 | 01:05:29,432 | The dinosaurs' world may be different, | The dinosaurs' world may be different, |
709 | 01:05:29,500 | 01:05:32,101 | but they're as dominant as ever. | but they're as dominant as ever. |
710 | 01:05:32,169 | 01:05:35,071 | They appear invincible. | They appear invincible. |
711 | 01:05:45,280 | 01:05:46,580 | They're one of the planet's most | They're one of the planet's most |
712 | 01:05:46,648 | 01:05:49,216 | successful species. | successful species. |
713 | 01:05:49,284 | 01:05:52,685 | They've survived volcanic eruptions, | They've survived volcanic eruptions, |
714 | 01:05:52,753 | 01:05:55,154 | earthquakes, and entire continents splitting | earthquakes, and entire continents splitting |
715 | 01:05:55,222 | 01:06:01,493 | apart, The dinosaurs have thrived for 165 | apart, The dinosaurs have thrived for 165 |
716 | 01:06:01,561 | 01:06:09,934 | million years. | million years. |
717 | 01:06:10,002 | 01:06:12,670 | A number of mammals have also survived, | A number of mammals have also survived, |
718 | 01:06:12,738 | 01:06:21,246 | like this shrew-like animal. | like this shrew-like animal. |
719 | 01:06:21,313 | 01:06:24,015 | They're prey to the dinosaurs. | They're prey to the dinosaurs. |
720 | 01:06:24,083 | 01:06:26,551 | So they live in trees or underground, | So they live in trees or underground, |
721 | 01:06:26,618 | 01:06:30,855 | and venture out only at night. | and venture out only at night. |
722 | 01:06:30,922 | 01:06:39,796 | Mammals pose no threat to the dinosaurs. | Mammals pose no threat to the dinosaurs. |
723 | 01:06:41,265 | 01:06:43,233 | Nothing on Earth can challenge their | Nothing on Earth can challenge their |
724 | 01:06:43,300 | 01:06:52,142 | dominance. | dominance. |
725 | 01:06:56,381 | 01:07:03,188 | Nothing, on Earth. | Nothing, on Earth. |
726 | 01:07:03,255 | 01:07:05,224 | A large piece of space rock, | A large piece of space rock, |
727 | 01:07:05,292 | 01:07:13,999 | heads toward Earth. | heads toward Earth. |
728 | 01:07:14,067 | 01:07:17,570 | This asteroid is at least 6 miles across, | This asteroid is at least 6 miles across, |
729 | 01:07:17,637 | 01:07:21,908 | and travelling over 40,000 miles an hour. | and travelling over 40,000 miles an hour. |
730 | 01:07:21,976 | 01:07:30,950 | It's bigger than Mount Everest, | It's bigger than Mount Everest, |
731 | 01:07:31,952 | 01:07:41,661 | and heads straight for the Gulf of Mexico. | and heads straight for the Gulf of Mexico. |
732 | 01:07:46,200 | 01:07:49,335 | It travels so fast that its impact would be | It travels so fast that its impact would be |
733 | 01:07:49,403 | 01:07:56,275 | missed in a blink of an eye. | missed in a blink of an eye. |
734 | 01:07:56,343 | 01:08:03,749 | A split second changes the world forever. | A split second changes the world forever. |
735 | 01:08:07,587 | 01:08:09,955 | At impact, the asteroid's back edge | At impact, the asteroid's back edge |
736 | 01:08:10,023 | 01:08:19,697 | stands at 35,000 feet. | stands at 35,000 feet. |
737 | 01:08:30,309 | 01:08:33,177 | It strikes with such immense force that it | It strikes with such immense force that it |
738 | 01:08:33,245 | 01:08:42,422 | destroys everything it hits. | destroys everything it hits. |
739 | 01:08:53,201 | 01:09:01,676 | The asteroid itself instantly vaporizes, | The asteroid itself instantly vaporizes, |
