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1 00:00:06,000 00:00:12,074 StreamBox Pro - Best box for movies & shows on your TV! Check out the reviews and order on GRATISSTREAMEN.NL StreamBox Pro - Best box for movies & shows on your TV! Check out the reviews and order on GRATISSTREAMEN.NL
2 00:00:40,105 00:00:43,235 The area of manned spaceflight budget request for Apollo, The area of manned spaceflight budget request for Apollo,
3 00:00:43,242 00:00:46,477 Is being reduced by $42.1 million Is being reduced by $42.1 million
4 00:00:46,478 00:00:50,078 To $916.5 million. To $916.5 million.
5 00:00:50,081 00:00:53,781 This reduction will be achieved by canceling the Apollo 15 This reduction will be achieved by canceling the Apollo 15
6 00:00:53,784 00:00:56,152 And 19 lunar missions, And 19 lunar missions,
7 00:00:56,153 00:00:59,188 Re-designating the remaining Apollo flights Re-designating the remaining Apollo flights
8 00:00:59,189 00:01:02,289 As Apollo's 14 through 17. As Apollo's 14 through 17.
9 00:01:12,765 00:01:14,465 Everything is going smoothly here Everything is going smoothly here
10 00:01:14,467 00:01:17,797 At the Kennedy space center for the launch of Apollo 17, At the Kennedy space center for the launch of Apollo 17,
11 00:01:17,803 00:01:21,373 Man's last trip to the moon in the foreseeable future. Man's last trip to the moon in the foreseeable future.
12 00:01:27,377 00:01:31,377 Three, two, one ignition. Three, two, one ignition.
13 00:01:31,382 00:01:33,122 We're on our way, Houston. We're on our way, Houston.
14 00:01:52,768 00:01:55,868 I believe that this nation should commit itself I believe that this nation should commit itself
15 00:01:55,872 00:01:59,672 To achieving the goal before this decade is out To achieving the goal before this decade is out
16 00:01:59,675 00:02:01,465 Of landing a man on the moon Of landing a man on the moon
17 00:02:01,476 00:02:04,436 And returning him safely to the earth. And returning him safely to the earth.
18 00:02:04,445 00:02:07,275 No single space project in this period No single space project in this period
19 00:02:07,281 00:02:09,611 Will be more impressive to mankind, Will be more impressive to mankind,
20 00:02:09,616 00:02:13,676 Or more important for the long-range exploration of space. Or more important for the long-range exploration of space.
21 00:02:13,686 00:02:17,286 None will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. None will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.
22 00:02:25,662 00:02:28,398 The average taxpayer is entitled to ask, The average taxpayer is entitled to ask,
23 00:02:28,399 00:02:30,369 "what's in space for me?" "what's in space for me?"
24 00:02:31,834 00:02:35,237 T minus 15 seconds, guidance is internal. T minus 15 seconds, guidance is internal.
25 00:02:35,238 00:02:41,308 12, 11, 10, nine, ignition sequence start, 12, 11, 10, nine, ignition sequence start,
26 00:02:41,310 00:02:44,910 Six, five, four, three, Six, five, four, three,
27 00:02:44,913 00:02:50,283 Two, one, zero. All engine run. Two, one, zero. All engine run.
28 00:02:50,285 00:02:54,615 Lift off, we have a lift off, 32 minutes past the hour, Lift off, we have a lift off, 32 minutes past the hour,
29 00:02:54,622 00:02:56,522 Lift off on Apollo 11. Lift off on Apollo 11.
30 00:02:58,290 00:02:59,760 Roger, we got a roll program. Roger, we got a roll program.
31 00:02:59,761 00:03:01,189 Tower cleared. Tower cleared.
32 00:03:01,193 00:03:02,463 Roger, roll. Roger, roll.
33 00:03:07,496 00:03:09,556 What does spaceflight do for people? What does spaceflight do for people?
34 00:03:09,565 00:03:11,865 It's a philosophical answer. It's a philosophical answer.
35 00:03:11,867 00:03:17,467 It's exploration, it's the human spirit of going out there. It's exploration, it's the human spirit of going out there.
36 00:03:17,471 00:03:22,171 The great thing we wanna know is, "where do we fit in?" The great thing we wanna know is, "where do we fit in?"
37 00:03:22,175 00:03:25,235 There's two questions that trouble us all There's two questions that trouble us all
38 00:03:25,244 00:03:27,344 At some point in our life. At some point in our life.
39 00:03:27,346 00:03:29,346 Where did we come from? Where did we come from?
40 00:03:29,348 00:03:30,848 And are we alone? And are we alone?
41 00:03:32,249 00:03:33,679 Without the space program, Without the space program,
42 00:03:33,684 00:03:37,820 Our economy would be hurled 50 years back into the past. Our economy would be hurled 50 years back into the past.
43 00:03:37,821 00:03:43,521 GPS, weather satellites, telecommunications, the internet. GPS, weather satellites, telecommunications, the internet.
44 00:03:43,526 00:03:45,286 By the exploration of the moon, By the exploration of the moon,
45 00:03:45,294 00:03:47,334 Or by landing on the moon and walking around, Or by landing on the moon and walking around,
46 00:03:47,335 00:03:50,429 That led to a space program, That led to a space program,
47 00:03:50,432 00:03:52,302 Which led to global positioning systems, Which led to global positioning systems,
48 00:03:52,303 00:03:55,330 Which led to so-called space assets, Which led to so-called space assets,
49 00:03:55,336 00:03:58,196 Which have affected everything. Which have affected everything.
50 00:03:58,205 00:03:59,665 The reason to explore space The reason to explore space
51 00:03:59,673 00:04:04,243 Is that it can boost our economy... Period. Is that it can boost our economy... Period.
52 00:04:04,244 00:04:08,447 It boosts our economy as it changes the culture. It boosts our economy as it changes the culture.
53 00:04:08,448 00:04:10,678 People think differently. People think differently.
54 00:04:10,683 00:04:13,721 Think about the future, think about inventing things. Think about the future, think about inventing things.
55 00:04:13,722 00:04:15,288 Think about making a better tomorrow, Think about making a better tomorrow,
56 00:04:15,289 00:04:17,387 Rather than just surviving the day. Rather than just surviving the day.
57 00:04:17,389 00:04:18,856 You go over the hill, You go over the hill,
58 00:04:18,857 00:04:20,717 You don't know what you're gonna find. You don't know what you're gonna find.
59 00:04:20,725 00:04:22,285 And you're not gonna go over the hill And you're not gonna go over the hill
60 00:04:22,293 00:04:23,963 Unless you're curious about it. Unless you're curious about it.
61 00:04:26,429 00:04:30,366 It transforms the intellectual outlook of a nation, It transforms the intellectual outlook of a nation,
62 00:04:30,367 00:04:34,667 When a nation embarks on something bold and audacious, When a nation embarks on something bold and audacious,
63 00:04:34,671 00:04:38,911 Such is going into deep space, as it did in the 1960s. Such is going into deep space, as it did in the 1960s.
64 00:04:45,777 00:04:47,537 Today a new moon is in the sky, Today a new moon is in the sky,
65 00:04:47,546 00:04:51,506 A 23-inch metal sphere placed in orbit by a Russian rocket. A 23-inch metal sphere placed in orbit by a Russian rocket.
66 00:04:51,516 00:04:52,746 Here, an artist's conception Here, an artist's conception
67 00:04:52,750 00:04:54,319 Of how the feat was accomplished. Of how the feat was accomplished.
68 00:04:54,320 00:04:55,878 A three-stage rocket. Number one, A three-stage rocket. Number one,
69 00:04:55,886 00:04:58,846 The booster in the class of an intercontinental missile. The booster in the class of an intercontinental missile.
70 00:04:58,855 00:05:01,315 Its weight estimated at 50 tons. Its weight estimated at 50 tons.
71 00:05:01,324 00:05:04,693 A smaller second stage took over at 5,000 miles an hour A smaller second stage took over at 5,000 miles an hour
72 00:05:04,694 00:05:06,932 And carried on to the highest point reached, And carried on to the highest point reached,
73 00:05:06,933 00:05:09,629 500 miles up, the artificial moon is boosted 500 miles up, the artificial moon is boosted
74 00:05:09,631 00:05:11,301 To a speed counterbalancing To a speed counterbalancing
75 00:05:11,302 00:05:13,929 The pull of gravity and released. The pull of gravity and released.
76 00:05:15,901 00:05:18,370 You are hearing the actual signals transmitted You are hearing the actual signals transmitted
77 00:05:18,371 00:05:20,401 By the earth circling satellite, By the earth circling satellite,
78 00:05:20,406 00:05:23,606 One of the great scientific feats of the age. One of the great scientific feats of the age.
79 00:05:23,609 00:05:27,578 In 1957 sputnik was launched. In 1957 sputnik was launched.
80 00:05:27,579 00:05:29,709 And if you ask me what drove the creation of NASA, And if you ask me what drove the creation of NASA,
81 00:05:29,714 00:05:31,848 It was the launching of sputnik. It was the launching of sputnik.
82 00:05:31,849 00:05:33,579 The public often thinks of sputnik as, The public often thinks of sputnik as,
83 00:05:33,584 00:05:36,622 "oh, it's just an innocent little satellite that went beep." "oh, it's just an innocent little satellite that went beep."
84 00:05:36,623 00:05:38,750 Let's part the curtains, and you find out Let's part the curtains, and you find out
85 00:05:38,755 00:05:41,515 This was the shell This was the shell
86 00:05:41,524 00:05:44,324 Of an intercontinental ballistic missile Of an intercontinental ballistic missile
87 00:05:44,326 00:05:46,456 That had been hollowed out That had been hollowed out
88 00:05:46,461 00:05:48,961 And a radio transmitter put in the head. And a radio transmitter put in the head.
89 00:05:48,963 00:05:52,966 That's what was flying over our heads in America That's what was flying over our heads in America
90 00:05:52,967 00:05:54,767 On October 4th, 1957. On October 4th, 1957.
91 00:05:56,034 00:05:58,870 Spooked us to no end. Spooked us to no end.
92 00:05:58,871 00:06:01,871 No one said, "oh, the frontier of exploration is breached." No one said, "oh, the frontier of exploration is breached."
93 00:06:01,874 00:06:05,484 No, it was, "the soviet union has the new high ground." No, it was, "the soviet union has the new high ground."
94 00:06:05,485 00:06:07,707 "They are our sworn enemy. "They are our sworn enemy.
95 00:06:07,712 00:06:09,952 "We can't look bad in front of them. "We can't look bad in front of them.
96 00:06:09,953 00:06:11,877 "We've gotta do it too. "We've gotta do it too.
97 00:06:11,882 00:06:13,982 We need an agency to take care of this." We need an agency to take care of this."
98 00:06:13,984 00:06:16,554 A year later, NASA was founded. A year later, NASA was founded.
99 00:06:17,986 00:06:20,546 This special report brought to you by NASA, This special report brought to you by NASA,
100 00:06:20,556 00:06:23,616 The national aeronautics and space administration. The national aeronautics and space administration.
101 00:06:23,625 00:06:25,385 What we had was something What we had was something
102 00:06:25,393 00:06:28,793 That had come out of a very can-do spirit, That had come out of a very can-do spirit,
103 00:06:28,796 00:06:32,396 That came out of the spirit of winning world war ii. That came out of the spirit of winning world war ii.
104 00:06:32,399 00:06:35,499 It came out of the technology burst It came out of the technology burst
105 00:06:35,502 00:06:37,972 That was going on around the world at that time. That was going on around the world at that time.
106 00:06:37,973 00:06:40,771 It came out of the imaginations of people It came out of the imaginations of people
107 00:06:40,773 00:06:44,609 Like Wernher Von Braun, Willy Ley, and Walt Disney. Like Wernher Von Braun, Willy Ley, and Walt Disney.
108 00:06:44,610 00:06:47,878 In our modern world, everywhere we look, In our modern world, everywhere we look,
109 00:06:47,879 00:06:51,948 We see the influence science has upon our daily lives. We see the influence science has upon our daily lives.
110 00:06:51,949 00:06:53,919 Now here's a model, my design Now here's a model, my design
111 00:06:53,920 00:06:56,647 For a four-stage orbital rocket ship. For a four-stage orbital rocket ship.
112 00:06:56,653 00:06:58,353 It came out of the inspiration It came out of the inspiration
113 00:06:58,354 00:07:02,090 Of people like Arthur C. Clarke, and Robert Heinlein, Of people like Arthur C. Clarke, and Robert Heinlein,
114 00:07:02,091 00:07:04,421 And Isaac Asimov, and Silverberg, And Isaac Asimov, and Silverberg,
115 00:07:04,426 00:07:06,456 And all the great science fiction writers of the time, And all the great science fiction writers of the time,
116 00:07:06,461 00:07:09,061 Who were inspiring children Who were inspiring children
117 00:07:09,063 00:07:12,031 And all kinds of people in that realm. And all kinds of people in that realm.
118 00:07:12,032 00:07:16,432 And then we had the spark that ignited that passion And then we had the spark that ignited that passion
119 00:07:16,436 00:07:19,136 Into a fire that was from sputnik. Into a fire that was from sputnik.
120 00:07:19,138 00:07:20,868 People said, "what happens" People said, "what happens"
121 00:07:20,873 00:07:23,443 "if there's a hydrogen bomb orbiting head? "if there's a hydrogen bomb orbiting head?
122 00:07:23,444 00:07:25,142 "If the Russians have the high ground, "If the Russians have the high ground,
123 00:07:25,143 00:07:29,113 Then we could be outmaneuvered in the next war." Then we could be outmaneuvered in the next war."
124 00:07:30,045 00:07:31,475 The United States too, The United States too,
125 00:07:31,480 00:07:33,480 Promised to launch an earth satellite, Promised to launch an earth satellite,
126 00:07:33,482 00:07:35,649 But in our satellite program, But in our satellite program,
127 00:07:35,650 00:07:37,880 We Americans got badly bogged down. We Americans got badly bogged down.
128 00:07:37,885 00:07:39,675 Why? What happened? Why? What happened?
129 00:07:39,686 00:07:41,546 We had the money, the resources, We had the money, the resources,
130 00:07:41,554 00:07:43,454 And the scientific know-how. And the scientific know-how.
131 00:07:43,455 00:07:46,455 Unfortunately, a series of wrong decisions Unfortunately, a series of wrong decisions
132 00:07:46,458 00:07:48,888 Led us to frustration and failure. Led us to frustration and failure.
133 00:07:48,893 00:07:52,528 This order went out to the armed services. This order went out to the armed services.
134 00:07:52,529 00:07:54,929 Let me read it to you. Let me read it to you.
135 00:07:54,931 00:07:58,101 "Recent news stories which have described certain projects "Recent news stories which have described certain projects
136 00:07:58,102 00:08:00,768 "as space flight projects "as space flight projects
137 00:08:00,769 00:08:03,069 "have resulted in unfavorable reaction "have resulted in unfavorable reaction
138 00:08:03,071 00:08:06,907 "at department of defense and congressional levels. "at department of defense and congressional levels.
139 00:08:06,908 00:08:09,808 "In any speeches or public releases "In any speeches or public releases
140 00:08:09,810 00:08:11,910 "planned by you or your staff, "planned by you or your staff,
141 00:08:11,912 00:08:16,448 "avoid the mention or the discussion of space, "avoid the mention or the discussion of space,
142 00:08:16,449 00:08:19,979 Space technology, and space vehicles." Space technology, and space vehicles."
143 00:08:21,552 00:08:24,087 And so, by the summer of 1957, And so, by the summer of 1957,
144 00:08:24,088 00:08:28,018 "space" had become a forbidden word in Washington. "space" had become a forbidden word in Washington.
145 00:08:28,025 00:08:30,525 In totally realistic terms, In totally realistic terms,
146 00:08:30,527 00:08:33,896 Von Braun could've had us there in 1950. Von Braun could've had us there in 1950.
147 00:08:33,897 00:08:36,027 We need to understand, We need to understand,
148 00:08:36,032 00:08:40,068 We would have launched a satellite in 1950. We would have launched a satellite in 1950.
149 00:08:40,069 00:08:43,799 The reason we did not is because we didn't wish to. The reason we did not is because we didn't wish to.
150 00:08:43,806 00:08:47,066 Panic set in, and after that people said, "okay", Panic set in, and after that people said, "okay",
151 00:08:47,075 00:08:49,975 Let's regroup, let's do something." Let's regroup, let's do something."
152 00:08:49,977 00:08:53,807 It was your patriotic duty to become a physicist, It was your patriotic duty to become a physicist,
153 00:08:53,814 00:08:55,814 A chemist, a mathematician. A chemist, a mathematician.
154 00:08:55,816 00:08:58,676 It was for America and for freedom It was for America and for freedom
155 00:08:58,685 00:09:02,015 That people said, "yes, I wanna to become a cold war hero" That people said, "yes, I wanna to become a cold war hero"
156 00:09:02,021 00:09:04,689 For their freedom and for liberty." For their freedom and for liberty."
157 00:09:04,690 00:09:08,590 The history of human reaction... The history of human reaction...
158 00:09:08,593 00:09:12,763 To the threat of death knows no bounds... To the threat of death knows no bounds...
159 00:09:13,895 00:09:15,925 And knowing no bounds includes And knowing no bounds includes
160 00:09:15,931 00:09:19,131 Birthing an entire space program Birthing an entire space program
161 00:09:19,134 00:09:21,174 For the purpose of showing the world For the purpose of showing the world
162 00:09:21,175 00:09:25,469 That we will not be bested by evil godless communists. That we will not be bested by evil godless communists.
163 00:09:25,473 00:09:29,008 Such was the mood and the attitude in the 1950s. Such was the mood and the attitude in the 1950s.
164 00:09:29,009 00:09:31,609 Man had his first great success in space Man had his first great success in space
165 00:09:31,611 00:09:34,111 When the Russians pushed a man across the threshold. When the Russians pushed a man across the threshold.
166 00:09:34,113 00:09:35,746 He was Yuri Gagarin, He was Yuri Gagarin,
167 00:09:35,747 00:09:37,707 The astronaut the Russians lionized The astronaut the Russians lionized
168 00:09:37,715 00:09:39,545 As the first to orbit the earth. As the first to orbit the earth.
169 00:09:39,550 00:09:42,650 It was the propaganda coup of the year. It was the propaganda coup of the year.
170 00:09:44,588 00:09:45,648 Thank you. Thank you.
171 00:09:51,025 00:09:53,625 "But why," some say, "the moon? "But why," some say, "the moon?
172 00:09:53,628 00:09:56,628 Why choose this as our goal?" Why choose this as our goal?"
173 00:09:56,631 00:10:01,001 And they may well ask, "why climb the highest mountain? And they may well ask, "why climb the highest mountain?
174 00:10:01,002 00:10:04,738 "Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? "Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic?
175 00:10:04,739 00:10:07,069 Why does rice play Texas?" Why does rice play Texas?"
176 00:10:07,074 00:10:09,909 We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon.
177 00:10:09,910 00:10:12,510 We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon.
178 00:10:17,850 00:10:20,750 We choose to go to the moon in this decade We choose to go to the moon in this decade
179 00:10:20,753 00:10:24,193 And do the other things, not because they are easy, And do the other things, not because they are easy,
180 00:10:24,194 00:10:26,256 But because they are hard, But because they are hard,
181 00:10:26,257 00:10:30,787 Because that goal will serve to organize and measure Because that goal will serve to organize and measure
182 00:10:30,794 00:10:33,729 The best of our energies and skills, The best of our energies and skills,
183 00:10:33,730 00:10:35,830 Because that challenge is one Because that challenge is one
184 00:10:35,832 00:10:37,899 That we're willing to accept, That we're willing to accept,
185 00:10:37,900 00:10:40,830 One we are unwilling to postpone, One we are unwilling to postpone,
186 00:10:40,836 00:10:42,696 And one we intend to win. And one we intend to win.