740 | 01:09:01,744 | 01:09:03,778 | unleashing the energy of millions | unleashing the energy of millions |
741 | 01:09:03,846 | 01:09:11,619 | of nuclear weapons. | of nuclear weapons. |
742 | 01:09:11,687 | 01:09:13,288 | Nowhere is safe, | Nowhere is safe, |
743 | 01:09:13,356 | 01:09:20,763 | with debris flying everywhere. | with debris flying everywhere. |
744 | 01:09:20,831 | 01:09:23,499 | Debris as big as entire city blocks | Debris as big as entire city blocks |
745 | 01:09:23,567 | 01:09:32,708 | circle the Earth. | circle the Earth. |
746 | 01:09:40,951 | 01:09:44,086 | The blastwave races out from the impact zone | The blastwave races out from the impact zone |
747 | 01:09:44,154 | 01:09:52,595 | like shrapnel from an exploding bomb. | like shrapnel from an exploding bomb. |
748 | 01:10:22,893 | 01:10:25,327 | Minutes after impact, hundreds of miles | Minutes after impact, hundreds of miles |
749 | 01:10:25,395 | 01:10:27,663 | from where the asteroid struck, | from where the asteroid struck, |
750 | 01:10:27,730 | 01:10:36,172 | the earth is under attack. | the earth is under attack. |
751 | 01:10:36,240 | 01:10:44,649 | Boulders rain down. | Boulders rain down. |
752 | 01:10:44,716 | 01:10:51,922 | Earthquakes shake the ground. | Earthquakes shake the ground. |
753 | 01:10:51,990 | 01:10:59,796 | And tsunamis batter the coasts. | And tsunamis batter the coasts. |
754 | 01:11:08,071 | 01:11:12,274 | But the onslaught has only just begun. | But the onslaught has only just begun. |
755 | 01:11:12,342 | 01:11:14,877 | The plume of molten rock and dust spreads | The plume of molten rock and dust spreads |
756 | 01:11:14,945 | 01:11:19,315 | out, and engulfs the planet. | out, and engulfs the planet. |
757 | 01:11:19,383 | 01:11:27,757 | The entire sky acts like a giant lamp, | The entire sky acts like a giant lamp, |
758 | 01:11:27,825 | 01:11:28,891 | heating the Earth's surface to | heating the Earth's surface to |
759 | 01:11:28,959 | 01:11:32,562 | over 500 degrees. | over 500 degrees. |
760 | 01:11:32,630 | 01:11:41,773 | Vegetation spontaneously ignites. | Vegetation spontaneously ignites. |
761 | 01:11:47,714 | 01:11:49,882 | Even months after the impact, | Even months after the impact, |
762 | 01:11:49,950 | 01:11:51,817 | smoke and ash still block out | smoke and ash still block out |
763 | 01:11:51,885 | 01:11:55,287 | the sun's rays. | the sun's rays. |
764 | 01:11:55,355 | 01:11:58,423 | And with less sunlight, plants die and the | And with less sunlight, plants die and the |
765 | 01:11:58,491 | 01:12:07,968 | animals starve. | animals starve. |
766 | 01:12:16,310 | 01:12:18,511 | 65 million years ago, | 65 million years ago, |
767 | 01:12:18,578 | 01:12:20,847 | the impact has blasted, | the impact has blasted, |
768 | 01:12:20,914 | 01:12:29,555 | stoned and burnt the dinosaurs. | stoned and burnt the dinosaurs. |
769 | 01:12:31,424 | 01:12:40,666 | Their 165 million year reign is over. | Their 165 million year reign is over. |
770 | 01:12:44,271 | 01:12:46,439 | But the dinosaur's demise brings | But the dinosaur's demise brings |
771 | 01:12:46,506 | 01:12:53,945 | opportunity for another species. | opportunity for another species. |
772 | 01:12:54,013 | 01:12:58,950 | A mammal. | A mammal. |
773 | 01:12:59,018 | 01:13:01,787 | By living underground, mammals have avoided | By living underground, mammals have avoided |
774 | 01:13:01,854 | 01:13:04,690 | the heat and fires. | the heat and fires. |
775 | 01:13:04,758 | 01:13:08,061 | And by eating anything, they thrive while more | And by eating anything, they thrive while more |
776 | 01:13:08,129 | 01:13:14,869 | selective eaters die. | selective eaters die. |
777 | 01:13:14,936 | 01:13:17,271 | They're the unlikely inheritors of the | They're the unlikely inheritors of the |
778 | 01:13:17,339 | 01:13:26,047 | dinosaurs' crown. | dinosaurs' crown. |
779 | 01:13:27,750 | 01:13:30,018 | And as one story ends. | And as one story ends. |
780 | 01:13:30,086 | 01:13:32,087 | Another begins. | Another begins. |
781 | 01:13:32,154 | 01:13:34,622 | With the dinosaurs out of the way, | With the dinosaurs out of the way, |
782 | 01:13:34,690 | 01:13:38,859 | our ancestors' may now have a chance, at life. | our ancestors' may now have a chance, at life. |
783 | 01:13:56,837 | 01:14:00,405 | The dinosaurs are long dead. | The dinosaurs are long dead. |
784 | 01:14:00,807 | 01:14:07,011 | The planet is peaceful. | The planet is peaceful. |
785 | 01:14:07,079 | 01:14:09,279 | In this new world, our mammal | In this new world, our mammal |
786 | 01:14:09,347 | 01:14:16,820 | ancestors are evolving. | ancestors are evolving. |
787 | 01:14:23,063 | 01:14:26,198 | 47 million years ago, this lake, | 47 million years ago, this lake, |
788 | 01:14:26,266 | 01:14:28,635 | in what will one day be Germany, | in what will one day be Germany, |
789 | 01:14:28,702 | 01:14:37,977 | is the perfect place to spot them. | is the perfect place to spot them. |
790 | 01:14:47,487 | 01:14:49,988 | Unlike earlier mammals, its eyes and | Unlike earlier mammals, its eyes and |
791 | 01:14:50,056 | 01:14:54,459 | brain are bigger. | brain are bigger. |
792 | 01:14:54,527 | 01:14:59,765 | This is Darwinius Massilae, or Ida. | This is Darwinius Massilae, or Ida. |
793 | 01:14:59,833 | 01:15:02,301 | She looks nothing like humans, | She looks nothing like humans, |
794 | 01:15:02,369 | 01:15:04,937 | but fossil evidence today indicates that | but fossil evidence today indicates that |
795 | 01:15:05,005 | 01:15:08,208 | these creatures might evolve into monkeys, | these creatures might evolve into monkeys, |
796 | 01:15:08,276 | 01:15:15,784 | apes, and eventually humans. | apes, and eventually humans. |
797 | 01:15:15,851 | 01:15:18,553 | Looking back through 47 million years of | Looking back through 47 million years of |
798 | 01:15:18,620 | 01:15:21,589 | evolution might reveal one of our earliest | evolution might reveal one of our earliest |
799 | 01:15:21,657 | 01:15:26,629 | known ancestors. | known ancestors. |
800 | 01:15:26,696 | 01:15:30,266 | The lake sits on a volcanic crater. | The lake sits on a volcanic crater. |
801 | 01:15:30,334 | 01:15:35,405 | It belches out noxious gas, | It belches out noxious gas, |
802 | 01:15:35,473 | 01:15:43,713 | that eventually kills Ida. | that eventually kills Ida. |
803 | 01:15:47,051 | 01:15:48,551 | The lake preserves her in its | The lake preserves her in its |
804 | 01:15:48,619 | 01:15:54,624 | oxygen depleted depths. | oxygen depleted depths. |
805 | 01:15:54,691 | 01:15:57,960 | One day, when the water is gone and Ida's | One day, when the water is gone and Ida's |
806 | 01:15:58,028 | 01:16:03,966 | fossil is found, this primitive primate could | fossil is found, this primitive primate could |
807 | 01:16:04,034 | 01:16:07,002 | help piece together the beginning of our own | help piece together the beginning of our own |