187 00:10:42,704 00:10:46,406 At the time that president Kennedy made his speech, At the time that president Kennedy made his speech,
188 00:10:46,407 00:10:49,207 We had never been to orbit. We had never been to orbit.
189 00:10:49,209 00:10:53,878 Just a little bit over a week before the Kennedy speech Just a little bit over a week before the Kennedy speech
190 00:10:53,879 00:10:55,379 To the us congress, To the us congress,
191 00:10:55,380 00:10:57,180 We had launched Alan Shepard. We had launched Alan Shepard.
192 00:10:57,181 00:11:01,217 Ahh, roger, liftoff and the clock is started. Ahh, roger, liftoff and the clock is started.
193 00:11:01,218 00:11:05,718 And we were challenged to beat the Russians to the moon. And we were challenged to beat the Russians to the moon.
194 00:11:05,722 00:11:07,992 So, to a great extent that initial challenge So, to a great extent that initial challenge
195 00:11:07,993 00:11:10,890 Was one that I believe was geopolitical, Was one that I believe was geopolitical,
196 00:11:10,892 00:11:13,392 But it also had the economic benefit But it also had the economic benefit
197 00:11:13,394 00:11:16,194 To basically generate the enthusiasm To basically generate the enthusiasm
198 00:11:16,196 00:11:19,396 And the passion within the American public. And the passion within the American public.
199 00:11:37,014 00:11:40,851 The spur to education... very, very important. The spur to education... very, very important.
200 00:11:40,852 00:11:43,352 I think that's almost as significant I think that's almost as significant
201 00:11:43,354 00:11:46,456 As our actual flights themselves, As our actual flights themselves,
202 00:11:46,457 00:11:48,987 Because it gave all the young people Because it gave all the young people
203 00:11:48,992 00:11:51,992 Something to look forward to, and excitement, Something to look forward to, and excitement,
204 00:11:51,995 00:11:54,695 Something that they could live up to. Something that they could live up to.
205 00:11:54,697 00:11:57,857 Every day, I meet people now in their 50s, Every day, I meet people now in their 50s,
206 00:11:57,866 00:12:01,226 Who said, "look, when I was a little kid, you know", Who said, "look, when I was a little kid, you know",
207 00:12:01,236 00:12:03,436 You inspired me to become an engineer," You inspired me to become an engineer,"
208 00:12:03,438 00:12:06,238 Or become a scientist, to becoming a doctor, Or become a scientist, to becoming a doctor,
209 00:12:06,240 00:12:09,240 And that gives me a sort of a sense of satisfaction And that gives me a sort of a sense of satisfaction
210 00:12:09,243 00:12:12,878 That I was in a program that helped other people That I was in a program that helped other people
211 00:12:12,879 00:12:15,079 Form good careers. Form good careers.
212 00:12:36,799 00:12:41,399 I think one of the greatest moments of the last century I think one of the greatest moments of the last century
213 00:12:41,404 00:12:44,274 In the space program was the flight of Apollo 8. In the space program was the flight of Apollo 8.
214 00:12:44,275 00:12:45,443 I was on that flight. I was on that flight.
215 00:12:47,340 00:12:49,440 At the time that we did it, At the time that we did it,
216 00:12:49,443 00:12:53,279 I don't think we fully understood the significance I don't think we fully understood the significance
217 00:12:53,280 00:12:56,110 Of the very first flight to the moon, Of the very first flight to the moon,
218 00:12:56,116 00:12:58,916 The whole 240,000 miles. The whole 240,000 miles.
219 00:12:58,918 00:13:01,388 We were the pathfinders, we didn't land, We were the pathfinders, we didn't land,
220 00:13:01,389 00:13:04,987 But we checked the navigation, checked the communication, But we checked the navigation, checked the communication,
221 00:13:04,990 00:13:07,890 Circled the moon and looked at the far side, Circled the moon and looked at the far side,
222 00:13:07,892 00:13:10,992 The side that we never see from the earth. The side that we never see from the earth.
223 00:13:30,379 00:13:34,416 We brought back with us a photograph We brought back with us a photograph
224 00:13:34,417 00:13:36,517 Of the earth from the moon... Of the earth from the moon...
225 00:13:37,919 00:13:40,488 We called "earth-rise," We called "earth-rise,"
226 00:13:40,489 00:13:43,919 Which I think in just one picture Which I think in just one picture
227 00:13:43,925 00:13:49,255 Told us how insignificant we all are here on earth. Told us how insignificant we all are here on earth.
228 00:13:50,996 00:13:54,826 The earth is merely a small planet... The earth is merely a small planet...
229 00:13:54,834 00:13:57,334 That just so happened to be at the right distance That just so happened to be at the right distance
230 00:13:57,336 00:14:00,236 And the right mass to sustain life... And the right mass to sustain life...
231 00:14:01,504 00:14:03,474 Going around a rather normal star, Going around a rather normal star,
232 00:14:03,475 00:14:08,073 And that star is in the outer edge of a galaxy And that star is in the outer edge of a galaxy
233 00:14:08,076 00:14:09,976 Called the milky way, Called the milky way,
234 00:14:09,977 00:14:15,307 Just one of millions of galaxies in our universe. Just one of millions of galaxies in our universe.
235 00:14:16,415 00:14:20,015 And maybe, just for a small amount of time And maybe, just for a small amount of time
236 00:14:20,019 00:14:25,319 In December of 1968, everyone kind of felt a closeness In December of 1968, everyone kind of felt a closeness
237 00:14:25,324 00:14:27,994 That we had not felt before. That we had not felt before.
238 00:14:29,259 00:14:31,059 For the first time in history today, For the first time in history today,
239 00:14:31,061 00:14:35,061 Man got a long distance live view of the planet he lives on, Man got a long distance live view of the planet he lives on,
240 00:14:35,065 00:14:37,995 Transmitted and described by the first three human beings Transmitted and described by the first three human beings
241 00:14:38,001 00:14:39,601 To travel to the moon. To travel to the moon.
242 00:14:39,602 00:14:40,971 The Apollo 8 astronauts The Apollo 8 astronauts
243 00:14:40,972 00:14:43,039 Sent back those pictures this afternoon, Sent back those pictures this afternoon,
244 00:14:43,040 00:14:46,968 And we'll have more along with the full story later in this broadcast. And we'll have more along with the full story later in this broadcast.
245 00:14:46,975 00:14:48,505 I think what happened I think what happened
246 00:14:48,509 00:14:52,609 Was Kennedy wanting to demonstrate to the soviets Was Kennedy wanting to demonstrate to the soviets
247 00:14:52,613 00:14:55,251 That we were the biggest, baddest kids on the block, That we were the biggest, baddest kids on the block,
248 00:14:55,252 00:14:56,848 That our technology will kick That our technology will kick
249 00:14:56,849 00:14:59,279 Your technology's ass any time. Your technology's ass any time.
250 00:14:59,284 00:15:02,252 And it worked, and it was glorious, And it worked, and it was glorious,
251 00:15:02,253 00:15:06,122 But it wasn't sustainable because it was a crisis project. But it wasn't sustainable because it was a crisis project.
252 00:15:06,123 00:15:08,591 If it was actually about exploration If it was actually about exploration
253 00:15:08,592 00:15:12,161 And about the scientific frontier being pushed outward, And about the scientific frontier being pushed outward,
254 00:15:12,162 00:15:14,296 If it were actually about that, If it were actually about that,
255 00:15:14,297 00:15:16,197 Maybe we would have had a scientist Maybe we would have had a scientist
256 00:15:16,198 00:15:18,128 On the first mission to the moon. On the first mission to the moon.
257 00:15:18,133 00:15:20,603 But no, there was no scientist on Apollo 11, But no, there was no scientist on Apollo 11,
258 00:15:20,604 00:15:23,102 Nor on Apollo 12, or Apollo 13, Nor on Apollo 12, or Apollo 13,
259 00:15:23,104 00:15:27,307 Or Apollo 14, or Apollo 15, or Apollo 16. Or Apollo 14, or Apollo 15, or Apollo 16.
260 00:15:27,308 00:15:31,408 The first scientist was on Apollo 17, The first scientist was on Apollo 17,
261 00:15:31,412 00:15:35,381 And Apollo 17 was the last mission to the moon. And Apollo 17 was the last mission to the moon.
262 00:15:35,382 00:15:38,317 There was not a statement made There was not a statement made
263 00:15:38,318 00:15:40,218 That we're gonna go to the moon That we're gonna go to the moon
264 00:15:40,219 00:15:42,486 And establish a human community. And establish a human community.
265 00:15:42,487 00:15:44,387 We're not gonna go to, you know, We're not gonna go to, you know,
266 00:15:44,388 00:15:46,288 The moon and then on to mars. The moon and then on to mars.
267 00:15:46,289 00:15:49,059 We're not gonna go do this and then that. We're not gonna go do this and then that.
268 00:15:49,060 00:15:53,058 It was simply, "we're going to put a human being on the moon." It was simply, "we're going to put a human being on the moon."
269 00:15:53,062 00:15:54,902 And we achieved it. And we achieved it.
270 00:15:56,130 00:15:58,060 Do you wish Do you wish
271 00:15:58,066 00:16:00,666 That the first Apollo mission hadn't reached the moon? That the first Apollo mission hadn't reached the moon?
272 00:16:00,668 00:16:02,028 Or that we hadn't gone on to mars Or that we hadn't gone on to mars
273 00:16:02,036 00:16:04,096 And then to the nearest star? And then to the nearest star?
274 00:16:04,104 00:16:05,904 That's like saying you wish That's like saying you wish
275 00:16:05,905 00:16:08,435 That you still operated with scalpels, That you still operated with scalpels,
276 00:16:08,440 00:16:10,970 And sewed your patients up with catgut, And sewed your patients up with catgut,
277 00:16:10,975 00:16:15,135 Like your great-great-great- great-grandfather used to. Like your great-great-great- great-grandfather used to.
278 00:16:15,145 00:16:18,675 Ever since the time of sputnik and president Kennedy, Ever since the time of sputnik and president Kennedy,
279 00:16:18,681 00:16:21,351 I think our dedication to the space program I think our dedication to the space program
280 00:16:21,352 00:16:23,920 Has been high, higher than most countries. Has been high, higher than most countries.
281 00:16:23,921 00:16:26,149 And I feel like, probably over the past decade, And I feel like, probably over the past decade,
282 00:16:26,154 00:16:28,088 It's waned significantly. It's waned significantly.
283 00:16:28,089 00:16:30,419 I feel like we should be doing more in space I feel like we should be doing more in space
284 00:16:30,424 00:16:32,224 'cause I think there's a lot of learning to be done 'cause I think there's a lot of learning to be done
285 00:16:32,225 00:16:34,015 As far as vaccines and a lot of things As far as vaccines and a lot of things
286 00:16:34,026 00:16:35,556 That can help the American people, That can help the American people,
287 00:16:35,560 00:16:37,127 Even though it's not a sexy program Even though it's not a sexy program
288 00:16:37,128 00:16:38,628 Like it used to be with the moon landing. Like it used to be with the moon landing.
289 00:16:38,629 00:16:41,399 I think it's more important now than it has been in decades. I think it's more important now than it has been in decades.
290 00:16:41,400 00:16:44,698 I know that it's not really doing much anymore I know that it's not really doing much anymore
291 00:16:44,701 00:16:47,939 Since the space shuttle program was closed down, Since the space shuttle program was closed down,
292 00:16:47,940 00:16:50,097 So I don't know what they're up to. So I don't know what they're up to.
293 00:16:50,105 00:16:52,165 Be cool if they were doing something soon. Be cool if they were doing something soon.
294 00:16:52,173 00:16:54,411 You know, when I see them building robots, you know, You know, when I see them building robots, you know,
295 00:16:54,412 00:16:57,308 To go on mars, or I see what the rover, curiosity, To go on mars, or I see what the rover, curiosity,
296 00:16:57,310 00:17:02,010 Opportunity, and spirits are doing, we basically just... Opportunity, and spirits are doing, we basically just...
297 00:17:02,014 00:17:03,984 It excites me to know that we're doing that. It excites me to know that we're doing that.
298 00:17:05,282 00:17:08,382 To me, a culture that's not doing that is stagnant, To me, a culture that's not doing that is stagnant,
299 00:17:08,386 00:17:11,016 And a culture that is doing that is progressive And a culture that is doing that is progressive
300 00:17:11,021 00:17:13,491 And moving forward in a positive direction. And moving forward in a positive direction.
301 00:17:13,492 00:17:15,359 Back in the '60s when we first, you know, Back in the '60s when we first, you know,
302 00:17:15,360 00:17:17,558 When the space program was in full swing, When the space program was in full swing,
303 00:17:17,560 00:17:19,429 I fully expected us to have colonies I fully expected us to have colonies
304 00:17:19,430 00:17:21,028 On the moon by this time. On the moon by this time.
305 00:17:21,029 00:17:22,159 Where are they? Where are they?
306 00:17:23,997 00:17:26,127 I'm disappointed to see that we're... I'm disappointed to see that we're...
307 00:17:26,133 00:17:29,103 That we're not putting more effort into something like that. That we're not putting more effort into something like that.
308 00:17:29,104 00:17:31,702 I think it's just absolutely essential I think it's just absolutely essential
309 00:17:31,704 00:17:35,544 That we maintain this program and advance it. That we maintain this program and advance it.
310 00:17:36,607 00:17:38,976 All those who think it's a problem All those who think it's a problem
311 00:17:38,977 00:17:41,037 That we haven't been outside of low earth orbit That we haven't been outside of low earth orbit
312 00:17:41,045 00:17:43,745 For four decades can only say so For four decades can only say so
313 00:17:43,747 00:17:46,577 Because they think that going to the moon Because they think that going to the moon
314 00:17:46,583 00:17:49,283 Was the first step of this great adventure Was the first step of this great adventure
315 00:17:49,285 00:17:51,045 Where we explore space, Where we explore space,
316 00:17:51,053 00:17:52,423 And somehow we've failed And somehow we've failed
317 00:17:52,424 00:17:55,689 On the expectations we had for ourselves. On the expectations we had for ourselves.
318 00:17:55,690 00:17:58,320 But once you realize we went because we were at war... But once you realize we went because we were at war...
319 00:18:00,059 00:18:01,527 And then they're not going to the moon, And then they're not going to the moon,
320 00:18:01,528 00:18:03,608 They're not going to mars, and the cold war's over... They're not going to mars, and the cold war's over...
321 00:18:05,129 00:18:06,659 What's your motivation? What's your motivation?
322 00:18:08,231 00:18:10,766 The moon, a lonely world The moon, a lonely world
323 00:18:10,767 00:18:12,667 In the absence of man. In the absence of man.
324 00:18:14,168 00:18:16,998 But here we have left our mark, But here we have left our mark,
325 00:18:17,005 00:18:20,765 A signature attesting a legacy to future generations. A signature attesting a legacy to future generations.
326 00:18:22,441 00:18:27,011 We stood on the shoulders of giants and touched the moon. We stood on the shoulders of giants and touched the moon.
327 00:18:29,546 00:18:32,676 The decision what to do after Apollo The decision what to do after Apollo
328 00:18:32,683 00:18:36,323 Was driven by desire to limit NASA spending... Was driven by desire to limit NASA spending...
329 00:18:37,419 00:18:40,549 To only a fraction of what it had been To only a fraction of what it had been
330 00:18:40,556 00:18:43,086 At the height of the Apollo program. At the height of the Apollo program.
331 00:18:43,091 00:18:46,726 And in order to reach that lower budget, And in order to reach that lower budget,
332 00:18:46,727 00:18:50,227 You couldn't continue to use Saturn V's. You couldn't continue to use Saturn V's.
333 00:18:50,230 00:18:52,400 They were too expensive per launch, They were too expensive per launch,
334 00:18:52,401 00:18:54,466 So the program devolved back So the program devolved back
335 00:18:54,467 00:18:57,367 Into a low earth orbit program. Into a low earth orbit program.
336 00:18:57,369 00:18:59,138 Senator Edward Kennedy urged today Senator Edward Kennedy urged today
337 00:18:59,139 00:19:01,667 That spending on the space program be cut back That spending on the space program be cut back
338 00:19:01,672 00:19:04,342 After the goals set for exploring the moon After the goals set for exploring the moon
339 00:19:04,343 00:19:05,610 Have been achieved. Have been achieved.
340 00:19:05,611 00:19:07,608 Senator Kennedy said a substantial portion Senator Kennedy said a substantial portion
341 00:19:07,610 00:19:09,910 Of the space budget should be diverted Of the space budget should be diverted
342 00:19:09,912 00:19:12,752 To what he called "pressing problems here at home." To what he called "pressing problems here at home."
343 00:19:12,753 00:19:16,248 Going into outer space is very expensive. Going into outer space is very expensive.
344 00:19:16,251 00:19:20,320 It costs $10,000 to put a pound of anything It costs $10,000 to put a pound of anything
345 00:19:20,321 00:19:22,388 Just into near-earth orbit. Just into near-earth orbit.
346 00:19:22,389 00:19:24,519 That your weight in gold. That your weight in gold.
347 00:19:24,524 00:19:29,426 Now, to put you on the moon cost about $100,000 a pound, Now, to put you on the moon cost about $100,000 a pound,
348 00:19:29,427 00:19:31,487 And to put you on mars And to put you on mars
349 00:19:31,495 00:19:34,825 Would cost over a million dollars a pound. Would cost over a million dollars a pound.
350 00:19:34,831 00:19:38,300 That is your weight in diamonds. That is your weight in diamonds.
351 00:19:38,301 00:19:41,639 Back in a 1960s, the great superpowers didn't care, Back in a 1960s, the great superpowers didn't care,
352 00:19:41,640 00:19:44,397 Spending so much money on the space race, Spending so much money on the space race,
353 00:19:44,406 00:19:46,736 Because it was a matter of national pride Because it was a matter of national pride
354 00:19:46,741 00:19:48,341 And national security. And national security.
355 00:19:48,342 00:19:50,280 But now that the cold war is over, But now that the cold war is over,
356 00:19:50,281 00:19:52,607 The great powers are not willing to spend The great powers are not willing to spend
357 00:19:52,612 00:19:54,950 So much of their national treasure, So much of their national treasure,
358 00:19:54,951 00:19:57,877 Because national pride and national security Because national pride and national security
359 00:19:57,883 00:20:00,383 Are no longer at stake. Are no longer at stake.
360 00:20:00,385 00:20:04,415 Imagine if you and I climbed in a plane right now Imagine if you and I climbed in a plane right now
361 00:20:04,422 00:20:07,757 And wanted to fly to new york city and back. And wanted to fly to new york city and back.
362 00:20:07,758 00:20:10,558 And along the way, And along the way,
363 00:20:10,560 00:20:14,229 All of its pieces are gonna be thrown away, All of its pieces are gonna be thrown away,
364 00:20:14,230 00:20:16,260 So that when you arrive in new york, So that when you arrive in new york,
365 00:20:16,265 00:20:18,865 If you make it at all, If you make it at all,
366 00:20:18,867 00:20:22,336 You'll arrive in a little capsule and land. You'll arrive in a little capsule and land.