808 | 01:16:07,070 | 01:16:15,644 | story, the story of human life. | story, the story of human life. |
809 | 01:16:15,711 | 01:16:17,613 | We're closer to understanding how | We're closer to understanding how |
810 | 01:16:17,680 | 01:16:20,650 | everything we've seen, from ocean bacteria, | everything we've seen, from ocean bacteria, |
811 | 01:16:20,717 | 01:16:23,186 | through walking fish and subterranean | through walking fish and subterranean |
812 | 01:16:23,254 | 01:16:27,658 | rodents, leads to us. | rodents, leads to us. |
813 | 01:16:27,726 | 01:16:29,427 | And to understanding how our | And to understanding how our |
814 | 01:16:29,494 | 01:16:35,267 | planet was made. | planet was made. |
815 | 01:16:35,335 | 01:16:38,370 | 47 million years ago, the atmosphere | 47 million years ago, the atmosphere |
816 | 01:16:38,438 | 01:16:45,177 | is much like today. | is much like today. |
817 | 01:16:45,245 | 01:16:48,680 | The temperature is 75 degrees. | The temperature is 75 degrees. |
818 | 01:16:48,748 | 01:16:50,716 | And a day lasts just under | And a day lasts just under |
819 | 01:16:50,784 | 01:16:53,652 | twenty four hours. | twenty four hours. |
820 | 01:16:53,720 | 01:16:56,288 | The Earth is now almost identical to | The Earth is now almost identical to |
821 | 01:16:56,356 | 01:16:59,324 | the planet we call home. | the planet we call home. |
822 | 01:16:59,392 | 01:17:07,833 | Almost. | Almost. |
823 | 01:17:17,010 | 01:17:23,616 | The Earth's plates are on the move again. | The Earth's plates are on the move again. |
824 | 01:17:23,684 | 01:17:32,057 | India moves north toward Asia. | India moves north toward Asia. |
825 | 01:17:40,401 | 01:17:42,802 | The Indian and Asian plates are locked | The Indian and Asian plates are locked |
826 | 01:17:42,870 | 01:17:52,147 | in a titanic struggle, | in a titanic struggle, |
827 | 01:17:53,783 | 01:17:58,520 | and neither plate is winning. | and neither plate is winning. |
828 | 01:17:58,588 | 01:18:01,057 | As they buckle, the ocean floor contorts | As they buckle, the ocean floor contorts |
829 | 01:18:01,124 | 01:18:09,267 | upward along a 1,500 mile line. | upward along a 1,500 mile line. |
830 | 01:18:12,237 | 01:18:14,271 | A vast mountain range rises up | A vast mountain range rises up |
831 | 01:18:14,339 | 01:18:23,047 | over 27,000 feet. | over 27,000 feet. |
832 | 01:18:38,296 | 01:18:46,970 | These are the Himalayas. | These are the Himalayas. |
833 | 01:18:50,708 | 01:18:53,209 | And the highest mountain of all, | And the highest mountain of all, |
834 | 01:18:53,277 | 01:19:01,951 | Mount Everest. | Mount Everest. |
835 | 01:19:02,019 | 01:19:03,920 | Its summit reaches up into the | Its summit reaches up into the |
836 | 01:19:03,988 | 01:19:06,523 | Earth's jet stream, the same altitude | Earth's jet stream, the same altitude |
837 | 01:19:06,591 | 01:19:16,166 | where planes fly. | where planes fly. |
838 | 01:19:32,614 | 01:19:34,881 | When the snow on the peaks melts, | When the snow on the peaks melts, |
839 | 01:19:34,949 | 01:19:38,285 | it feeds rivers like the Ganges, Indus, | it feeds rivers like the Ganges, Indus, |
840 | 01:19:38,353 | 01:19:46,560 | Yellow and Yangtze. | Yellow and Yangtze. |
841 | 01:19:46,627 | 01:19:49,830 | The Himalayas are like a vast water tower. | The Himalayas are like a vast water tower. |