367 00:20:22,337 00:20:25,297 Now, the only way you get to come back Now, the only way you get to come back
368 00:20:25,306 00:20:28,506 Is for them to rebuild the entire rocket Is for them to rebuild the entire rocket
369 00:20:28,509 00:20:31,409 Upon which that original capsule stood, Upon which that original capsule stood,
370 00:20:31,411 00:20:32,941 Climb in it and fly back, and by the way, Climb in it and fly back, and by the way,
371 00:20:32,945 00:20:35,705 You're gonna throw all the pieces away again. You're gonna throw all the pieces away again.
372 00:20:35,714 00:20:37,854 What that pretty well assures you What that pretty well assures you
373 00:20:37,855 00:20:41,849 Is that very, very few people are gonna make that trip. Is that very, very few people are gonna make that trip.
374 00:20:46,656 00:20:48,286 Stage two, clear. Stage two, clear.
375 00:20:48,291 00:20:49,791 If all goes according to schedule, If all goes according to schedule,
376 00:20:49,792 00:20:52,562 Scenes like this, a reusable space shuttle Scenes like this, a reusable space shuttle
377 00:20:52,563 00:20:54,830 Making its final approach to land, Making its final approach to land,
378 00:20:54,831 00:20:57,499 Will be a common sight beginning next fall. Will be a common sight beginning next fall.
379 00:20:57,500 00:21:01,367 The space shuttle was promised to us in the '70s The space shuttle was promised to us in the '70s
380 00:21:01,368 00:21:07,306 As a vehicle that would fly over 50 times a year. As a vehicle that would fly over 50 times a year.
381 00:21:07,307 00:21:09,337 The shuttle was gonna bring the cost The shuttle was gonna bring the cost
382 00:21:09,342 00:21:12,977 Of going into orbit down to $100 a pound. Of going into orbit down to $100 a pound.
383 00:21:12,978 00:21:14,678 It looks like a jet plane, It looks like a jet plane,
384 00:21:14,679 00:21:16,349 Will lift off like a rocket, Will lift off like a rocket,
385 00:21:16,350 00:21:18,607 And will return like a glider, And will return like a glider,
386 00:21:18,615 00:21:22,445 Commuting to space every two weeks is the plan. Commuting to space every two weeks is the plan.
387 00:21:22,452 00:21:24,492 If you measure it by that metric, If you measure it by that metric,
388 00:21:24,493 00:21:27,717 The program was a complete and utter failure. The program was a complete and utter failure.
389 00:21:35,695 00:21:39,425 The basic drivers were low cost, reliable, reusable. The basic drivers were low cost, reliable, reusable.
390 00:21:39,433 00:21:41,467 Let's call it a space bus. Let's call it a space bus.
391 00:21:41,468 00:21:44,868 That was the motivation in 1969... a bus, That was the motivation in 1969... a bus,
392 00:21:44,871 00:21:47,001 Up and down under all conditions. Up and down under all conditions.
393 00:21:47,006 00:21:48,966 And the shuttle program did not turn out And the shuttle program did not turn out
394 00:21:48,974 00:21:50,474 The way it was supposed to. The way it was supposed to.
395 00:21:50,475 00:21:51,965 It was supposed to be $10 million a flight, It was supposed to be $10 million a flight,
396 00:21:51,976 00:21:54,876 And ended up $1.2 billion a flight, And ended up $1.2 billion a flight,
397 00:21:54,878 00:21:58,046 So you know it missed by 1200 times over. So you know it missed by 1200 times over.
398 00:21:58,047 00:22:01,747 The shuttle is kind of all things to all people. The shuttle is kind of all things to all people.
399 00:22:01,750 00:22:04,718 Originally, from NASA's point of view, Originally, from NASA's point of view,
400 00:22:04,719 00:22:06,489 It was going to be a supply vehicle It was going to be a supply vehicle
401 00:22:06,490 00:22:08,847 To go to a large space station. To go to a large space station.
402 00:22:08,856 00:22:13,786 And NASA in 1969 proposed building the space station And NASA in 1969 proposed building the space station
403 00:22:13,793 00:22:16,661 And having it supplied by the shuttle. And having it supplied by the shuttle.
404 00:22:16,662 00:22:20,962 The Nixon administration decided not to approve a station, The Nixon administration decided not to approve a station,
405 00:22:20,966 00:22:25,596 And so the rationale for a shuttle had to become reinvented, And so the rationale for a shuttle had to become reinvented,
406 00:22:25,603 00:22:28,441 And it became a launch vehicle for everything. And it became a launch vehicle for everything.
407 00:22:28,442 00:22:30,469 That's the theory of Dr. John Logsdon, That's the theory of Dr. John Logsdon,
408 00:22:30,474 00:22:33,512 A George Washington university political science professor, A George Washington university political science professor,
409 00:22:33,513 00:22:35,910 Who has written extensively on the space program Who has written extensively on the space program
410 00:22:35,912 00:22:37,579 For the last dozen years. For the last dozen years.
411 00:22:37,580 00:22:40,380 NASA so get used to the luxury of the extra money, NASA so get used to the luxury of the extra money,
412 00:22:40,382 00:22:42,382 The public attention, The public attention,
413 00:22:42,384 00:22:45,084 The importance to the general public The importance to the general public
414 00:22:45,086 00:22:46,546 That came with Apollo, That came with Apollo,
415 00:22:46,554 00:22:48,054 And the excitement and the challenge, And the excitement and the challenge,
416 00:22:48,055 00:22:49,585 And wanted to do it again. And wanted to do it again.
417 00:22:49,589 00:22:51,459 What do we need a space shuttle for? What do we need a space shuttle for?
418 00:22:51,460 00:22:52,957 Or a space station? Or a space station?
419 00:22:52,958 00:22:55,788 Well, some people said that we need a space station Well, some people said that we need a space station
420 00:22:55,794 00:22:58,762 To be the terminus for the space shuttle. To be the terminus for the space shuttle.
421 00:22:58,763 00:23:01,063 Well, then why do we need a space shuttle? Well, then why do we need a space shuttle?
422 00:23:01,065 00:23:03,925 To be the way to reach the space station. To be the way to reach the space station.
423 00:23:03,934 00:23:06,804 Now, I think that's a bit circular, isn't it? Now, I think that's a bit circular, isn't it?
424 00:23:06,805 00:23:08,436 You know, at first, you look You know, at first, you look
425 00:23:08,437 00:23:09,797 At the space program, "oh, that's so cool. At the space program, "oh, that's so cool.
426 00:23:09,805 00:23:11,395 The space shuttle, that's amazing." The space shuttle, that's amazing."
427 00:23:11,406 00:23:12,806 Then you know, "this is great," Then you know, "this is great,"
428 00:23:12,807 00:23:15,807 And then you really look at it and you realize, And then you really look at it and you realize,
429 00:23:15,810 00:23:19,040 "hold it, they're not going anywhere. "hold it, they're not going anywhere.
430 00:23:19,046 00:23:20,876 They're not doing anything." They're not doing anything."
431 00:23:20,881 00:23:22,550 john Logsdon says the shuttle john Logsdon says the shuttle
432 00:23:22,551 00:23:24,479 Could turn out to be a classic mistake. Could turn out to be a classic mistake.
433 00:23:24,484 00:23:25,984 It's a pretty good space truck It's a pretty good space truck
434 00:23:25,985 00:23:27,415 For taking things up and down, For taking things up and down,
435 00:23:27,419 00:23:29,989 But for doing anything once you're in orbit, But for doing anything once you're in orbit,
436 00:23:29,990 00:23:33,088 It's a very inflexible and underpowered vehicle. It's a very inflexible and underpowered vehicle.
437 00:23:33,091 00:23:34,921 The shuttle is the most complex space vehicle The shuttle is the most complex space vehicle
438 00:23:34,926 00:23:36,486 Man has ever built. Man has ever built.
439 00:23:36,494 00:23:38,964 It is a result of nine years of compromise, It is a result of nine years of compromise,
440 00:23:38,965 00:23:41,563 Negotiation, and cost overruns. Negotiation, and cost overruns.
441 00:23:41,565 00:23:44,565 Soon, we'll begin to find out if it was all worth it. Soon, we'll begin to find out if it was all worth it.
442 00:23:44,568 00:23:47,468 John Danzing, NBC news, at Kennedy space center. John Danzing, NBC news, at Kennedy space center.
443 00:23:47,470 00:23:49,770 So, the shuttle was designed to be reusable, So, the shuttle was designed to be reusable,
444 00:23:49,772 00:23:52,507 And therefore much less expensive, And therefore much less expensive,
445 00:23:52,508 00:23:56,508 And in the end there was no way to maintain the flight rate And in the end there was no way to maintain the flight rate
446 00:23:56,512 00:23:58,479 That was projected for it. That was projected for it.
447 00:23:58,480 00:24:02,110 It just didn't work out that way because it was too complex, It just didn't work out that way because it was too complex,
448 00:24:02,116 00:24:04,676 Too expensive, and then we had the accidents. Too expensive, and then we had the accidents.
449 00:24:13,458 00:24:14,758 It is the worst disaster in the history It is the worst disaster in the history
450 00:24:14,760 00:24:16,390 Of the American space program, Of the American space program,
451 00:24:16,394 00:24:18,534 And president Reagan has declared a week of mourning And president Reagan has declared a week of mourning
452 00:24:18,535 00:24:22,429 For the seven astronauts, five men and two women For the seven astronauts, five men and two women
453 00:24:22,432 00:24:25,532 Who lost their lives on their way into space this morning. Who lost their lives on their way into space this morning.
454 00:24:25,535 00:24:29,495 Yeah, the challenger really changed everything. Yeah, the challenger really changed everything.
455 00:24:29,505 00:24:32,635 It was one of the... it was a priority in the nation It was one of the... it was a priority in the nation
456 00:24:32,641 00:24:35,041 To get every payload onto the shuttle, To get every payload onto the shuttle,
457 00:24:35,043 00:24:36,710 To get it's usage up, To get it's usage up,
458 00:24:36,711 00:24:39,511 To make sure it's utilization was as high as it could be. To make sure it's utilization was as high as it could be.
459 00:24:39,513 00:24:41,413 There was a lot of attention focused on it. There was a lot of attention focused on it.
460 00:24:41,414 00:24:43,584 It was a terrible tragedy replayed over It was a terrible tragedy replayed over
461 00:24:43,585 00:24:45,782 And over again on television. And over again on television.
462 00:24:45,784 00:24:47,453 And, there had sort of been a feeling And, there had sort of been a feeling
463 00:24:47,454 00:24:48,752 In the space community In the space community
464 00:24:48,753 00:24:51,593 That if there was a tragic accident with a shuttle, That if there was a tragic accident with a shuttle,
465 00:24:51,594 00:24:53,489 It would never fly again. It would never fly again.
466 00:24:53,490 00:24:55,520 There was 32 months, I think it was, There was 32 months, I think it was,
467 00:24:55,525 00:24:57,155 Before another space shuttle flew, Before another space shuttle flew,
468 00:24:57,159 00:24:59,829 But there were changes, considerable changes But there were changes, considerable changes
469 00:24:59,830 00:25:03,098 To the nature of the space shuttle program after that. To the nature of the space shuttle program after that.
470 00:25:03,099 00:25:05,827 For example, originally the shuttle was gonna be launching For example, originally the shuttle was gonna be launching
471 00:25:05,833 00:25:07,202 Just about every satellite Just about every satellite
472 00:25:07,203 00:25:09,201 That the United States wanted to put up. That the United States wanted to put up.
473 00:25:09,203 00:25:12,772 Instead they said that, "no, you are only gonna use this" Instead they said that, "no, you are only gonna use this"
474 00:25:12,773 00:25:15,508 "for things you really need to have people involved in. "for things you really need to have people involved in.
475 00:25:15,509 00:25:16,879 "If you can just launch it on a rocket, "If you can just launch it on a rocket,
476 00:25:16,880 00:25:18,177 "launch it on a rocket. "launch it on a rocket.
477 00:25:18,178 00:25:19,978 You don't need to launch it on the space shuttle." You don't need to launch it on the space shuttle."
478 00:25:19,979 00:25:21,946 to take these highly skilled to take these highly skilled
479 00:25:21,947 00:25:24,607 Amazing people called astronauts, Amazing people called astronauts,
480 00:25:24,616 00:25:27,846 And put them in charge of driving this truck And put them in charge of driving this truck
481 00:25:27,852 00:25:30,820 Around in circles in orbit Around in circles in orbit
482 00:25:30,821 00:25:34,721 Instead of doing something really exciting and important... Instead of doing something really exciting and important...
483 00:25:34,724 00:25:36,894 You know, that's where the problems came from, You know, that's where the problems came from,
484 00:25:36,895 00:25:39,692 And that came from a lack of leadership And that came from a lack of leadership
485 00:25:39,694 00:25:41,728 Down the street from NASA, Down the street from NASA,
486 00:25:41,729 00:25:43,859 You know, in congress and in the white house. You know, in congress and in the white house.
487 00:25:48,235 00:25:53,565 It was so difficult... new scientists, new technology, It was so difficult... new scientists, new technology,
488 00:25:53,573 00:25:55,911 So difficult to operate. It made us good. So difficult to operate. It made us good.
489 00:25:55,912 00:25:58,168 We had to be good to operate that system, We had to be good to operate that system,
490 00:25:58,176 00:25:59,906 But at the end of the shuttle program, But at the end of the shuttle program,
491 00:25:59,911 00:26:02,711 We are a massively good space-faring nation. We are a massively good space-faring nation.
492 00:26:02,713 00:26:06,213 We, the us now, we're fantastic now, we are good now. We, the us now, we're fantastic now, we are good now.
493 00:26:06,216 00:26:09,146 We are excellent in the space-faring business. We are excellent in the space-faring business.
494 00:26:10,752 00:26:14,188 The difficulty of the shuttle made us good, The difficulty of the shuttle made us good,
495 00:26:14,189 00:26:16,719 But after that, the space station, But after that, the space station,
496 00:26:16,724 00:26:19,624 Was a massive strategic error. Was a massive strategic error.
497 00:26:30,901 00:26:33,071 Skylab was the first test of our ability Skylab was the first test of our ability
498 00:26:33,072 00:26:34,700 To endure weightlessness, To endure weightlessness,
499 00:26:34,704 00:26:37,074 And astronauts found that they could effectively work, And astronauts found that they could effectively work,
500 00:26:37,075 00:26:41,743 Exercise, eat, and sleep in their temporary home. Exercise, eat, and sleep in their temporary home.
501 00:26:41,744 00:26:43,714 More recently, the space shuttle has allowed us More recently, the space shuttle has allowed us
502 00:26:43,715 00:26:47,512 To fly into orbit, conduct our business, and return. To fly into orbit, conduct our business, and return.
503 00:26:47,515 00:26:49,045 In addition to providing a laboratory In addition to providing a laboratory
504 00:26:49,049 00:26:51,749 For carrying out experiments in microgravity, For carrying out experiments in microgravity,
505 00:26:51,751 00:26:53,251 The shuttle has also benefited us The shuttle has also benefited us
506 00:26:53,252 00:26:55,152 Commercially and scientifically Commercially and scientifically
507 00:26:55,153 00:26:58,223 Through the deployment and capture of satellites. Through the deployment and capture of satellites.
508 00:27:00,289 00:27:03,219 But, the shuttle was designed with a larger goal in mind, But, the shuttle was designed with a larger goal in mind,
509 00:27:03,226 00:27:05,226 To transport astronauts and materials To transport astronauts and materials
510 00:27:05,228 00:27:09,658 To a proposed base, a permanent manned space station. To a proposed base, a permanent manned space station.
511 00:27:11,666 00:27:16,766 Space station was NASA's primary objective after Apollo. Space station was NASA's primary objective after Apollo.
512 00:27:16,771 00:27:19,001 What NASA hoped to get approved What NASA hoped to get approved
513 00:27:19,006 00:27:22,606 Was a 12-person space station launched by Saturn V, Was a 12-person space station launched by Saturn V,
514 00:27:22,609 00:27:27,939 And supplied by the shuttle in the '69-'70 period. And supplied by the shuttle in the '69-'70 period.
515 00:27:27,946 00:27:31,716 The white house did not approve that program, The white house did not approve that program,
516 00:27:31,717 00:27:34,647 And instead we went ahead with the space shuttle, And instead we went ahead with the space shuttle,
517 00:27:34,653 00:27:36,053 But the shuttle was designed But the shuttle was designed
518 00:27:36,054 00:27:38,722 To launch modules of the space station. To launch modules of the space station.
519 00:27:38,723 00:27:41,958 It was clear in 1971 or '72 It was clear in 1971 or '72
520 00:27:41,959 00:27:44,228 That, once the shuttle started flying, That, once the shuttle started flying,
521 00:27:44,229 00:27:46,287 NASA would go back and ask approval NASA would go back and ask approval
522 00:27:46,295 00:27:48,695 - To develop the space station. - we have lift off. - To develop the space station. - we have lift off.
523 00:27:48,697 00:27:51,857 And indeed they did that in 1983, And indeed they did that in 1983,
524 00:27:51,866 00:27:53,826 And finally president Reagan And finally president Reagan
525 00:27:53,834 00:27:55,804 Announced approval of the space station Announced approval of the space station
526 00:27:55,805 00:27:59,437 In the state of the union address in January of '84. In the state of the union address in January of '84.
527 00:27:59,438 00:28:01,838 Tonight I am directing NASA Tonight I am directing NASA
528 00:28:01,840 00:28:03,770 To develop a permanently manned space station To develop a permanently manned space station
529 00:28:03,775 00:28:06,805 And to do it within a decade. And to do it within a decade.
530 00:28:06,811 00:28:08,780 Despite problems with recent missions, Despite problems with recent missions,
531 00:28:08,781 00:28:10,148 NASA is still pushing hard NASA is still pushing hard
532 00:28:10,149 00:28:12,677 For a permanent space station someday. For a permanent space station someday.
533 00:28:12,682 00:28:14,182 Many scientists and politicians Many scientists and politicians
534 00:28:14,183 00:28:15,683 Say it is not clear what purpose Say it is not clear what purpose
535 00:28:15,684 00:28:17,784 The space station is supposed to serve. The space station is supposed to serve.
536 00:28:17,786 00:28:19,116 We're doing it backwards. We're doing it backwards.
537 00:28:19,120 00:28:20,820 We're saying, "we're gonna have a station." We're saying, "we're gonna have a station."
538 00:28:20,821 00:28:22,891 And by the way, what can you do if you have a station?" And by the way, what can you do if you have a station?"
539 00:28:22,892 00:28:25,019 yes, it cost $100 billion. yes, it cost $100 billion.
540 00:28:25,024 00:28:27,762 Yes, it's a cooperative effort of many nations, Yes, it's a cooperative effort of many nations,
541 00:28:27,763 00:28:30,730 But a lot of the space station I think was wasteful, But a lot of the space station I think was wasteful,
542 00:28:30,731 00:28:33,459 Because the science done on the space station Because the science done on the space station
543 00:28:33,465 00:28:35,125 Was actually minimal. Was actually minimal.
544 00:28:35,133 00:28:38,902 Skylab, '72 was a massively successful station. Skylab, '72 was a massively successful station.
545 00:28:38,903 00:28:40,941 It already had 200 experiments built in. It already had 200 experiments built in.
546 00:28:40,942 00:28:42,798 All those things matured us, All those things matured us,
547 00:28:42,806 00:28:47,706 In terms of on-orbit space ops and long-term space flight. In terms of on-orbit space ops and long-term space flight.
548 00:28:47,710 00:28:49,410 We already did that. We already did that.
549 00:28:49,411 00:28:52,079 See, I'm not criticizing space station. See, I'm not criticizing space station.
550 00:28:52,080 00:28:54,280 What I'm saying is, what does space station What I'm saying is, what does space station
551 00:28:54,282 00:28:56,416 Do for the man on the street? Do for the man on the street?
552 00:28:56,417 00:28:58,147 They don't know. They don't know.
553 00:28:59,118 00:29:01,086 Go out and ask them. Go out and ask them.
554 00:29:01,087 00:29:02,887 I honestly don't know, I honestly don't know,
555 00:29:02,888 00:29:05,858 And they make no effort to tell normal people, And they make no effort to tell normal people,
556 00:29:05,859 00:29:07,917 So I mean I don't actually... So I mean I don't actually...
557 00:29:07,925 00:29:09,755 I don't know what's going on at all. I don't know what's going on at all.
558 00:29:09,760 00:29:11,260 Yeah, I really don't know what they're doing. Yeah, I really don't know what they're doing.
559 00:29:11,261 00:29:12,891 They don't really say anything. They don't really say anything.
560 00:29:12,895 00:29:14,955 All you hear is they bring supplies back and forth, All you hear is they bring supplies back and forth,
561 00:29:14,963 00:29:18,263 So I mean what is the object of it? So I mean what is the object of it?
562 00:29:18,266 00:29:21,296 I have no idea what they'd be doing up there, honestly. I have no idea what they'd be doing up there, honestly.
563 00:29:21,302 00:29:23,472 I don't pay that much attention to this kind of stuff. I don't pay that much attention to this kind of stuff.
564 00:29:23,473 00:29:25,137 Okay. Okay.
565 00:29:25,138 00:29:27,138 - Unfortunately, we don't know. - -not now. Not now. - Unfortunately, we don't know. - -not now. Not now.
566 00:29:27,140 00:29:28,840 - Not now, nope. - Yeah. - Not now, nope. - Yeah.
567 00:29:28,841 00:29:32,176 If you have a program which costs $150 billion, If you have a program which costs $150 billion,
568 00:29:32,177 00:29:33,907 And you ask the person on the street And you ask the person on the street
569 00:29:33,912 00:29:36,952 What are you getting for this and they don't know, What are you getting for this and they don't know,
570 00:29:36,953 00:29:39,278 You've missed the vision, sir. You've missed the vision, sir.
571 00:29:39,283 00:29:41,523 We actually didn't finish building the space station We actually didn't finish building the space station
572 00:29:41,524 00:29:45,318 Until 2010. It was supposed to be done in 1994. Until 2010. It was supposed to be done in 1994.
573 00:29:45,321 00:29:47,791 Well, it did in fact basically suck the life Well, it did in fact basically suck the life
574 00:29:47,792 00:29:50,190 Out of the human spaceflight program for 25 years, Out of the human spaceflight program for 25 years,
575 00:29:50,192 00:29:52,992 And so it was very hard to get approval And so it was very hard to get approval
576 00:29:52,994 00:29:57,530 For new things going forward, not that people didn't try. For new things going forward, not that people didn't try.
577 00:29:57,531 00:29:59,498 We must commit ourselves anew We must commit ourselves anew
578 00:29:59,499 00:30:02,999 To a sustained program of manned exploration To a sustained program of manned exploration
579 00:30:03,002 00:30:05,336 Of the solar system, and yes, Of the solar system, and yes,
580 00:30:05,337 00:30:08,906 The permanent settlement of space. The permanent settlement of space.
581 00:30:08,907 00:30:12,407 As George HW Bush came into the white house, As George HW Bush came into the white house,
582 00:30:12,410 00:30:15,040 He indicated he wanted to do something He indicated he wanted to do something
583 00:30:15,045 00:30:17,445 To revitalize the space program. To revitalize the space program.
584 00:30:17,447 00:30:22,017 And his advisers prepared for him an announcement And his advisers prepared for him an announcement
585 00:30:22,018 00:30:25,518 Called the space exploration initiative. Called the space exploration initiative.
586 00:30:25,521 00:30:28,121 Back to the moon, on to mars, this time to stay. Back to the moon, on to mars, this time to stay.
587 00:30:28,123 00:30:29,892 Great stuff, but NASA came back Great stuff, but NASA came back
588 00:30:29,893 00:30:32,160 With a program to do it in 30 years With a program to do it in 30 years
589 00:30:32,161 00:30:34,559 That involved building floating spaceports That involved building floating spaceports
590 00:30:34,561 00:30:37,796 And giant interplanetary spaceships, And giant interplanetary spaceships,
591 00:30:37,797 00:30:40,797 And all kinds of things that were never gonna happen. And all kinds of things that were never gonna happen.
592 00:30:40,800 00:30:42,300 And of course, the architecture meant And of course, the architecture meant
593 00:30:42,301 00:30:43,868 You have to have a launch system You have to have a launch system
594 00:30:43,869 00:30:45,399 And you have to have all the other pieces And you have to have all the other pieces
595 00:30:45,403 00:30:48,443 Of what it would take to do an entire mission Of what it would take to do an entire mission
596 00:30:48,444 00:30:52,169 To the surface of the moon and go on to mars. To the surface of the moon and go on to mars.
597 00:30:52,176 00:30:54,836 Well, you total up all those assets necessary Well, you total up all those assets necessary
598 00:30:54,845 00:30:59,075 Over a 20-year period, and the total was $500 billion. Over a 20-year period, and the total was $500 billion.
599 00:31:00,481 00:31:04,051 Well, that figure got leaked to the hill, Well, that figure got leaked to the hill,
600 00:31:04,052 00:31:05,892 And the way the hill looks at money is And the way the hill looks at money is
601 00:31:05,893 00:31:10,257 $500 billion dollars with a B is in like today's money. $500 billion dollars with a B is in like today's money.
602 00:31:10,258 00:31:12,018 And so, it was dead on arrival. And so, it was dead on arrival.
603 00:31:12,026 00:31:14,526 They never even bothered to look at it. They never even bothered to look at it.
604 00:31:14,528 00:31:16,328 Let me introduce to you Let me introduce to you
605 00:31:16,329 00:31:18,359 Our speaker for this afternoon, Our speaker for this afternoon,
606 00:31:18,364 00:31:22,867 Robert Zubrin from martin Marietta... Astro. Robert Zubrin from martin Marietta... Astro.
607 00:31:22,868 00:31:25,836 He's a senior engineer there He's a senior engineer there
608 00:31:25,837 00:31:30,267 On the moon and mars initiative missions work On the moon and mars initiative missions work
609 00:31:30,274 00:31:32,244 That martin Marietta is doing. That martin Marietta is doing.
610 00:31:32,245 00:31:34,042 Robert, come talk to us. Robert, come talk to us.
611 00:31:34,043 00:31:39,613 Mars direct is a plan for sending humans to mars Mars direct is a plan for sending humans to mars
612 00:31:39,615 00:31:41,575 With present day technology. With present day technology.
613 00:31:41,583 00:31:43,383 It's a plan that could be implemented It's a plan that could be implemented
614 00:31:43,384 00:31:45,584 Within eight years of program start. Within eight years of program start.
615 00:31:45,586 00:31:47,286 This was developed by myself This was developed by myself
616 00:31:47,287 00:31:49,487 And another engineer named David baker And another engineer named David baker
617 00:31:49,489 00:31:51,089 While we were working While we were working
618 00:31:51,090 00:31:54,360 At the martin Marietta astronautics company circa 1990. At the martin Marietta astronautics company circa 1990.
619 00:31:55,926 00:31:57,886 What baker and I did was design a plan What baker and I did was design a plan
620 00:31:57,895 00:32:00,295 That would allow us to do a human mars mission That would allow us to do a human mars mission
621 00:32:00,297 00:32:03,866 In just two launches of a Saturn V heavy-lift booster, In just two launches of a Saturn V heavy-lift booster,
622 00:32:03,867 00:32:06,027 Okay, like the one we used during Apollo. Okay, like the one we used during Apollo.
623 00:32:08,036 00:32:09,936 And before you know it, you've created the beginning And before you know it, you've created the beginning
624 00:32:09,938 00:32:11,998 Of the first human settlement on a new world. Of the first human settlement on a new world.
625 00:32:12,006 00:32:14,936 There's nothing in this that is beyond our technology. There's nothing in this that is beyond our technology.
626 00:32:19,078 00:32:22,448 Around that 1993, mike griffin was appointed Around that 1993, mike griffin was appointed
627 00:32:22,449 00:32:25,079 Associate administrator for exploration, Associate administrator for exploration,
628 00:32:25,084 00:32:27,018 And he liked mars direct. And he liked mars direct.
629 00:32:27,019 00:32:29,019 He had us go back to Johnson space center He had us go back to Johnson space center
630 00:32:29,021 00:32:31,221 And talk to them again with this time And talk to them again with this time
631 00:32:31,223 00:32:32,493 The people at headquarters telling you The people at headquarters telling you
632 00:32:32,494 00:32:33,990 That they had to listen, That they had to listen,
633 00:32:33,991 00:32:35,221 And they listened, And they listened,
634 00:32:35,225 00:32:36,885 And they came up with a variant of mars direct And they came up with a variant of mars direct
635 00:32:36,893 00:32:38,362 As their new mars mission plan. As their new mars mission plan.
636 00:32:38,363 00:32:40,161 And according to their analysis, And according to their analysis,
637 00:32:40,162 00:32:42,962 It cut the cost of a human mars exploration program It cut the cost of a human mars exploration program
638 00:32:42,964 00:32:45,999 By a factor of eight. Okay? By a factor of eight. Okay?
639 00:32:46,000 00:32:48,400 Unfortunately by then, Clinton was in office, Unfortunately by then, Clinton was in office,
640 00:32:48,402 00:32:51,102 And he wasn't interested, so he told them to just shut up. And he wasn't interested, so he told them to just shut up.
641 00:32:53,004 00:32:56,107 You know, but the problem is, You know, but the problem is,
642 00:32:56,108 00:32:58,638 Is that we've never had a situation where both NASA Is that we've never had a situation where both NASA
643 00:32:58,643 00:33:01,243 And the administration were on board at the same time, And the administration were on board at the same time,
644 00:33:01,245 00:33:03,035 Except during Apollo. Except during Apollo.
645 00:33:06,148 00:33:07,548 My name is Michelle Stellhorn. My name is Michelle Stellhorn.
646 00:33:07,550 00:33:10,220 I am a teacher in the gifted education program I am a teacher in the gifted education program
647 00:33:10,221 00:33:12,149 Of the rockwood school district, Of the rockwood school district,
648 00:33:12,154 00:33:15,289 And I teach a unit called mission to mars. And I teach a unit called mission to mars.
649 00:33:15,290 00:33:17,560 And we cover the congressional space debate And we cover the congressional space debate
650 00:33:17,561 00:33:21,427 And the importance and future of space exploration. And the importance and future of space exploration.
651 00:33:21,428 00:33:24,028 Do you wanna be an astronaut? Do you wanna be an astronaut?
652 00:33:24,030 00:33:27,399 No, because I like earth, and I want to stay on it, No, because I like earth, and I want to stay on it,
653 00:33:27,400 00:33:32,370 But I think that space exploration is really cool. But I think that space exploration is really cool.
654 00:33:32,371 00:33:34,939 It's too expensive. It's too expensive.
655 00:33:34,940 00:33:39,376 We have national debt and we have the job deficit. We have national debt and we have the job deficit.
656 00:33:39,377 00:33:41,337 Do you think that we should be spending Do you think that we should be spending
657 00:33:41,345 00:33:44,175 More money and effort in space exploration? More money and effort in space exploration?
658 00:33:46,014 00:33:48,616 Well, I think... Well, I think...
659 00:33:48,617 00:33:50,077 I personally think we should, I personally think we should,
660 00:33:50,085 00:33:52,645 But I think that since there's so many people But I think that since there's so many people
661 00:33:52,654 00:33:54,354 Around the world who are struggling Around the world who are struggling
662 00:33:54,355 00:33:55,945 To just put food on the table, To just put food on the table,
663 00:33:55,956 00:33:58,116 I don't see how we can. I don't see how we can.
664 00:33:58,124 00:34:01,362 I mean, we could, but there's so many other problems I mean, we could, but there's so many other problems
665 00:34:01,363 00:34:05,029 That are major focuses that the government should be studying, That are major focuses that the government should be studying,
666 00:34:05,030 00:34:06,300 That should be working on. That should be working on.
667 00:34:06,301 00:34:10,127 We need to get our national debt paid off We need to get our national debt paid off
668 00:34:10,134 00:34:13,402 Before we can go and play around in space. Before we can go and play around in space.
669 00:34:13,403 00:34:17,103 If given the opportunity, if somebody said If given the opportunity, if somebody said
670 00:34:17,106 00:34:20,406 Do you wanna go to space, would you go? Do you wanna go to space, would you go?
671 00:34:21,742 00:34:25,742 Me, I think that depends how much they pay me. Me, I think that depends how much they pay me.
672 00:34:27,613 00:34:30,282 Don't wanna be an astronaut, what are they gonna fly? Don't wanna be an astronaut, what are they gonna fly?
673 00:34:30,283 00:34:32,417 There's nothing to fly. There's nothing to fly.
674 00:34:32,418 00:34:34,718 There is no mars program. There is no mars program.
675 00:34:34,720 00:34:37,550 There is no astronaut program. There is no astronaut program.
676 00:34:37,556 00:34:39,416 There's casual talk about it. There's casual talk about it.
677 00:34:39,424 00:34:41,358 I know what a program is. I know what a program is.
678 00:34:41,359 00:34:43,759 I know when a man says, "you're going to the moon, I know when a man says, "you're going to the moon,
679 00:34:43,761 00:34:45,761 You're coming home eight years from now," You're coming home eight years from now,"
680 00:34:45,763 00:34:47,733 I know what that means. I know what that means.
681 00:34:50,132 00:34:52,232 The space shuttle pulls into port The space shuttle pulls into port
682 00:34:52,235 00:34:56,095 For the last time, its voyage at and end. For the last time, its voyage at and end.
683 00:35:01,242 00:35:03,580 You know, there's a lot of people that think that You know, there's a lot of people that think that
684 00:35:03,581 00:35:05,238 The end of the shuttle program The end of the shuttle program
685 00:35:05,246 00:35:10,046 Was the end of America going out into space. Was the end of America going out into space.
686 00:35:11,216 00:35:14,276 It's absurd, it's ridiculous. It's absurd, it's ridiculous.
687 00:35:14,286 00:35:18,246 Flying a shuttle in circles around the earth is not exploring. Flying a shuttle in circles around the earth is not exploring.
688 00:35:18,256 00:35:22,486 It's not pushing forward the human frontier. It's not pushing forward the human frontier.
689 00:35:22,493 00:35:24,793 You're simply making work. You're simply making work.
690 00:35:24,795 00:35:28,155 You're simply funneling taxpayer money You're simply funneling taxpayer money
691 00:35:28,165 00:35:29,725 Into certain people's pockets Into certain people's pockets
692 00:35:29,733 00:35:32,201 Who are working in different areas, Who are working in different areas,
693 00:35:32,202 00:35:35,237 Politicians, aerospace companies, Politicians, aerospace companies,
694 00:35:35,238 00:35:37,268 People who runs space centers. People who runs space centers.
695 00:35:37,273 00:35:41,609 That's not what this should be about, That's not what this should be about,
696 00:35:41,610 00:35:46,150 But that's what it's become because there's no leadership... But that's what it's become because there's no leadership...
697 00:35:47,113 00:35:48,753 Because there's no vision. Because there's no vision.
698 00:35:56,820 00:35:58,450 And Columbia, Houston, And Columbia, Houston,
699 00:35:58,456 00:35:59,716 We see you tire pressure messages, We see you tire pressure messages,
700 00:35:59,723 00:36:02,593 And we did not copy your last. And we did not copy your last.
701 00:36:12,333 00:36:14,703 Columbia, Houston, comm check. Columbia, Houston, comm check.
702 00:36:17,170 00:36:19,870 Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check. Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check.
703 00:36:21,506 00:36:24,406 Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check. Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check.
704 00:36:25,709 00:36:30,509 February 1st, 2003, Columbia reenters tragically February 1st, 2003, Columbia reenters tragically
705 00:36:30,514 00:36:33,349 And breaks up over Texas. And breaks up over Texas.
706 00:36:33,350 00:36:36,320 The notion that we could continue flying the shuttle... The notion that we could continue flying the shuttle...
707 00:36:37,951 00:36:40,521 For a long time went away. For a long time went away.
708 00:36:50,462 00:36:53,801 The commission that investigated that accident said, The commission that investigated that accident said,
709 00:36:53,802 00:36:56,669 "if you're going to be risking human lives, "if you're going to be risking human lives,
710 00:36:56,670 00:36:59,668 "you really need to explain what it is "you really need to explain what it is
711 00:36:59,671 00:37:02,441 That you're trying to accomplish in human spaceflight." That you're trying to accomplish in human spaceflight."
712 00:37:02,442 00:37:06,676 Consistent with safety concerns and the recommendations Consistent with safety concerns and the recommendations
713 00:37:06,677 00:37:09,507 Of the Columbia accident investigation board... Of the Columbia accident investigation board...
714 00:37:11,213 00:37:13,851 The shuttle's chief purpose of the next several years The shuttle's chief purpose of the next several years
715 00:37:13,852 00:37:15,749 Will be to help finish assembly Will be to help finish assembly
716 00:37:15,750 00:37:17,720 Of the international space station. Of the international space station.
717 00:37:19,618 00:37:23,248 In 2010, the space shuttle, In 2010, the space shuttle,
718 00:37:23,255 00:37:28,555 After nearly 30 years of duty, will be retired from service. After nearly 30 years of duty, will be retired from service.
719 00:37:28,559 00:37:30,759 The first shuttle tragedy made everybody stop The first shuttle tragedy made everybody stop
720 00:37:30,761 00:37:33,899 And think exactly what it was we were using the shuttle for, And think exactly what it was we were using the shuttle for,
721 00:37:33,900 00:37:36,697 And did you really need to have humans aboard And did you really need to have humans aboard
722 00:37:36,699 00:37:39,399 A spacecraft in order to launch satellites, A spacecraft in order to launch satellites,
723 00:37:39,401 00:37:42,269 And the second tragedy, Columbia, And the second tragedy, Columbia,
724 00:37:42,270 00:37:43,900 Really brought it down to a real focus on, Really brought it down to a real focus on,
725 00:37:43,904 00:37:47,439 "well, why are you doing human spaceflight at all?" "well, why are you doing human spaceflight at all?"
726 00:37:47,440 00:37:49,240 Using the crew exploration vehicle, Using the crew exploration vehicle,
727 00:37:49,241 00:37:52,311 We will undertake extended human missions to the moon We will undertake extended human missions to the moon
728 00:37:52,312 00:37:54,440 As early as 2015, As early as 2015,
729 00:37:54,445 00:37:57,905 With the goal of living and working there With the goal of living and working there
730 00:37:57,915 00:38:01,475 For increasingly extended periods of time. For increasingly extended periods of time.
731 00:38:02,451 00:38:05,420 See, I was... I was there, See, I was... I was there,
732 00:38:05,421 00:38:08,691 I was literally in the room when president bush announced I was literally in the room when president bush announced
733 00:38:08,692 00:38:11,358 We were gonna go back to the moon and on to mars. We were gonna go back to the moon and on to mars.
734 00:38:11,359 00:38:12,659 And I'm a Texan, I was close enough And I'm a Texan, I was close enough
735 00:38:12,660 00:38:14,290 To where I could look at him. To where I could look at him.
736 00:38:14,294 00:38:17,729 We're fairly good at spotting BS in each other, We're fairly good at spotting BS in each other,
737 00:38:17,730 00:38:19,860 And I think he really meant it. And I think he really meant it.