842 | 01:19:49,898 | 01:19:52,533 | One day, their rivers will supply water for | One day, their rivers will supply water for |
843 | 01:19:52,600 | 01:20:00,742 | almost half the world's population. | almost half the world's population. |
844 | 01:20:10,621 | 01:20:16,360 | 20 million years ago, this is our planet, | 20 million years ago, this is our planet, |
845 | 01:20:16,427 | 01:20:18,462 | with every continent, and every ocean | with every continent, and every ocean |
846 | 01:20:18,529 | 01:20:25,635 | as we know it. | as we know it. |
847 | 01:20:25,703 | 01:20:28,872 | Except one thing is still missing, | Except one thing is still missing, |
848 | 01:20:28,939 | 01:20:35,512 | the human race. | the human race. |
849 | 01:20:35,580 | 01:20:37,815 | And for humans to evolve, | And for humans to evolve, |
850 | 01:20:37,882 | 01:20:41,418 | something needs to change. | something needs to change. |
851 | 01:20:57,998 | 01:20:59,266 | Along the African | Along the African |
852 | 01:20:59,333 | 01:21:06,941 | coast, a great rift opens up. | coast, a great rift opens up. |
853 | 01:21:09,745 | 01:21:18,353 | It stretches nearly 4,000 miles, | It stretches nearly 4,000 miles, |
854 | 01:21:19,055 | 01:21:27,829 | with mountains growing along its edge. | with mountains growing along its edge. |
855 | 01:21:40,476 | 01:21:43,478 | This ape-like creature may stay in these trees | This ape-like creature may stay in these trees |
856 | 01:21:43,546 | 01:21:50,353 | forever, but its world is changing. | forever, but its world is changing. |
857 | 01:21:50,421 | 01:21:53,423 | The growing mountains act like a wall, | The growing mountains act like a wall, |
858 | 01:21:53,491 | 01:21:55,792 | prohibiting moisture from the Indian Ocean | prohibiting moisture from the Indian Ocean |
859 | 01:21:55,860 | 01:21:59,396 | from passing over the land. | from passing over the land. |
860 | 01:21:59,463 | 01:22:03,299 | It's getting hotter, and drier. | It's getting hotter, and drier. |
861 | 01:22:03,367 | 01:22:05,801 | The lush rainforest becomes an arid | The lush rainforest becomes an arid |
862 | 01:22:05,869 | 01:22:09,872 | savannah. | savannah. |
863 | 01:22:09,939 | 01:22:12,574 | The new hotter climate changes the creatures' | The new hotter climate changes the creatures' |
864 | 01:22:12,642 | 01:22:15,410 | habitat, forcing them to search further for | habitat, forcing them to search further for |
865 | 01:22:15,478 | 01:22:19,715 | food, soon, they stop dragging their knuckles | food, soon, they stop dragging their knuckles |
866 | 01:22:19,783 | 01:22:21,449 | like apes. | like apes. |
867 | 01:22:21,517 | 01:22:27,189 | And begin to stand, and walk on two feet. | And begin to stand, and walk on two feet. |
868 | 01:22:27,256 | 01:22:28,957 | It's the most important step in | It's the most important step in |
869 | 01:22:29,025 | 01:22:36,166 | the human story. | the human story. |
870 | 01:22:36,233 | 01:22:38,768 | This mountain range could be the reason | This mountain range could be the reason |
871 | 01:22:38,836 | 01:22:46,909 | humans walk on two feet. | humans walk on two feet. |
872 | 01:22:48,411 | 01:22:51,580 | The random movement of two plates may have | The random movement of two plates may have |
873 | 01:22:51,648 | 01:22:54,149 | kick-started a chain of events that leads to | kick-started a chain of events that leads to |
874 | 01:22:54,217 | 01:22:59,954 | the first humans. | the first humans. |
875 | 01:23:11,701 | 01:23:13,468 | A man and child. | A man and child. |
876 | 01:23:13,536 | 01:23:16,237 | A scene very much like today. | A scene very much like today. |
877 | 01:23:16,305 | 01:23:20,976 | But it's one and a half million years ago. | But it's one and a half million years ago. |
878 | 01:23:21,043 | 01:23:24,079 | They are an early species of human called | They are an early species of human called |
879 | 01:23:24,146 | 01:23:28,149 | Homo Erectus. | Homo Erectus. |
880 | 01:23:28,217 | 01:23:30,852 | And these are the first footprints like our | And these are the first footprints like our |
881 | 01:23:30,919 | 01:23:38,259 | own; civilizations past and present, | own; civilizations past and present, |
882 | 01:23:38,326 | 01:23:41,061 | everyone that's ever lived, | everyone that's ever lived, |
883 | 01:23:41,129 | 01:23:43,265 | the greatest inventions, | the greatest inventions, |
884 | 01:23:43,333 | 01:23:45,834 | the most brilliant ideas. | the most brilliant ideas. |
885 | 01:23:45,902 | 01:23:49,272 | Human history, in all its complexity and | Human history, in all its complexity and |
886 | 01:23:49,339 | 01:23:58,281 | splendor, begins here and now. | splendor, begins here and now. |
887 | 01:24:10,694 | 01:24:13,062 | The climate changes again. | The climate changes again. |
888 | 01:24:13,130 | 01:24:17,767 | 70,000 years ago sea levels fall. | 70,000 years ago sea levels fall. |
889 | 01:24:17,835 | 01:24:20,203 | And the gap between Africa and Arabia | And the gap between Africa and Arabia |
890 | 01:24:20,271 | 01:24:28,679 | shrinks to just eight miles. | shrinks to just eight miles. |
891 | 01:24:28,747 | 01:24:31,381 | The Red Sea is now narrow and shallow | The Red Sea is now narrow and shallow |
892 | 01:24:31,449 | 01:24:34,318 | enough for a small group to cross, | enough for a small group to cross, |
893 | 01:24:34,385 | 01:24:38,456 | out of Africa. | out of Africa. |
894 | 01:24:38,523 | 01:24:41,259 | They're another later species of human, | They're another later species of human, |
895 | 01:24:41,326 | 01:24:49,767 | called Homo Sapiens. | called Homo Sapiens. |
896 | 01:24:59,409 | 01:25:02,711 | Scientists believe that the entire world beyond | Scientists believe that the entire world beyond |
897 | 01:25:02,779 | 01:25:05,881 | Africa was populated from descendants of | Africa was populated from descendants of |
898 | 01:25:05,949 | 01:25:12,153 | these two hundred individuals. | these two hundred individuals. |
899 | 01:25:12,221 | 01:25:15,457 | Over time our ancestors multiply and spread | Over time our ancestors multiply and spread |
900 | 01:25:15,524 | 01:25:24,033 | out; to India, onto Asia and into Europe. | out; to India, onto Asia and into Europe. |
901 | 01:25:36,047 | 01:25:38,248 | But while humans head north, | But while humans head north, |
902 | 01:25:38,315 | 01:25:47,524 | a giant wall of ice travels south. | a giant wall of ice travels south. |
903 | 01:25:47,591 | 01:25:51,294 | Europe, 40,000 years ago. | Europe, 40,000 years ago. |
904 | 01:25:51,362 | 01:25:54,831 | Homo sapiens arrive, only to find a world | Homo sapiens arrive, only to find a world |
905 | 01:25:54,899 | 01:25:57,900 | that's quickly changing. | that's quickly changing. |
906 | 01:25:57,968 | 01:26:00,036 | It should be the height of summer, | It should be the height of summer, |