738 00:38:19,865 00:38:22,795 President bush to his credit said, President bush to his credit said,
739 00:38:22,801 00:38:24,870 You know we're not gonna just do this anymore, You know we're not gonna just do this anymore,
740 00:38:24,871 00:38:26,769 We're gonna do something different, We're gonna do something different,
741 00:38:26,770 00:38:30,339 And we should go back and we should explore. And we should go back and we should explore.
742 00:38:30,340 00:38:31,940 A powerful argument was made A powerful argument was made
743 00:38:31,941 00:38:34,271 That what needed to happen That what needed to happen
744 00:38:34,276 00:38:37,336 Was we needed to start making economic use Was we needed to start making economic use
745 00:38:37,345 00:38:40,045 Of all of the things that we had found Of all of the things that we had found
746 00:38:40,047 00:38:43,516 By all this taxpayer-funded space exploration. By all this taxpayer-funded space exploration.
747 00:38:43,517 00:38:46,047 If we want to start going back to the moon, If we want to start going back to the moon,
748 00:38:46,052 00:38:49,621 But this time for economically useful purposes, But this time for economically useful purposes,
749 00:38:49,622 00:38:51,889 How would we do that? How would we do that?
750 00:38:51,890 00:38:54,990 And they came up with some really interesting ideas, And they came up with some really interesting ideas,
751 00:38:54,993 00:38:56,960 All of which were affordable, All of which were affordable,
752 00:38:56,961 00:38:58,791 All of which were executable, All of which were executable,
753 00:38:58,796 00:39:00,726 All of which were quite reasonable All of which were quite reasonable
754 00:39:00,731 00:39:03,499 Paths that we could have gone forward, Paths that we could have gone forward,
755 00:39:03,500 00:39:06,300 None of which looked like Apollo. None of which looked like Apollo.
756 00:39:06,302 00:39:09,402 And then he hired a new NASA administrator, And then he hired a new NASA administrator,
757 00:39:09,405 00:39:11,865 Who said he was absolutely dedicated Who said he was absolutely dedicated
758 00:39:11,874 00:39:15,343 To carrying out the president's vision, To carrying out the president's vision,
759 00:39:15,344 00:39:17,344 And that was Dr. Michael griffin. And that was Dr. Michael griffin.
760 00:39:18,512 00:39:20,447 And griffin came in and said, And griffin came in and said,
761 00:39:20,448 00:39:22,878 "I know how I'm going to do this." "I know how I'm going to do this."
762 00:39:22,883 00:39:24,350 And he had a plan. And he had a plan.
763 00:39:24,351 00:39:27,920 He had a way of getting America back to the moon He had a way of getting America back to the moon
764 00:39:27,921 00:39:29,751 And then on to mars. And then on to mars.
765 00:39:29,756 00:39:31,416 It is very Apollo-like. It is very Apollo-like.
766 00:39:31,424 00:39:33,462 It may have a different shaped heat shield. It may have a different shaped heat shield.
767 00:39:33,463 00:39:35,728 It may have a different surface contact system, It may have a different surface contact system,
768 00:39:35,729 00:39:39,057 But the outer mold line is very Apollo-like, except larger. But the outer mold line is very Apollo-like, except larger.
769 00:39:39,063 00:39:41,003 Think of it as Apollo on steroids. Think of it as Apollo on steroids.
770 00:39:41,964 00:39:44,499 Everything was tanked. Everything was tanked.
771 00:39:44,500 00:39:46,570 All of the ideas were dropped and ditched, All of the ideas were dropped and ditched,
772 00:39:46,571 00:39:51,338 Because mike griffin had his own plan for "das program." Because mike griffin had his own plan for "das program."
773 00:39:55,041 00:39:58,011 NASA's new program for human space exploration NASA's new program for human space exploration
774 00:39:58,012 00:40:00,540 Is called constellation. Is called constellation.
775 00:40:00,545 00:40:02,905 For the first time in a generation For the first time in a generation
776 00:40:02,914 00:40:05,854 We will be traveling beyond low earth orbit, We will be traveling beyond low earth orbit,
777 00:40:05,855 00:40:07,517 Returning to the moon Returning to the moon
778 00:40:07,518 00:40:10,678 And expanding human presence to mars. And expanding human presence to mars.
779 00:40:12,486 00:40:15,616 Exploration must be taken in steps. Exploration must be taken in steps.
780 00:40:15,623 00:40:18,091 Because we learn from every journey, Because we learn from every journey,
781 00:40:18,092 00:40:21,662 There is a link between every place we go. There is a link between every place we go.
782 00:40:33,672 00:40:36,908 Very quickly the bush administration Very quickly the bush administration
783 00:40:36,909 00:40:40,139 Started to cut back on some of NASA's... Started to cut back on some of NASA's...
784 00:40:41,378 00:40:43,608 Hoped for budget increases. Hoped for budget increases.
785 00:40:43,614 00:40:45,754 That brought you to the Obama administration That brought you to the Obama administration
786 00:40:45,755 00:40:47,449 In which they said... In which they said...
787 00:40:47,450 00:40:49,619 I understand that some believe that we should attempt I understand that some believe that we should attempt
788 00:40:49,620 00:40:52,418 A return to the surface of the moon first... A return to the surface of the moon first...
789 00:40:53,453 00:40:55,753 As previously planned. As previously planned.
790 00:40:55,756 00:40:59,586 But I just have to say, pretty bluntly here... But I just have to say, pretty bluntly here...
791 00:41:00,892 00:41:02,660 We've been there before. We've been there before.
792 00:41:02,661 00:41:04,931 Will American astronauts return to the moon Will American astronauts return to the moon
793 00:41:04,932 00:41:06,729 In the foreseeable future? In the foreseeable future?
794 00:41:06,730 00:41:07,930 NBC news has learned NBC news has learned
795 00:41:07,931 00:41:09,701 That plans to travel there and beyond That plans to travel there and beyond
796 00:41:09,702 00:41:14,169 The white house was willing to support the vision The white house was willing to support the vision
797 00:41:14,170 00:41:16,170 Of returning to the moon by 2020 Of returning to the moon by 2020
798 00:41:16,172 00:41:19,072 And going on to mars verbally, And going on to mars verbally,
799 00:41:19,074 00:41:22,876 But not when it came down to the nation's pocketbook. But not when it came down to the nation's pocketbook.
800 00:41:22,877 00:41:25,507 It had been known from the start It had been known from the start
801 00:41:25,512 00:41:28,182 That the constellation could not be executed That the constellation could not be executed
802 00:41:28,183 00:41:30,781 On anything like NASA's current budget. On anything like NASA's current budget.
803 00:41:30,783 00:41:33,751 The assumption was made that NASA The assumption was made that NASA
804 00:41:33,752 00:41:36,590 Would receive a very substantial budget increase Would receive a very substantial budget increase
805 00:41:36,591 00:41:39,518 In order to do something like constellation. In order to do something like constellation.
806 00:41:39,524 00:41:41,624 When president Obama came into office, When president Obama came into office,
807 00:41:41,626 00:41:43,156 He set up this committee He set up this committee
808 00:41:43,160 00:41:45,590 To take a look at the constellation program To take a look at the constellation program
809 00:41:45,595 00:41:47,895 And that committee determined that technically And that committee determined that technically
810 00:41:47,897 00:41:50,427 The constellation program was doing quite well, The constellation program was doing quite well,
811 00:41:50,432 00:41:52,532 But that there wasn't enough money. But that there wasn't enough money.
812 00:41:52,534 00:41:55,669 The budget for that program had been reduced The budget for that program had been reduced
813 00:41:55,670 00:41:58,200 Substantially every single year since it started, Substantially every single year since it started,
814 00:41:58,205 00:42:03,165 And as a result, our look at the constellation program And as a result, our look at the constellation program
815 00:42:03,176 00:42:08,506 That we were then pursuing was that it was not executable. That we were then pursuing was that it was not executable.
816 00:42:08,514 00:42:11,154 The program was on a trajectory to fail. The program was on a trajectory to fail.
817 00:42:11,155 00:42:15,519 We did recommend that either NASA's budget be increased, We did recommend that either NASA's budget be increased,
818 00:42:15,520 00:42:16,950 Rather substantially, Rather substantially,
819 00:42:16,954 00:42:19,454 Or that they should be given some other mission Or that they should be given some other mission
820 00:42:19,456 00:42:21,756 That they can do within their current budget. That they can do within their current budget.
821 00:42:21,758 00:42:26,228 Everyone agrees that there's a $3 billion shortfall Everyone agrees that there's a $3 billion shortfall
822 00:42:26,229 00:42:28,729 In what we need to accomplish our goals. In what we need to accomplish our goals.
823 00:42:30,131 00:42:35,501 Of what you have suggested as alternatives, other options, Of what you have suggested as alternatives, other options,
824 00:42:35,503 00:42:41,173 Are any of those accomplishable without that shortfall? Are any of those accomplishable without that shortfall?
825 00:42:42,942 00:42:45,511 Do you wanna deal with that? Do you wanna deal with that?
826 00:42:45,512 00:42:47,546 - No. - Okay, there you go. - No. - Okay, there you go.
827 00:42:47,547 00:42:49,047 The white house was not willing to invest The white house was not willing to invest
828 00:42:49,048 00:42:52,748 Congress was not willing to invest that kind of money in it, Congress was not willing to invest that kind of money in it,
829 00:42:52,751 00:42:54,781 So the constellation program was canceled. So the constellation program was canceled.
830 00:42:54,786 00:43:00,516 The reason we were unable to sustain humanity in space The reason we were unable to sustain humanity in space
831 00:43:00,524 00:43:02,624 Or on the moon after Apollo, Or on the moon after Apollo,
832 00:43:02,626 00:43:04,626 Was there was no decision to do so... Was there was no decision to do so...
833 00:43:06,095 00:43:10,695 And there was no technology that was designed And there was no technology that was designed
834 00:43:10,700 00:43:15,537 To allow us to do so because the decision was not there. To allow us to do so because the decision was not there.
835 00:43:15,538 00:43:17,938 Interestingly, in the constellation program Interestingly, in the constellation program
836 00:43:17,940 00:43:23,240 And under president bush, he said, "we're going to establish" And under president bush, he said, "we're going to establish"
837 00:43:23,244 00:43:25,914 Human permanence beyond the earth." Human permanence beyond the earth."
838 00:43:27,580 00:43:30,716 Unfortunately, the people in charge Unfortunately, the people in charge
839 00:43:30,717 00:43:34,047 Were unable to understand what that meant, Were unable to understand what that meant,
840 00:43:34,053 00:43:37,153 And instead redesigned a bigger, And instead redesigned a bigger,
841 00:43:37,156 00:43:40,816 Badder version of the Apollo program. Badder version of the Apollo program.
842 00:43:40,826 00:43:44,086 It was doomed to failure from the beginning. It was doomed to failure from the beginning.
843 00:43:52,734 00:43:54,569 September of 2011, September of 2011,
844 00:43:54,570 00:43:58,039 NASA proposes a new capability for human exploration, NASA proposes a new capability for human exploration,
845 00:43:58,040 00:44:01,070 A massive rocket, the largest ever built, A massive rocket, the largest ever built,
846 00:44:01,076 00:44:04,836 For a variety of missions beyond low earth orbit. For a variety of missions beyond low earth orbit.
847 00:44:04,846 00:44:06,806 When president Obama announced When president Obama announced
848 00:44:06,814 00:44:08,814 That he was canceling constellation, That he was canceling constellation,
849 00:44:08,816 00:44:12,816 What he wanted to do was to wait five years What he wanted to do was to wait five years
850 00:44:12,820 00:44:16,120 And invest in game- changing technologies, And invest in game- changing technologies,
851 00:44:16,123 00:44:18,290 And after that period of time And after that period of time
852 00:44:18,291 00:44:20,591 A decision would be made as to what new rockets A decision would be made as to what new rockets
853 00:44:20,593 00:44:21,762 Or spacecraft were needed Or spacecraft were needed
854 00:44:21,763 00:44:23,560 To go wherever it is the nation To go wherever it is the nation
855 00:44:23,561 00:44:25,401 Was gonna go next in human spaceflight. Was gonna go next in human spaceflight.
856 00:44:25,402 00:44:27,757 And that presupposed in five years And that presupposed in five years
857 00:44:27,766 00:44:29,896 You could do something that essentially You could do something that essentially
858 00:44:29,901 00:44:32,001 Obsoletes chemical propulsion. Obsoletes chemical propulsion.
859 00:44:32,003 00:44:35,103 We will increase investment right away We will increase investment right away
860 00:44:35,106 00:44:37,106 In other groundbreaking technologies In other groundbreaking technologies
861 00:44:37,108 00:44:38,808 That will allow astronauts That will allow astronauts
862 00:44:38,809 00:44:41,109 To reach space sooner and more often. To reach space sooner and more often.
863 00:44:41,111 00:44:42,911 Well, there was nothing in the pipeline Well, there was nothing in the pipeline
864 00:44:42,912 00:44:44,281 At all that would do that. At all that would do that.
865 00:44:44,282 00:44:46,810 I mean, there was discussion of what might be. I mean, there was discussion of what might be.
866 00:44:46,815 00:44:49,775 There was some hypotheses of what could be done, There was some hypotheses of what could be done,
867 00:44:49,784 00:44:51,284 But now we're five years later But now we're five years later
868 00:44:51,285 00:44:53,075 And there really was nothing in the pipeline And there really was nothing in the pipeline
869 00:44:53,086 00:44:55,046 That was even remotely mature enough. That was even remotely mature enough.
870 00:44:55,054 00:44:56,823 And congress hated that idea. And congress hated that idea.
871 00:44:56,824 00:44:59,862 Congress felt it was really important to have a destination Congress felt it was really important to have a destination
872 00:44:59,863 00:45:02,926 And a time frame within which to meet And a time frame within which to meet
873 00:45:02,927 00:45:06,257 Specific visionary goals for human spaceflight Specific visionary goals for human spaceflight
874 00:45:06,263 00:45:08,963 And so congress wrote into law And so congress wrote into law
875 00:45:08,965 00:45:11,895 Directing NASA to build a new big rocket, Directing NASA to build a new big rocket,
876 00:45:11,901 00:45:14,101 Which they called the space launch system, Which they called the space launch system,
877 00:45:14,103 00:45:17,138 And to build a multi-purpose crew vehicle, And to build a multi-purpose crew vehicle,
878 00:45:17,139 00:45:19,206 Which we know as Orion, Which we know as Orion,
879 00:45:19,207 00:45:21,467 In order to provide the capabilities In order to provide the capabilities
880 00:45:21,475 00:45:26,175 To keep a vigorous human spaceflight program going. To keep a vigorous human spaceflight program going.
881 00:45:26,179 00:45:28,379 So constellation was canceled So constellation was canceled
882 00:45:28,381 00:45:31,049 But congress promptly reinstated But congress promptly reinstated
883 00:45:31,050 00:45:34,020 The all the expensive parts of it under new names... The all the expensive parts of it under new names...
884 00:45:35,953 00:45:38,253 But did not give NASA the budget increase But did not give NASA the budget increase
885 00:45:38,256 00:45:40,856 That would be necessary to fly missions with them. That would be necessary to fly missions with them.
886 00:45:40,858 00:45:41,988 Do you know what the budget Do you know what the budget
887 00:45:41,992 00:45:44,827 For the SLS launch system is? For the SLS launch system is?
888 00:45:44,828 00:45:46,328 Uh, I... Uh, I...
889 00:45:46,329 00:45:48,829 We don't know, so you don't know either, quite frankly. We don't know, so you don't know either, quite frankly.
890 00:45:48,831 00:45:50,461 - That was a leading question. - -all right. - That was a leading question. - -all right.
891 00:45:50,465 00:45:52,425 And if that money was gonna be taken And if that money was gonna be taken
892 00:45:52,433 00:45:56,133 Out of your budget to develop the SLS launch system, Out of your budget to develop the SLS launch system,
893 00:45:56,136 00:45:58,166 Rather than go with the launch systems Rather than go with the launch systems
894 00:45:58,171 00:46:01,241 That we've already got, would you be supportive of that? That we've already got, would you be supportive of that?
895 00:46:02,240 00:46:03,940 - No. - Right. - No. - Right.
896 00:46:03,942 00:46:06,080 We really don't have a lot of momentum We really don't have a lot of momentum
897 00:46:06,081 00:46:07,507 And a lot of vision on what And a lot of vision on what
898 00:46:07,511 00:46:09,111 Space launch system is gonna do. Space launch system is gonna do.
899 00:46:09,112 00:46:12,180 It's been pegged "the rocket to nowhere." It's been pegged "the rocket to nowhere."
900 00:46:12,181 00:46:14,351 When they finally get it upgraded When they finally get it upgraded
901 00:46:14,352 00:46:19,319 To 130 metric tons, which may be 2025, To 130 metric tons, which may be 2025,
902 00:46:19,320 00:46:23,220 It will be equivalent and almost equal to a Saturn V, It will be equivalent and almost equal to a Saturn V,
903 00:46:23,223 00:46:27,392 Which we will have had 60 years earlier. Which we will have had 60 years earlier.
904 00:46:27,393 00:46:30,363 We're talking about after proving one flight, We're talking about after proving one flight,
905 00:46:30,364 00:46:33,762 That we might do an orbit around the moon That we might do an orbit around the moon
906 00:46:33,765 00:46:35,255 Called Apollo 8. Called Apollo 8.
907 00:46:37,367 00:46:39,067 You're keeping space station alive, You're keeping space station alive,
908 00:46:39,069 00:46:41,099 You're supporting the various NASA centers, You're supporting the various NASA centers,
909 00:46:41,104 00:46:43,074 You got two piece of hardware you're developing, You got two piece of hardware you're developing,
910 00:46:43,075 00:46:44,972 But they have no destination But they have no destination
911 00:46:44,973 00:46:47,013 And they're like what we did 60 years ago. And they're like what we did 60 years ago.
912 00:46:49,075 00:46:51,405 I always call it a rocket to anywhere I always call it a rocket to anywhere
913 00:46:51,411 00:46:54,079 Because it's just like the shuttle. Because it's just like the shuttle.
914 00:46:54,080 00:46:56,050 When the shuttle was designed, When the shuttle was designed,
915 00:46:56,051 00:47:00,148 It was designed to be a shuttle of capability. It was designed to be a shuttle of capability.
916 00:47:00,152 00:47:03,020 It didn't have payloads identified. It didn't have payloads identified.
917 00:47:03,021 00:47:05,921 All those missions were nonexistent... All those missions were nonexistent...
918 00:47:06,956 00:47:08,456 On the day the first shuttle flew. On the day the first shuttle flew.
919 00:47:10,559 00:47:12,359 If space is a frontier... If space is a frontier...
920 00:47:13,894 00:47:16,563 And I shall hereby declare it to be so, And I shall hereby declare it to be so,
921 00:47:16,564 00:47:19,933 And your goal is to settle the frontier... And your goal is to settle the frontier...
922 00:47:19,934 00:47:23,136 In other words, for people to live there In other words, for people to live there
923 00:47:23,137 00:47:27,467 Like they do here in what used to be a frontier... Like they do here in what used to be a frontier...
924 00:47:29,040 00:47:31,409 Then you have to create Then you have to create
925 00:47:31,410 00:47:34,010 A means for that to occur. A means for that to occur.
926 00:47:35,245 00:47:38,505 No frontier has never been opened No frontier has never been opened
927 00:47:38,515 00:47:41,045 Based on the development and operation Based on the development and operation
928 00:47:41,050 00:47:44,220 Of a single giant government vehicle. Of a single giant government vehicle.
929 00:47:46,519 00:47:48,549 They can launch two to three... They can launch two to three...
930 00:47:48,555 00:47:52,915 At least two and potentially three SLS"s per year. At least two and potentially three SLS"s per year.
931 00:47:52,926 00:47:55,956 They can build that many and they can launch that many. They can build that many and they can launch that many.
932 00:47:55,962 00:47:58,202 That's the way the design of the infrastructure That's the way the design of the infrastructure
933 00:47:58,203 00:48:02,166 And the vehicle and the assembly plant is set up to do, And the vehicle and the assembly plant is set up to do,
934 00:48:02,167 00:48:05,127 But they need more funding. But they need more funding.
935 00:48:05,136 00:48:06,996 To date, unfortunately, To date, unfortunately,
936 00:48:07,004 00:48:08,344 The budget has not been increased, The budget has not been increased,
937 00:48:08,345 00:48:10,398 And that's a major concern. And that's a major concern.
938 00:48:10,406 00:48:13,066 It's been a major concern since day one, It's been a major concern since day one,
939 00:48:13,075 00:48:16,575 And if there's anything our commission emphasized, And if there's anything our commission emphasized,
940 00:48:16,578 00:48:19,846 It was that we have to have a budget It was that we have to have a budget
941 00:48:19,847 00:48:23,216 And a space program that are consistent with each other. And a space program that are consistent with each other.
942 00:48:23,217 00:48:26,447 And unfortunately, throughout the human And unfortunately, throughout the human
943 00:48:26,453 00:48:30,153 Space flight history, for a couple of decades, Space flight history, for a couple of decades,
944 00:48:30,156 00:48:32,416 That's not been the case. That's not been the case.
945 00:48:32,424 00:48:34,924 Tonight, NASA announced further cuts Tonight, NASA announced further cuts
946 00:48:34,926 00:48:37,086 Have been ordered in its new budget Have been ordered in its new budget
947 00:48:37,094 00:48:38,363 And one effect will be a delay And one effect will be a delay
948 00:48:38,364 00:48:40,431 In the timetable for the space shuttle. In the timetable for the space shuttle.
949 00:48:40,432 00:48:43,459 50,000 employees are not looking forward. 50,000 employees are not looking forward.
950 00:48:43,465 00:48:45,155 They're looking elsewhere. They're looking elsewhere.
951 00:48:45,166 00:48:47,866 If this country really needs another expensive If this country really needs another expensive
952 00:48:47,868 00:48:49,628 Piece of hardware in orbit, Piece of hardware in orbit,
953 00:48:49,636 00:48:51,096 When here on the ground, When here on the ground,
954 00:48:51,104 00:48:52,641 We can hardly get the mail delivered. We can hardly get the mail delivered.
955 00:48:52,642 00:48:54,298 Congress cut the shuttle's budget Congress cut the shuttle's budget
956 00:48:54,306 00:48:57,306 By $234 million. By $234 million.
957 00:48:57,309 00:48:59,439 Already there have been some cutbacks Already there have been some cutbacks
958 00:48:59,444 00:49:00,981 And there could be others. And there could be others.
959 00:49:00,982 00:49:02,578 It is, without question, It is, without question,
960 00:49:02,579 00:49:04,209 The biggest waste of money I've seen The biggest waste of money I've seen
961 00:49:04,213 00:49:06,082 Since I've been on the united state senate. Since I've been on the united state senate.
962 00:49:06,083 00:49:08,611 Today, president Clinton put in his latest bid. Today, president Clinton put in his latest bid.
963 00:49:08,616 00:49:11,146 He outlined $13 billion in savings He outlined $13 billion in savings
964 00:49:11,151 00:49:13,051 At four federal agencies, At four federal agencies,
965 00:49:13,052 00:49:15,252 More than half the cuts at NASA. More than half the cuts at NASA.
966 00:49:15,254 00:49:17,024 The bailout, the bank bailout, The bailout, the bank bailout,
967 00:49:17,025 00:49:18,956 That sum of money is greater That sum of money is greater
968 00:49:18,957 00:49:21,457 Than the entire 50 year Than the entire 50 year
969 00:49:21,459 00:49:23,959 - Running budget of NASA. - -wow. - Running budget of NASA. - -wow.
970 00:49:23,961 00:49:25,091 I think we have to be realistic I think we have to be realistic
971 00:49:25,095 00:49:26,425 When it comes to the budget. When it comes to the budget.
972 00:49:26,429 00:49:28,259 If we need additional funds for a heavy lift rocket, If we need additional funds for a heavy lift rocket,
973 00:49:28,264 00:49:30,031 We're going to have to set priorities We're going to have to set priorities
974 00:49:30,032 00:49:32,272 And have to shift funds from other parts of the program. And have to shift funds from other parts of the program.
975 00:49:32,273 00:49:36,467 I don't think that NASA or our space program I don't think that NASA or our space program
976 00:49:36,471 00:49:40,307 Is somehow going to defy budget gravity Is somehow going to defy budget gravity
977 00:49:40,308 00:49:42,638 And be the only agency to get an increase And be the only agency to get an increase
978 00:49:42,643 00:49:45,981 When every other agency is either gonna be flat-lined When every other agency is either gonna be flat-lined
979 00:49:45,982 00:49:48,409 Or be subject to the budgetary constraints. Or be subject to the budgetary constraints.
980 00:49:48,414 00:49:50,614 So I think we're just gonna have to be smarter. So I think we're just gonna have to be smarter.
981 00:49:50,616 00:49:52,276 We're going to have to make sure We're going to have to make sure
982 00:49:52,284 00:49:54,118 We don't have cost overruns We don't have cost overruns
983 00:49:54,119 00:49:56,119 And we're gonna have to set priorities And we're gonna have to set priorities
984 00:49:56,121 00:49:57,951 And use the money that we do have better And use the money that we do have better
985 00:49:57,956 00:49:59,256 And then we can get the funds, And then we can get the funds,
986 00:49:59,257 00:50:00,987 Say for a heavy lift rocket. Say for a heavy lift rocket.
987 00:50:00,992 00:50:02,422 If we started today, If we started today,
988 00:50:02,426 00:50:05,186 How long do each of you estimate it would be How long do each of you estimate it would be
989 00:50:05,195 00:50:08,695 Before we could place a person on mars? Before we could place a person on mars?
990 00:50:08,698 00:50:10,958 With the current budget? With the current budget?
991 00:50:10,966 00:50:13,266 Yes. Give me a date with the current budget Yes. Give me a date with the current budget
992 00:50:13,268 00:50:15,568 And a date with the Apollo-era budget. And a date with the Apollo-era budget.
993 00:50:17,337 00:50:20,637 With the current budget... bear with me... I would probably say never. With the current budget... bear with me... I would probably say never.
994 00:50:20,641 00:50:22,071 Hey... Hey...
995 00:50:23,275 00:50:24,375 China. China.
996 00:50:24,377 00:50:27,707 Can we borrow some money to finish our mars trip? Can we borrow some money to finish our mars trip?
997 00:50:31,615 00:50:34,015 You know, with constellation, mike griffin, You know, with constellation, mike griffin,
998 00:50:34,018 00:50:35,548 And now people with the SLS, And now people with the SLS,
999 00:50:35,552 00:50:38,720 Just assume that if we develop the SLS, Just assume that if we develop the SLS,
1000 00:50:38,721 00:50:40,451 It will fly forever. It will fly forever.
1001 00:50:41,722 00:50:44,122 We had the Saturn V. We had the Saturn V.
1002 00:50:45,358 00:50:47,058 It worked. It worked.
1003 00:50:48,326 00:50:51,056 It was flying humans to the moon... It was flying humans to the moon...
1004 00:50:52,196 00:50:54,026 And we canceled it. And we canceled it.
1005 00:51:01,336 00:51:03,596 When did we last leave low-earth orbit, When did we last leave low-earth orbit,
1006 00:51:03,605 00:51:05,095 You know, a couple hundred miles up You know, a couple hundred miles up
1007 00:51:05,106 00:51:08,336 Where the space station space shuttle orbit... Where the space station space shuttle orbit...
1008 00:51:09,375 00:51:11,375 To go somewhere interesting with humans? To go somewhere interesting with humans?
1009 00:51:11,378 00:51:14,508 When did we last do it? 1972, Apollo 17. When did we last do it? 1972, Apollo 17.
1010 00:51:14,514 00:51:16,714 It's been more than four decades It's been more than four decades
1011 00:51:16,716 00:51:21,476 Since we've left earth for another destination. Since we've left earth for another destination.
1012 00:51:21,486 00:51:23,086 What's the problem? What's the problem?
1013 00:51:23,087 00:51:25,617 What are we missing? Is it political will? What are we missing? Is it political will?
1014 00:51:25,622 00:51:27,392 Is it motivation? Is it money? Is it motivation? Is it money?
1015 00:51:27,393 00:51:29,490 Is it... are we distracted? Is it... are we distracted?
1016 00:51:29,492 00:51:31,162 Are there other issues? Are there other issues?
1017 00:51:32,493 00:51:34,428 We went to the moon... We went to the moon...
1018 00:51:34,429 00:51:37,329 In the 1960s! In the 1960s!
1019 00:51:39,031 00:51:41,671 What, we didn't have problems in the 1960s? What, we didn't have problems in the 1960s?
1020 00:52:04,588 00:52:07,118 We were at a hot war in southeast Asia, We were at a hot war in southeast Asia,
1021 00:52:07,124 00:52:09,593 A cold war with the soviet union, A cold war with the soviet union,
1022 00:52:09,594 00:52:12,364 The civil rights movement was fully under way, The civil rights movement was fully under way,
1023 00:52:12,365 00:52:14,197 There was campus unrest, There was campus unrest,
1024 00:52:14,198 00:52:16,428 There were riots in the urban centers. There were riots in the urban centers.
1025 00:52:17,900 00:52:20,170 It shall be the policy of this nation It shall be the policy of this nation
1026 00:52:20,171 00:52:22,537 To regard any nuclear missile To regard any nuclear missile
1027 00:52:22,538 00:52:24,798 Launched from Cuba against any nation Launched from Cuba against any nation
1028 00:52:24,806 00:52:26,666 In the western hemisphere In the western hemisphere
1029 00:52:26,674 00:52:30,281 As an attack by the soviet union on the United States. As an attack by the soviet union on the United States.
1030 00:52:30,282 00:52:32,507 We had the greatest problems the country has seen We had the greatest problems the country has seen
1031 00:52:32,512 00:52:34,446 Since the civil war Since the civil war
1032 00:52:34,447 00:52:37,247 And in that climate, on that landscape, And in that climate, on that landscape,
1033 00:52:37,249 00:52:38,579 We went to the moon. We went to the moon.
1034 00:52:38,583 00:52:39,883 So don't turn around and tell me So don't turn around and tell me
1035 00:52:39,884 00:52:41,353 That these past four decades That these past four decades
1036 00:52:41,354 00:52:43,152 We've had challenges we couldn't overcome. We've had challenges we couldn't overcome.
1037 00:52:43,153 00:52:44,722 That's why we're not going into space. That's why we're not going into space.
1038 00:52:44,723 00:52:47,391 No, that's not the reason we're not going into space. No, that's not the reason we're not going into space.
1039 00:52:59,500 00:53:04,438 It is the most natural question in the world to say... It is the most natural question in the world to say...
1040 00:53:04,439 00:53:06,939 You know, if you're a young person in this country, You know, if you're a young person in this country,
1041 00:53:06,941 00:53:09,411 "wait a second, we were on the moon? "wait a second, we were on the moon?
1042 00:53:10,810 00:53:13,410 "American citizens were walking around, "American citizens were walking around,
1043 00:53:13,413 00:53:15,313 "jumping around on the moon? "jumping around on the moon?
1044 00:53:15,314 00:53:18,849 "They were driving a golf cart on the moon? "They were driving a golf cart on the moon?
1045 00:53:18,850 00:53:21,250 "They brought back hundreds of pounds "They brought back hundreds of pounds
1046 00:53:21,252 00:53:24,352 "of specially selected rock samples "of specially selected rock samples
1047 00:53:24,355 00:53:27,485 "to see what the geological history of the moon was... "to see what the geological history of the moon was...
1048 00:53:28,790 00:53:30,390 "and you stopped? "and you stopped?
1049 00:53:31,358 00:53:32,858 "Why did you stop? "Why did you stop?
1050 00:53:34,227 00:53:36,287 Are you people nuts?" Are you people nuts?"
1051 00:53:36,296 00:53:38,256 My read of history tells me there's only My read of history tells me there's only
1052 00:53:38,264 00:53:39,964 Two, maybe three motivations Two, maybe three motivations
1053 00:53:39,965 00:53:41,755 For ever doing something so grand For ever doing something so grand
1054 00:53:41,766 00:53:42,966 And one of them is war. And one of them is war.
1055 00:53:45,301 00:53:48,937 The other is money. Let's do it for money. The other is money. Let's do it for money.
1056 00:53:48,938 00:53:50,838 If you can do it for money, it'll happen. If you can do it for money, it'll happen.
1057 00:53:50,839 00:53:54,409 I've never seen anyone do it to explore. I've never seen anyone do it to explore.
1058 00:53:55,509 00:53:58,539 There is a growing tendency to think of man There is a growing tendency to think of man
1059 00:53:58,546 00:54:02,806 As a rational thinking being, which is absurd. As a rational thinking being, which is absurd.
1060 00:54:02,816 00:54:05,376 There is simply no evidence of any intelligence There is simply no evidence of any intelligence
1061 00:54:05,385 00:54:06,645 On the earth. On the earth.
1062 00:54:06,652 00:54:09,352 Mm-hmm, wait! Mm-hmm, wait!
1063 00:54:23,266 00:54:27,966 Why did we stop producing Saturn V rockets? Why did we stop producing Saturn V rockets?
1064 00:54:29,570 00:54:32,906 It's one of the great mysteries to me. It's one of the great mysteries to me.
1065 00:54:32,907 00:54:37,377 The Saturn V rocket can put more mass The Saturn V rocket can put more mass
1066 00:54:37,378 00:54:42,408 Into low-earth orbit than our shuttle. Into low-earth orbit than our shuttle.
1067 00:54:42,415 00:54:45,375 It had been a natural to help build It had been a natural to help build
1068 00:54:45,384 00:54:47,424 The international space station. The international space station.
1069 00:54:52,421 00:54:54,421 The Saturn V was a really unique rocket The Saturn V was a really unique rocket
1070 00:54:54,424 00:54:56,364 In the sense that it was really In the sense that it was really
1071 00:54:56,365 00:54:59,689 The first rocket designed for exploration. The first rocket designed for exploration.
1072 00:54:59,695 00:55:02,355 The mercury project's launched on a red-stone, The mercury project's launched on a red-stone,
1073 00:55:02,364 00:55:04,364 Which was an intermediate-range ballistic missile. Which was an intermediate-range ballistic missile.
1074 00:55:04,366 00:55:06,426 It was modified. Then the Gemini It was modified. Then the Gemini
1075 00:55:06,434 00:55:08,734 Went up on a titan, which was an ICBM. Went up on a titan, which was an ICBM.
1076 00:55:08,736 00:55:11,736 So, the Saturn program was really the first rocket So, the Saturn program was really the first rocket
1077 00:55:11,739 00:55:13,339 That was never designed That was never designed
1078 00:55:13,340 00:55:15,010 To be launching missiles on other people. To be launching missiles on other people.
1079 00:55:15,011 00:55:17,038 It was actually the first one that was designed It was actually the first one that was designed
1080 00:55:17,043 00:55:20,011 To launch people to new destinations. To launch people to new destinations.
1081 00:55:20,012 00:55:22,712 So the Saturn V was a leap beyond anything So the Saturn V was a leap beyond anything
1082 00:55:22,714 00:55:24,384 That had been seen before. That had been seen before.
1083 00:55:25,715 00:55:29,475 It had five million-and-a- half-pound thrust engines It had five million-and-a- half-pound thrust engines
1084 00:55:29,486 00:55:31,046 On just the first stage. On just the first stage.
1085 00:55:31,054 00:55:32,721 The second stage had five The second stage had five
1086 00:55:32,722 00:55:35,460 Quarter-million-pound thrust hydrogen engines on it, Quarter-million-pound thrust hydrogen engines on it,
1087 00:55:35,461 00:55:37,318 And had a third stage with another And had a third stage with another
1088 00:55:37,326 00:55:38,586 Quarter-million-pound thrust. Quarter-million-pound thrust.
1089 00:55:38,593 00:55:42,393 It was something that had never been done before It was something that had never been done before
1090 00:55:42,396 00:55:44,556 And it worked very well And it worked very well
1091 00:55:44,564 00:55:46,531 And it was able to do things And it was able to do things
1092 00:55:46,532 00:55:48,372 That nothing could have been able to do That nothing could have been able to do
1093 00:55:48,373 00:55:50,397 And nothing can do today. And nothing can do today.
1094 00:56:00,376 00:56:02,676 We have a tendency in this country, We have a tendency in this country,
1095 00:56:02,679 00:56:05,409 Like "the tortoise and the hare." Like "the tortoise and the hare."
1096 00:56:05,415 00:56:06,845 We are the hare. We are the hare.
1097 00:56:06,849 00:56:08,379 We build something, we do something, We build something, we do something,
1098 00:56:08,383 00:56:10,683 We go back and try something else. We go back and try something else.
1099 00:56:10,685 00:56:12,945 Look, folks, modern design! Look, folks, modern design!
1100 00:56:12,953 00:56:14,787 Whoo, whoo, whoo hoo! Whoo, whoo, whoo hoo!
1101 00:56:14,788 00:56:16,818 The Russians, in the meanwhile, The Russians, in the meanwhile,
1102 00:56:16,823 00:56:18,557 Are the tortoise. Are the tortoise.
1103 00:56:18,558 00:56:21,358 They build something, they keep it going. They build something, they keep it going.
1104 00:56:21,360 00:56:23,490 Do you know that the booster, Do you know that the booster,
1105 00:56:23,495 00:56:29,695 The rocket that put Yuri Krekorian up in space in 1961 The rocket that put Yuri Krekorian up in space in 1961
1106 00:56:29,700 00:56:32,768 Is basically the same vehicle Is basically the same vehicle
1107 00:56:32,769 00:56:36,338 That's putting our astronauts and their cosmonauts That's putting our astronauts and their cosmonauts
1108 00:56:36,339 00:56:39,669 Into the international space station today? Into the international space station today?
1109 00:56:39,675 00:56:41,635 The same vehicle, The same vehicle,
1110 00:56:41,643 00:56:44,378 And yet, we don't keep ours. And yet, we don't keep ours.
1111 00:56:44,379 00:56:46,509 The Saturn V could have been improved. The Saturn V could have been improved.
1112 00:56:46,514 00:56:49,782 That'd been a good stepping stone towards That'd been a good stepping stone towards
1113 00:56:49,783 00:56:52,050 Going back to the moon. Going back to the moon.
1114 00:56:52,051 00:56:55,520 We could have improved the lunar module. We could have improved the lunar module.
1115 00:56:55,521 00:56:57,788 We couldn't done lots of things We couldn't done lots of things
1116 00:56:57,789 00:57:00,589 To the Saturn V to upgrade it, To the Saturn V to upgrade it,
1117 00:57:00,591 00:57:04,561 And we'd have had, still, a viable lunar program going. And we'd have had, still, a viable lunar program going.
1118 00:57:05,727 00:57:07,357 It's a tragedy, It's a tragedy,
1119 00:57:07,362 00:57:09,432 And I'll mention that every time that someone tells me. And I'll mention that every time that someone tells me.