907 | 01:26:00,104 | 01:26:02,139 | but it's getting colder. | but it's getting colder. |
908 | 01:26:02,206 | 01:26:03,974 | The plants are frostbitten, | The plants are frostbitten, |
909 | 01:26:04,042 | 01:26:08,179 | and the rivers are frozen. | and the rivers are frozen. |
910 | 01:26:08,247 | 01:26:10,582 | Natural changes in the Earth's orbit, | Natural changes in the Earth's orbit, |
911 | 01:26:10,649 | 01:26:13,752 | CO2 levels, and the flow of warm water | CO2 levels, and the flow of warm water |
912 | 01:26:13,819 | 01:26:16,188 | around the planet conspire to lower the | around the planet conspire to lower the |
913 | 01:26:16,256 | 01:26:18,624 | Earth's temperature. | Earth's temperature. |
914 | 01:26:18,692 | 01:26:20,860 | The Earth, and its inhabitants, | The Earth, and its inhabitants, |
915 | 01:26:20,927 | 01:26:23,963 | enter an ice age. | enter an ice age. |
916 | 01:26:24,031 | 01:26:27,333 | Glaciers as high as skyscrapers creep over | Glaciers as high as skyscrapers creep over |
917 | 01:26:27,401 | 01:26:32,738 | the northern hemisphere about a foot every day, | the northern hemisphere about a foot every day, |
918 | 01:26:32,806 | 01:26:35,741 | Slow, and powerful, they sculpt the | Slow, and powerful, they sculpt the |
919 | 01:26:35,809 | 01:26:41,247 | landscape, gouging out great depressions. | landscape, gouging out great depressions. |
920 | 01:26:41,315 | 01:26:48,856 | The planet will never look the same again. | The planet will never look the same again. |
921 | 01:26:48,924 | 01:26:51,826 | Now, around twenty thousand years ago, | Now, around twenty thousand years ago, |
922 | 01:26:51,893 | 01:26:55,496 | they grind to a halt. | they grind to a halt. |
923 | 01:26:55,564 | 01:26:57,965 | Much of the northern hemisphere is covered | Much of the northern hemisphere is covered |
924 | 01:26:58,033 | 01:27:07,141 | by ice sheets up to one and a half miles thick. | by ice sheets up to one and a half miles thick. |
925 | 01:27:09,744 | 01:27:12,046 | With trillions of gallons of water locked | With trillions of gallons of water locked |
926 | 01:27:12,114 | 01:27:18,619 | up as ice, sea levels fall. | up as ice, sea levels fall. |
927 | 01:27:18,687 | 01:27:21,255 | A strip of land emerges from the ocean between | A strip of land emerges from the ocean between |
928 | 01:27:21,323 | 01:27:29,832 | Siberia and Alaska. | Siberia and Alaska. |
929 | 01:27:29,899 | 01:27:34,604 | It's a bridge between two vast continents, | It's a bridge between two vast continents, |
930 | 01:27:34,672 | 01:27:38,107 | a gateway that takes humans from Asia to a | a gateway that takes humans from Asia to a |
931 | 01:27:38,175 | 01:27:43,245 | new world, the Americas. | new world, the Americas. |
932 | 01:27:43,313 | 01:27:45,381 | They're the last great continents to be | They're the last great continents to be |
933 | 01:27:45,448 | 01:27:49,985 | colonized, the last great human migration, | colonized, the last great human migration, |
934 | 01:27:50,053 | 01:27:57,826 | and the first Americans. | and the first Americans. |
935 | 01:28:04,234 | 01:28:07,703 | Now, 14,000 years ago, the changes that | Now, 14,000 years ago, the changes that |
936 | 01:28:07,771 | 01:28:12,541 | triggered the ice age reverse. | triggered the ice age reverse. |
937 | 01:28:12,609 | 01:28:15,344 | As the ice retreats, it reveals a very | As the ice retreats, it reveals a very |