1120 00:57:09,433 00:57:13,670 It's a tragedy that we stopped building the Saturn V rocket. It's a tragedy that we stopped building the Saturn V rocket.
1121 00:57:20,505 00:57:23,565 The decision to stop production of the Saturn V The decision to stop production of the Saturn V
1122 00:57:23,575 00:57:27,675 Dates back really to the Lyndon Johnson administration. Dates back really to the Lyndon Johnson administration.
1123 00:57:27,679 00:57:30,709 The space agency, facing severe budget restrictions, The space agency, facing severe budget restrictions,
1124 00:57:30,715 00:57:33,475 Has decided to cut back Apollo moon landing missions Has decided to cut back Apollo moon landing missions
1125 00:57:33,484 00:57:34,724 To two flights a year. To two flights a year.
1126 00:57:34,725 00:57:36,618 NASA had stopped ordering NASA had stopped ordering
1127 00:57:36,619 00:57:40,819 Long lead-time items for the Saturn V in 1968 Long lead-time items for the Saturn V in 1968
1128 00:57:40,823 00:57:45,059 And announced suspension of its production. And announced suspension of its production.
1129 00:57:45,060 00:57:47,160 There were 15 built, and then there weren't There were 15 built, and then there weren't
1130 00:57:47,162 00:57:48,529 Gonna be any more. Gonna be any more.
1131 00:57:48,530 00:57:51,030 Then there were ambitious recommendations Then there were ambitious recommendations
1132 00:57:51,032 00:57:53,400 To Nixon in September of '69 To Nixon in September of '69
1133 00:57:53,401 00:57:56,870 To use mars as a long-term goal of the program To use mars as a long-term goal of the program
1134 00:57:56,871 00:57:59,101 And build a space station. And build a space station.
1135 00:58:00,739 00:58:04,709 Those recommendations were rejected in the fall of '69, Those recommendations were rejected in the fall of '69,
1136 00:58:04,710 00:58:07,810 And then there was no need for And then there was no need for
1137 00:58:07,813 00:58:11,083 The kind of capability represented by the Saturn V, The kind of capability represented by the Saturn V,
1138 00:58:11,084 00:58:15,852 So it was in the budget cycle in December of 1969 So it was in the budget cycle in December of 1969
1139 00:58:15,853 00:58:19,593 That the decision finally was made to suspend production, That the decision finally was made to suspend production,
1140 00:58:19,594 00:58:21,960 Basically shut the program down. Basically shut the program down.
1141 00:58:57,558 00:58:59,158 We had a president who was We had a president who was
1142 00:58:59,159 00:59:03,089 Not particularly interested in the space program. Not particularly interested in the space program.
1143 00:59:03,096 00:59:09,196 We had a... Vietnam war that was picking up a lot of money We had a... Vietnam war that was picking up a lot of money
1144 00:59:09,201 00:59:15,201 And... So as soon as the NASA budget And... So as soon as the NASA budget
1145 00:59:15,206 00:59:19,236 For Apollo began to drop off a little, For Apollo began to drop off a little,
1146 00:59:19,243 00:59:21,711 The white house looked at it The white house looked at it
1147 00:59:21,712 00:59:23,242 Like a big place to get money. Like a big place to get money.
1148 00:59:48,836 00:59:51,166 Thomas Paine, administrator of the space agency, Thomas Paine, administrator of the space agency,
1149 00:59:51,171 00:59:53,541 Said today that 50,000 people will be dropped Said today that 50,000 people will be dropped
1150 00:59:53,542 00:59:55,070 And the space program stretched out And the space program stretched out
1151 00:59:55,074 00:59:59,844 "very stringent budget cuts ordered by president Nixon." "very stringent budget cuts ordered by president Nixon."
1152 00:59:59,845 01:00:01,705 Most of those who will lose their jobs Most of those who will lose their jobs
1153 01:00:01,713 01:00:03,613 Work for private contractors, Work for private contractors,
1154 01:00:03,614 01:00:05,584 The rest for the space agency. The rest for the space agency.
1155 01:00:05,585 01:00:09,918 Paine said production of the Saturn V rocket will be ended. Paine said production of the Saturn V rocket will be ended.
1156 01:00:09,919 01:00:11,719 The last one will be used to launch The last one will be used to launch
1157 01:00:11,720 01:00:13,750 An experimental space station. An experimental space station.
1158 01:00:13,755 01:00:18,685 At the Marshall space flight center in Huntsville, Alabama. At the Marshall space flight center in Huntsville, Alabama.
1159 01:00:52,657 01:00:55,826 The idea of going to mars was not selling. The idea of going to mars was not selling.
1160 01:00:55,827 01:00:58,627 Putting a base on the moon was not selling. Putting a base on the moon was not selling.
1161 01:00:58,629 01:01:01,099 We weren't gonna get the big space station. We weren't gonna get the big space station.
1162 01:01:01,100 01:01:03,628 We knew we weren't gonna get the nuclear rocket. We knew we weren't gonna get the nuclear rocket.
1163 01:01:03,633 01:01:05,733 With the Apollo program doing so well, With the Apollo program doing so well,
1164 01:01:05,735 01:01:07,965 We thought we would be able to at least continue We thought we would be able to at least continue
1165 01:01:07,970 01:01:12,270 With the sort of budget support that we had had for Apollo, With the sort of budget support that we had had for Apollo,
1166 01:01:12,274 01:01:16,010 Which had been terrific, and... Didn't happen, Which had been terrific, and... Didn't happen,
1167 01:01:16,011 01:01:19,611 And so we were pretty depressed group for a while. And so we were pretty depressed group for a while.
1168 01:01:19,614 01:01:21,914 Saturn V, Saturn IB, Saturn V, Saturn IB,
1169 01:01:21,916 01:01:24,746 Command module... all disappeared. Command module... all disappeared.
1170 01:01:26,185 01:01:28,085 And there will be a mission to mars someday, And there will be a mission to mars someday,
1171 01:01:28,087 01:01:30,017 But I don't know when. But I don't know when.
1172 01:01:30,022 01:01:32,062 50 years from now maybe. 50 years from now maybe.
1173 01:01:48,270 01:01:50,839 When I look at the present direction When I look at the present direction
1174 01:01:50,840 01:01:52,840 Of our space program today... Of our space program today...
1175 01:01:53,875 01:01:55,805 I feel disappointed. I feel disappointed.
1176 01:01:55,811 01:01:59,711 I feel that our leaders don't really I feel that our leaders don't really
1177 01:01:59,714 01:02:03,283 Have a good reason for continuing it. Have a good reason for continuing it.
1178 01:02:03,284 01:02:08,187 I think that... that it's not their desire to really have I think that... that it's not their desire to really have
1179 01:02:08,188 01:02:13,018 A first-class, first-rate program that they can be proud of A first-class, first-rate program that they can be proud of
1180 01:02:13,026 01:02:17,496 And we look at ways that we waste money in this country And we look at ways that we waste money in this country
1181 01:02:17,497 01:02:20,027 When we could put it to good use When we could put it to good use
1182 01:02:20,032 01:02:22,967 In a program that everybody really... In a program that everybody really...
1183 01:02:22,968 01:02:26,038 The average individual... really wants to see done, The average individual... really wants to see done,
1184 01:02:26,039 01:02:29,097 Then it... it kind of makes me feel sad. Then it... it kind of makes me feel sad.
1185 01:02:29,106 01:02:31,136 Today, we stand on the shoulders of giants. Today, we stand on the shoulders of giants.
1186 01:02:32,141 01:02:34,877 And we have to honor those people. And we have to honor those people.
1187 01:02:34,878 01:02:37,138 I know a lot of Apollo astronauts. I know a lot of Apollo astronauts.
1188 01:02:37,146 01:02:39,946 They're pretty pissed off... They're pretty pissed off...
1189 01:02:39,948 01:02:41,778 'cause they did their job, 'cause they did their job,
1190 01:02:41,783 01:02:43,420 They did what they were asked to do, They did what they were asked to do,
1191 01:02:43,421 01:02:45,077 They put their lives on the line. They put their lives on the line.
1192 01:02:45,085 01:02:48,215 They went out and they did something incredible... They went out and they did something incredible...
1193 01:02:48,221 01:02:50,889 And then nothing happened. And then nothing happened.
1194 01:02:50,890 01:02:55,290 Can NASA mount a project? Can they do a project anymore? Can NASA mount a project? Can they do a project anymore?
1195 01:02:55,294 01:02:58,362 Or does the project become so politicized Or does the project become so politicized
1196 01:02:58,363 01:03:00,233 And so wrapped up in Washington And so wrapped up in Washington
1197 01:03:00,234 01:03:03,431 That it gets strangulated and can't happen? That it gets strangulated and can't happen?
1198 01:03:03,434 01:03:05,904 Unfortunately, I come from the '60s. Unfortunately, I come from the '60s.
1199 01:03:07,937 01:03:11,167 I'm not cynical. I come from the '60s... I'm not cynical. I come from the '60s...
1200 01:03:11,174 01:03:14,344 The greatest project management the world has ever seen The greatest project management the world has ever seen
1201 01:03:14,345 01:03:16,283 On any project, and we did it. On any project, and we did it.
1202 01:03:18,212 01:03:20,012 We did it urgently. We did it urgently.
1203 01:03:20,014 01:03:22,054 We did it on cost, on schedule, We did it on cost, on schedule,
1204 01:03:22,055 01:03:28,149 Even with 45 years of hindsight history, we did it right. Even with 45 years of hindsight history, we did it right.
1205 01:03:28,155 01:03:31,055 I believe that when we landed I believe that when we landed
1206 01:03:31,057 01:03:34,826 On the moon in 1969 as a flight tracker, On the moon in 1969 as a flight tracker,
1207 01:03:34,827 01:03:38,196 My children would see an American back on the moon. My children would see an American back on the moon.
1208 01:03:38,197 01:03:41,327 I'm starting to lose that belief. I'm starting to lose that belief.
1209 01:03:41,333 01:03:43,073 I had hoped that I would see it myself. I had hoped that I would see it myself.
1210 01:03:43,074 01:03:45,938 That is now... Impossible. That is now... Impossible.
1211 01:03:47,003 01:03:50,940 Ironically, going to the moon Ironically, going to the moon
1212 01:03:50,941 01:03:54,241 Could have been a natural continuation Could have been a natural continuation
1213 01:03:54,244 01:03:57,012 Of the westward migration Of the westward migration
1214 01:03:57,013 01:03:59,280 That began with the 13 colonies That began with the 13 colonies
1215 01:03:59,281 01:04:04,117 And continued to the end of the 1800s, And continued to the end of the 1800s,
1216 01:04:04,118 01:04:06,418 But we didn't do it that way. But we didn't do it that way.
1217 01:04:06,420 01:04:09,950 We had a government planned crisis project We had a government planned crisis project
1218 01:04:09,956 01:04:13,356 Instead of opening up space like a frontier. Instead of opening up space like a frontier.
1219 01:04:13,359 01:04:14,929 You realized during the entire You realized during the entire
1220 01:04:14,930 01:04:17,127 Golden age of space exploration Golden age of space exploration
1221 01:04:17,129 01:04:19,129 That we generally associate with the 1960s That we generally associate with the 1960s
1222 01:04:19,131 01:04:21,098 And the voyage to the moon, And the voyage to the moon,
1223 01:04:21,099 01:04:23,369 We remember ourselves as pioneers in that era, We remember ourselves as pioneers in that era,
1224 01:04:23,370 01:04:27,067 But in fact, we were reactive... But in fact, we were reactive...
1225 01:04:28,236 01:04:31,066 To the statements made by the soviets To the statements made by the soviets
1226 01:04:31,073 01:04:35,576 Rather than proactive in fulfillment of dreams we had. Rather than proactive in fulfillment of dreams we had.
1227 01:04:35,577 01:04:38,077 They put up a satellite, we gotta put up a satellite. They put up a satellite, we gotta put up a satellite.
1228 01:04:38,079 01:04:40,179 They put a animal... non-human animal in orbit, They put a animal... non-human animal in orbit,
1229 01:04:40,181 01:04:41,881 We put a non-human animal. We put a non-human animal.
1230 01:04:41,882 01:04:45,517 They put up a first human, we put up a first human. They put up a first human, we put up a first human.
1231 01:04:45,518 01:04:47,178 This went on and on and on This went on and on and on
1232 01:04:47,186 01:04:50,286 With Russia beating us in practically everything. With Russia beating us in practically everything.
1233 01:04:52,089 01:04:54,519 Then we get to the moon before they did. We said, "we win." Then we get to the moon before they did. We said, "we win."
1234 01:04:58,361 01:05:01,861 If that's how we look at it, we didn't understand... If that's how we look at it, we didn't understand...
1235 01:05:03,130 01:05:07,070 Who was pioneering that race. Who was pioneering that race.
1236 01:05:10,436 01:05:15,006 So, we are better at reacting than pro-acting. So, we are better at reacting than pro-acting.
1237 01:05:16,140 01:05:17,910 Given that fact, we may have to sink Given that fact, we may have to sink
1238 01:05:17,911 01:05:22,609 Deeper into economic... Poverty as a nation Deeper into economic... Poverty as a nation
1239 01:05:22,613 01:05:24,981 Before we wake up and say, Before we wake up and say,
1240 01:05:24,982 01:05:26,882 "we gotta do something about this." "we gotta do something about this."
1241 01:05:29,217 01:05:33,117 It's an unfortunate fact of how we function. It's an unfortunate fact of how we function.
1242 01:05:33,121 01:05:35,151 You know, there's a generation out there right now You know, there's a generation out there right now
1243 01:05:35,156 01:05:37,076 That doesn't believe we've ever been to the moon. That doesn't believe we've ever been to the moon.
1244 01:05:38,057 01:05:41,257 Now, that's not because the shadows Now, that's not because the shadows
1245 01:05:41,261 01:05:43,961 From the flag fall the wrong way From the flag fall the wrong way
1246 01:05:43,963 01:05:46,197 Or the lens flare is wrong Or the lens flare is wrong
1247 01:05:46,198 01:05:49,528 Or you can't see the stars because of the contrast ratio Or you can't see the stars because of the contrast ratio
1248 01:05:49,534 01:05:52,674 Or this or that or the other or anything like that. Or this or that or the other or anything like that.
1249 01:05:52,675 01:05:58,370 The real reason that any of that... Sticks at all... The real reason that any of that... Sticks at all...
1250 01:05:59,340 01:06:02,009 Is that we're not there now... Is that we're not there now...
1251 01:06:02,010 01:06:03,610 And it's incredibly hard to believe And it's incredibly hard to believe
1252 01:06:03,611 01:06:05,981 That if we ever did something that magnificent, That if we ever did something that magnificent,
1253 01:06:05,982 01:06:08,410 That exciting, that inspirational... That exciting, that inspirational...
1254 01:06:09,915 01:06:12,345 Why did we stop? Why did we stop?
1255 01:06:12,351 01:06:15,351 That's the reason there's people who believe we never went. That's the reason there's people who believe we never went.
1256 01:06:15,354 01:06:18,422 Why aren't we there now? Why aren't we there now?
1257 01:06:18,423 01:06:21,958 It's peace time, Jim. The government isn't making that kind of appropriations. It's peace time, Jim. The government isn't making that kind of appropriations.
1258 01:06:21,959 01:06:23,589 Oh, they'll need the rocket one of these days Oh, they'll need the rocket one of these days
1259 01:06:23,593 01:06:25,633 And if it's not ready, the government will do the job. And if it's not ready, the government will do the job.
1260 01:06:25,634 01:06:28,997 And they'll turn to you, to private industry, to do it. And they'll turn to you, to private industry, to do it.
1261 01:06:28,998 01:06:31,228 Government always does that when it gets in a jam. Government always does that when it gets in a jam.
1262 01:06:31,233 01:06:37,037 I figured we might be ready for the government. I figured we might be ready for the government.
1263 01:06:37,038 01:06:41,068 The British government explored Hudson bay. The British government explored Hudson bay.
1264 01:06:41,075 01:06:44,005 Then, the Hudson bay company was created. Then, the Hudson bay company was created.
1265 01:06:44,011 01:06:46,381 The us government explores the moon, The us government explores the moon,
1266 01:06:46,382 01:06:50,049 Then the lunar, Gofindlunarrocks. Com Then the lunar, Gofindlunarrocks. Com
1267 01:06:50,050 01:06:51,980 Company will get created. Company will get created.
1268 01:06:51,985 01:06:55,115 We have companies now, space-x leading the way, We have companies now, space-x leading the way,
1269 01:06:55,121 01:06:57,451 Bringing cargo to and from the space station. Bringing cargo to and from the space station.
1270 01:06:57,456 01:07:00,186 That should have been happening decades ago. That should have been happening decades ago.
1271 01:07:00,192 01:07:02,732 You don't need astronauts to serve as truck drivers You don't need astronauts to serve as truck drivers
1272 01:07:02,733 01:07:05,157 Hauling cargo back and forth. Hauling cargo back and forth.
1273 01:07:05,162 01:07:07,100 An unmanned vehicle can do that An unmanned vehicle can do that
1274 01:07:07,101 01:07:09,557 And let the commercial marketplace take care of it. And let the commercial marketplace take care of it.
1275 01:07:09,566 01:07:11,226 Let them bid for that. Let them bid for that.
1276 01:07:11,234 01:07:13,034 They can do it faster, cheaper, better, They can do it faster, cheaper, better,
1277 01:07:13,035 01:07:16,195 Than any government program could do it, for sure. Than any government program could do it, for sure.
1278 01:07:16,204 01:07:18,574 When airplanes were first beginning, When airplanes were first beginning,
1279 01:07:18,575 01:07:21,341 A very smart group of people decided A very smart group of people decided
1280 01:07:21,342 01:07:23,042 That they were not going to... That they were not going to...
1281 01:07:23,043 01:07:25,513 America was not going to own its own fleet, America was not going to own its own fleet,
1282 01:07:25,514 01:07:26,742 Its own airline. Its own airline.
1283 01:07:26,746 01:07:28,546 It said, "what we're gonna do is help build" It said, "what we're gonna do is help build"
1284 01:07:28,547 01:07:31,307 The airline industry and the airplane industry," The airline industry and the airplane industry,"
1285 01:07:31,316 01:07:33,316 And they did that by simply guaranteeing And they did that by simply guaranteeing
1286 01:07:33,318 01:07:34,518 A certain amount of mail A certain amount of mail
1287 01:07:34,519 01:07:37,149 That was gonna be traveling on airplanes. That was gonna be traveling on airplanes.
1288 01:07:37,154 01:07:39,454 And what happened was that an industry developed And what happened was that an industry developed
1289 01:07:39,456 01:07:41,386 Here America became the leading country Here America became the leading country
1290 01:07:41,391 01:07:44,059 And the leading technology developer And the leading technology developer
1291 01:07:44,060 01:07:47,260 Of what we now know as modern aviation. Of what we now know as modern aviation.
1292 01:08:00,574 01:08:02,274 People should be able to come up People should be able to come up
1293 01:08:02,276 01:08:05,036 With creative, beneficial things With creative, beneficial things
1294 01:08:05,045 01:08:08,175 That they can figure out how to afford to do That they can figure out how to afford to do
1295 01:08:08,181 01:08:12,281 And if there's science involved that can benefit the country And if there's science involved that can benefit the country
1296 01:08:12,285 01:08:14,785 And the federal government can get involved, And the federal government can get involved,
1297 01:08:14,787 01:08:17,387 If there's technology that needs to be developed If there's technology that needs to be developed
1298 01:08:17,389 01:08:21,019 That can help people, the government can get involved there. That can help people, the government can get involved there.