938 | 01:28:15,412 | 01:28:19,148 | different northern hemisphere. | different northern hemisphere. |
939 | 01:28:19,215 | 01:28:21,217 | The huge depressions that the glaciers | The huge depressions that the glaciers |
940 | 01:28:21,284 | 01:28:23,986 | create fill with water to become North | create fill with water to become North |
941 | 01:28:24,054 | 01:28:33,197 | America's Great Lakes. | America's Great Lakes. |
942 | 01:28:40,338 | 01:28:43,540 | 6,000 years ago, the ice retreats back to | 6,000 years ago, the ice retreats back to |
943 | 01:28:43,608 | 01:28:52,682 | the poles, toward the Arctic and Antarctic. | the poles, toward the Arctic and Antarctic. |
944 | 01:29:05,030 | 01:29:08,099 | After a four and a half billion year journey, | After a four and a half billion year journey, |
945 | 01:29:08,167 | 01:29:12,438 | we're, finally home. | we're, finally home. |
946 | 01:29:12,505 | 01:29:18,844 | This is our world, our time. | This is our world, our time. |
947 | 01:29:18,912 | 01:29:21,447 | The planet's incredible story helps us | The planet's incredible story helps us |
948 | 01:29:21,514 | 01:29:25,050 | understand how and why everything around us is | understand how and why everything around us is |
949 | 01:29:25,118 | 01:29:32,690 | here today. | here today. |
950 | 01:29:32,757 | 01:29:39,997 | From the skies above. | From the skies above. |
951 | 01:29:40,065 | 01:29:47,640 | To water, the essential ingredient for life. | To water, the essential ingredient for life. |
952 | 01:29:47,707 | 01:29:56,383 | To the ground beneath our feet. | To the ground beneath our feet. |
953 | 01:29:56,450 | 01:30:03,856 | And finally life, a chain of catastrophes | And finally life, a chain of catastrophes |
954 | 01:30:03,924 | 01:30:06,291 | and coincidences, creating a | and coincidences, creating a |
955 | 01:30:06,359 | 01:30:10,395 | spectacular result. | spectacular result. |
956 | 01:30:10,463 | 01:30:13,264 | Each triumph and disaster is a step | Each triumph and disaster is a step |
957 | 01:30:13,332 | 01:30:18,635 | leading to here, each and every one of | leading to here, each and every one of |
958 | 01:30:18,703 | 01:30:23,407 | us, right now. | us, right now. |
959 | 01:30:23,475 | 01:30:29,280 | But the Earth's story isn't over. | But the Earth's story isn't over. |
960 | 01:30:29,348 | 01:30:33,018 | This journey is only half the story. | This journey is only half the story. |
961 | 01:30:33,086 | 01:30:38,023 | A lot more is yet to come. | A lot more is yet to come. |
962 | 01:30:38,091 | 01:30:41,460 | The Earth will live for at least another 4.5 | The Earth will live for at least another 4.5 |
963 | 01:30:41,528 | 01:30:50,735 | billion years. | billion years. |
964 | 01:30:53,272 | 01:30:57,976 | More wonders, more terrors, | More wonders, more terrors, |
965 | 01:30:58,044 | 01:31:00,578 | and more strange creatures lie ahead for | and more strange creatures lie ahead for |
966 | 01:31:00,646 | 01:31:08,120 | our restless and creative planet. | our restless and creative planet. |
967 | 01:31:08,187 | 01:31:11,156 | The next chapter of Earth's story is still | The next chapter of Earth's story is still |
968 | 01:31:11,223 | 01:31:17,829 | -- sync, corrected by elderman -- | -- sync, corrected by elderman -- |
968 | 01:31:11,223 | 01:31:17,829 | -- sync, corrected by elderman -- | -- sync, corrected by elderman -- |