1299 01:08:21,025 01:08:24,125 We could have partnerships and we can move out. We could have partnerships and we can move out.
1300 01:08:24,128 01:08:26,328 We can have the 21st century equivalent We can have the 21st century equivalent
1301 01:08:26,330 01:08:28,660 Of the transcontinental railroad, Of the transcontinental railroad,
1302 01:08:28,665 01:08:31,665 Which by the way, was built by private companies Which by the way, was built by private companies
1303 01:08:31,668 01:08:34,598 Without a government department of railroads Without a government department of railroads
1304 01:08:34,604 01:08:36,174 Telling them how to do it. Telling them how to do it.
1305 01:08:37,238 01:08:38,768 We did it with land grants. We did it with land grants.
1306 01:08:38,773 01:08:41,173 Well, we could do the same thing in space. Well, we could do the same thing in space.
1307 01:08:41,175 01:08:43,235 We could do the same sort of We could do the same sort of
1308 01:08:43,243 01:08:45,143 Innovative partnerships in space. Innovative partnerships in space.
1309 01:08:45,144 01:08:48,412 From this sort of bureaucratic mindset From this sort of bureaucratic mindset
1310 01:08:48,413 01:08:51,451 That it needs to be a government program to do it for us. That it needs to be a government program to do it for us.
1311 01:08:51,452 01:08:54,749 The vast amount of brains, talents, special skills, The vast amount of brains, talents, special skills,
1312 01:08:54,752 01:08:57,052 And research facilities necessary for this project And research facilities necessary for this project
1313 01:08:57,054 01:08:59,794 Are not in the government, nor can they be mobilized Are not in the government, nor can they be mobilized
1314 01:08:59,795 01:09:03,290 By the government in peacetime without fatal delay. By the government in peacetime without fatal delay.
1315 01:09:03,293 01:09:06,293 Only American industry can do this job. Only American industry can do this job.
1316 01:09:06,296 01:09:09,226 The way frontiers have been opened, The way frontiers have been opened,
1317 01:09:09,232 01:09:11,232 And the way that they should be opened, And the way that they should be opened,
1318 01:09:11,234 01:09:15,203 Is by an interaction of the private and the public sector, Is by an interaction of the private and the public sector,
1319 01:09:15,204 01:09:17,804 Working for the good of all Working for the good of all
1320 01:09:17,806 01:09:20,636 So that the government is providing So that the government is providing
1321 01:09:20,642 01:09:23,242 A Lewis and Clark function, A Lewis and Clark function,
1322 01:09:23,244 01:09:26,813 A Magellan function, a drake function, A Magellan function, a drake function,
1323 01:09:26,814 01:09:30,316 And then those explorers are returning And then those explorers are returning
1324 01:09:30,317 01:09:32,517 And telling us about what's over the hill, And telling us about what's over the hill,
1325 01:09:32,519 01:09:35,087 What's across that ocean, What's across that ocean,
1326 01:09:35,088 01:09:39,288 And then the private sector moves into that realm And then the private sector moves into that realm
1327 01:09:39,292 01:09:43,761 And begins to turn what it is that's been found And begins to turn what it is that's been found
1328 01:09:43,762 01:09:46,262 Into new land, new wealth, Into new land, new wealth,
1329 01:09:48,632 01:09:51,501 And that's how you open a frontier. And that's how you open a frontier.
1330 01:09:51,502 01:09:53,536 You don't open a frontier You don't open a frontier
1331 01:09:53,537 01:09:57,667 By sending a few highly- paid government employees By sending a few highly- paid government employees
1332 01:09:57,674 01:10:03,711 Out there in a large and expensive government vehicle Out there in a large and expensive government vehicle
1333 01:10:03,712 01:10:09,112 And throwing most of it away on the way there and back. And throwing most of it away on the way there and back.
1334 01:10:13,153 01:10:14,853 Well, I know one thing. Well, I know one thing.
1335 01:10:14,854 01:10:17,654 If they do build a space station in my lifetime, If they do build a space station in my lifetime,
1336 01:10:17,656 01:10:19,416 Or send a ship to the moon, Or send a ship to the moon,
1337 01:10:19,424 01:10:21,324 I'm gonna be ready to go. I'm gonna be ready to go.
1338 01:10:21,325 01:10:23,285 What courses are you taking next year? What courses are you taking next year?
1339 01:10:23,293 01:10:25,493 Oh, my schedule is already made out. Oh, my schedule is already made out.
1340 01:10:25,495 01:10:28,325 In the ninth grade, you have to take mathematics In the ninth grade, you have to take mathematics
1341 01:10:28,331 01:10:30,831 - And English and history... - no science? - And English and history... - no science?
1342 01:10:30,833 01:10:32,433 Well, I had my choice of taking Well, I had my choice of taking
1343 01:10:32,434 01:10:34,404 General science this year or next, General science this year or next,
1344 01:10:34,405 01:10:36,302 But I've put it off a year. But I've put it off a year.
1345 01:10:36,303 01:10:38,203 Then you put your trip off a year. Then you put your trip off a year.
1346 01:10:38,204 01:10:41,372 Science is the engine of prosperity. Science is the engine of prosperity.
1347 01:10:41,373 01:10:44,343 All the wealth we see around us comes from science, All the wealth we see around us comes from science,
1348 01:10:44,344 01:10:48,478 But science is made by scientists, mainly young people. But science is made by scientists, mainly young people.
1349 01:10:48,479 01:10:51,247 Young people have to be inspired. Young people have to be inspired.
1350 01:10:51,248 01:10:53,178 They have to look into the sky and say, They have to look into the sky and say,
1351 01:10:53,183 01:10:55,653 "wow, I wanna be part of this great endeavor "wow, I wanna be part of this great endeavor
1352 01:10:55,654 01:10:57,719 To explore the universe." To explore the universe."
1353 01:10:57,720 01:11:00,920 The real spin-off that matters The real spin-off that matters
1354 01:11:00,924 01:11:03,524 Out of the Apollo program... Out of the Apollo program...
1355 01:11:03,526 01:11:08,556 Was a generation that saw that Was a generation that saw that
1356 01:11:08,563 01:11:10,997 And in their mind, they mixed, And in their mind, they mixed,
1357 01:11:10,998 01:11:15,928 "and people really doing something cool out there in space, "and people really doing something cool out there in space,
1358 01:11:15,936 01:11:17,896 "and here's captain kirk "and here's captain kirk
1359 01:11:17,904 01:11:20,604 And these kinds of shows and movies," And these kinds of shows and movies,"
1360 01:11:20,606 01:11:22,006 "2001 space odyssey," "2001 space odyssey,"
1361 01:11:22,007 01:11:23,837 And if you put this all together And if you put this all together
1362 01:11:23,842 01:11:27,382 In the mind of a child or a teenager, what begins to happen In the mind of a child or a teenager, what begins to happen
1363 01:11:27,383 01:11:30,378 Is a synthesis that says, "I wanna do that." Is a synthesis that says, "I wanna do that."
1364 01:11:30,381 01:11:31,981 "Somebody's done it. "Somebody's done it.
1365 01:11:31,982 01:11:33,549 "I can do it. "I can do it.
1366 01:11:33,550 01:11:35,619 I'm gonna figure out how to do it." I'm gonna figure out how to do it."
1367 01:11:35,620 01:11:37,918 The biggest spin-off of the Apollo program The biggest spin-off of the Apollo program
1368 01:11:37,920 01:11:41,720 Was a generation who stayed in school, who studied, Was a generation who stayed in school, who studied,
1369 01:11:41,723 01:11:44,323 And now, they wanna do that. And now, they wanna do that.
1370 01:11:44,325 01:11:46,385 They want to give back to civilization They want to give back to civilization
1371 01:11:46,393 01:11:48,631 In the way that they were inspired to do as children. In the way that they were inspired to do as children.
1372 01:11:48,632 01:11:51,528 My son looked up at me one night and asked me... My son looked up at me one night and asked me...
1373 01:11:51,530 01:11:54,030 Sorry, it still breaks me up... Sorry, it still breaks me up...
1374 01:11:55,532 01:11:57,032 "daddy, is it really true "daddy, is it really true
1375 01:11:57,034 01:12:00,369 That they used to fly to the moon when you were a boy?" That they used to fly to the moon when you were a boy?"
1376 01:12:00,370 01:12:02,870 I was really disappointed that we had not sent anyone to mars, I was really disappointed that we had not sent anyone to mars,
1377 01:12:02,872 01:12:05,542 That we had not progressed beyond Apollo, That we had not progressed beyond Apollo,
1378 01:12:05,543 01:12:08,309 And I kept waiting for when we would, And I kept waiting for when we would,
1379 01:12:08,310 01:12:10,610 And it just didn't happen, year after year. And it just didn't happen, year after year.
1380 01:12:10,612 01:12:14,481 I submit that if we engage in another bold vision I submit that if we engage in another bold vision
1381 01:12:14,482 01:12:15,951 Like we did in the '60s, Like we did in the '60s,
1382 01:12:15,952 01:12:17,620 This time not motivated by war, This time not motivated by war,
1383 01:12:17,621 01:12:20,686 But by an understanding of the impact But by an understanding of the impact
1384 01:12:20,687 01:12:22,617 Of that adventure on our culture... Of that adventure on our culture...
1385 01:12:23,822 01:12:25,522 Our culture... Our culture...
1386 01:12:25,524 01:12:28,424 What people wanted to be when they grew up. What people wanted to be when they grew up.
1387 01:12:28,426 01:12:29,926 I am a child of Apollo. I am a child of Apollo.
1388 01:12:31,027 01:12:34,557 The greatest influences I had growing up The greatest influences I had growing up
1389 01:12:34,564 01:12:37,999 Were NASA and "star trek." Were NASA and "star trek."
1390 01:12:38,000 01:12:40,770 I didn't just believe we were going into space. I didn't just believe we were going into space.
1391 01:12:40,771 01:12:42,599 I expected it. I expected it.
1392 01:12:42,604 01:12:45,404 It stimulates an entire generation It stimulates an entire generation
1393 01:12:45,406 01:12:46,806 Of scientists and technologists. Of scientists and technologists.
1394 01:12:46,807 01:12:48,437 It's the 21st century. It's the 21st century.
1395 01:12:48,441 01:12:50,071 You need them if you care about You need them if you care about
1396 01:12:50,075 01:12:52,505 The health of your economy tomorrow. The health of your economy tomorrow.
1397 01:12:52,510 01:12:54,110 You need folks like that around you. You need folks like that around you.
1398 01:12:54,111 01:12:56,441 I went to the NASA website to just see, I went to the NASA website to just see,
1399 01:12:56,446 01:12:57,476 "when are we going to mars?" "when are we going to mars?"
1400 01:12:57,480 01:12:59,610 And I couldn't find that out. And I couldn't find that out.
1401 01:13:01,717 01:13:03,377 Then I thought, well, Then I thought, well,
1402 01:13:03,385 01:13:06,115 Perhaps this is a question of... of will. Perhaps this is a question of... of will.
1403 01:13:06,121 01:13:09,621 Is there sufficient will to do this? Is there sufficient will to do this?
1404 01:13:09,624 01:13:13,927 The reason I fight so hard for this cause The reason I fight so hard for this cause
1405 01:13:13,928 01:13:17,497 Is because I believe we are here Is because I believe we are here
1406 01:13:17,498 01:13:19,998 To expand and grow To expand and grow
1407 01:13:20,000 01:13:23,500 And carry the light of life into space. And carry the light of life into space.
1408 01:13:23,503 01:13:26,571 If we don't embrace space as a frontier, If we don't embrace space as a frontier,
1409 01:13:26,572 01:13:29,440 What are we as a species? What are we as a species?
1410 01:13:29,441 01:13:31,041 We have the power to do it. We have the power to do it.
1411 01:13:31,042 01:13:32,742 We have the know-how to do it. We have the know-how to do it.
1412 01:13:32,743 01:13:34,643 We know what it can bring us... We know what it can bring us...
1413 01:13:35,744 01:13:40,114 Culturally, economically, militaristically. Culturally, economically, militaristically.
1414 01:13:40,116 01:13:44,616 To not do it is to simply not have the foresight. To not do it is to simply not have the foresight.
1415 01:13:46,820 01:13:49,620 In these final hours before Apollo 17, In these final hours before Apollo 17,
1416 01:13:49,623 01:13:51,490 Some people are gloomy about Some people are gloomy about
1417 01:13:51,491 01:13:53,560 The future of space exploration. The future of space exploration.
1418 01:13:53,561 01:13:56,129 Not among them is Dr. Wernher Von Braun, Not among them is Dr. Wernher Von Braun,
1419 01:13:56,130 01:13:58,498 The retired rocket expert to develop The retired rocket expert to develop
1420 01:13:58,499 01:14:00,697 The big Saturn launch vehicles The big Saturn launch vehicles
1421 01:14:00,699 01:14:03,429 Used to send men on their way to the moon. Used to send men on their way to the moon.
1422 01:14:03,435 01:14:05,595 I talked with Dr. Von Braun earlier this evening. I talked with Dr. Von Braun earlier this evening.
1423 01:14:05,603 01:14:09,138 I think that all good things have an ending. I think that all good things have an ending.
1424 01:14:09,139 01:14:12,169 I consider Apollo a little bit as it were I consider Apollo a little bit as it were
1425 01:14:12,175 01:14:16,975 As a sailing ship and dog sled area for the south pole. As a sailing ship and dog sled area for the south pole.
1426 01:14:16,979 01:14:19,109 Or next time we go to the south pole, Or next time we go to the south pole,
1427 01:14:19,114 01:14:21,548 We'll go by turboprop airplane. We'll go by turboprop airplane.
1428 01:14:21,549 01:14:24,449 We doubled the number of science graduates We doubled the number of science graduates
1429 01:14:24,451 01:14:26,721 In this country during Apollo at every level: In this country during Apollo at every level:
1430 01:14:26,722 01:14:28,819 High school, college, PHD. High school, college, PHD.
1431 01:14:28,821 01:14:30,190 What force was operating to make What force was operating to make
1432 01:14:30,191 01:14:31,689 Everyone want to become scientists? Everyone want to become scientists?
1433 01:14:31,690 01:14:34,020 We were going to the moon. We were going to the moon.
1434 01:14:34,025 01:14:36,755 So, our motivation was militaristically driven, So, our motivation was militaristically driven,
1435 01:14:36,761 01:14:38,891 But we benefited economically from it But we benefited economically from it
1436 01:14:38,896 01:14:41,196 Because scientists and technologists Because scientists and technologists
1437 01:14:41,198 01:14:44,028 Invent the economies of tomorrow. Invent the economies of tomorrow.
1438 01:14:47,970 01:14:51,109 We used to invent new things with such frequency We used to invent new things with such frequency
1439 01:14:51,110 01:14:53,867 That you didn't fix something that was about to break. That you didn't fix something that was about to break.
1440 01:14:53,876 01:14:56,176 You put in something completely new You put in something completely new
1441 01:14:56,178 01:14:59,508 That took you to a new place. That took you to a new place.
1442 01:14:59,514 01:15:01,214 You didn't have to worry about the old thing breaking, You didn't have to worry about the old thing breaking,
1443 01:15:01,215 01:15:04,515 Because you just replaced the entire structure Because you just replaced the entire structure
1444 01:15:04,518 01:15:06,478 With better materials, lighter materials, With better materials, lighter materials,
1445 01:15:06,486 01:15:09,646 More durable materials. More durable materials.
1446 01:15:09,655 01:15:13,885 These are the things that come out of an innovation nation. These are the things that come out of an innovation nation.
1447 01:15:13,892 01:15:15,692 You know how you get in an innovation nation? You know how you get in an innovation nation?
1448 01:15:15,693 01:15:18,031 You put a bold project in front of them You put a bold project in front of them
1449 01:15:18,032 01:15:20,798 That inspires people to want to innovate in the first place. That inspires people to want to innovate in the first place.
1450 01:15:20,799 01:15:24,227 And I know of no greater force of nature And I know of no greater force of nature
1451 01:15:24,233 01:15:27,473 Than what going into space can do... Than what going into space can do...
1452 01:15:28,836 01:15:30,766 For the next generation of people For the next generation of people
1453 01:15:30,772 01:15:34,841 Who are tasked with taking us into the 21st century. Who are tasked with taking us into the 21st century.
1454 01:15:34,842 01:15:38,642 I believe that we can carry this battle I believe that we can carry this battle
1455 01:15:38,645 01:15:42,205 And basically address it, articulate it And basically address it, articulate it
1456 01:15:42,215 01:15:44,975 As an economic challenge to the nation, As an economic challenge to the nation,
1457 01:15:44,984 01:15:46,924 A technological challenge to the nation, A technological challenge to the nation,
1458 01:15:46,925 01:15:49,887 A spiritual challenge to the nation, A spiritual challenge to the nation,
1459 01:15:49,888 01:15:54,858 That we have to believe as a nation... That we have to believe as a nation...
1460 01:15:54,859 01:15:57,259 We are capable of doing difficult things We are capable of doing difficult things
1461 01:15:57,261 01:15:59,228 And move forward and do it. And move forward and do it.
1462 01:15:59,229 01:16:02,829 We need to bring America's character We need to bring America's character
1463 01:16:02,832 01:16:05,602 To bear on America's frontier. To bear on America's frontier.
1464 01:16:06,567 01:16:07,927 And if we do that... And if we do that...
1465 01:16:10,037 01:16:13,767 There is no limit to what we can accomplish. There is no limit to what we can accomplish.
1466 01:16:14,741 01:16:17,577 We were given the Apollo program We were given the Apollo program
1467 01:16:17,578 01:16:19,508 Because of a set of challenges Because of a set of challenges
1468 01:16:19,513 01:16:22,548 That a very young president faced. That a very young president faced.
1469 01:16:22,549 01:16:24,716 We were fortunate at that time We were fortunate at that time
1470 01:16:24,717 01:16:26,577 We had the articulators. We had the articulators.
1471 01:16:26,585 01:16:28,815 We had the Von Brauns and the lows We had the Von Brauns and the lows
1472 01:16:28,820 01:16:31,750 And the gurus who were capable of going up And the gurus who were capable of going up
1473 01:16:31,756 01:16:34,016 And basically talking to this president And basically talking to this president
1474 01:16:34,024 01:16:37,993 And talking to the us congress and selling this program. And talking to the us congress and selling this program.
1475 01:16:37,994 01:16:42,998 We need the people who have that fluency, that belief We need the people who have that fluency, that belief
1476 01:16:42,999 01:16:46,568 And are willing to expend themselves in that cost. And are willing to expend themselves in that cost.
1477 01:16:46,569 01:16:47,899 During the Apollo era, During the Apollo era,
1478 01:16:47,903 01:16:49,872 You didn't need government programs You didn't need government programs
1479 01:16:49,873 01:16:51,137 Trying to convince people Trying to convince people
1480 01:16:51,138 01:16:52,538 That doing science and engineering That doing science and engineering
1481 01:16:52,539 01:16:54,069 Was good for the country. Was good for the country.
1482 01:16:54,073 01:16:56,107 It was self-evident. It was self-evident.
1483 01:16:56,108 01:16:59,708 Maybe we need a department of future thinkers... Maybe we need a department of future thinkers...
1484 01:17:01,211 01:17:04,651 Who aren't thinking, "will I get reelected this November?" Who aren't thinking, "will I get reelected this November?"
1485 01:17:04,652 01:17:08,548 Who aren't thinking, "can we afford this now? Who aren't thinking, "can we afford this now?
1486 01:17:08,551 01:17:10,921 "Are these other problems I have to solve?" no. "Are these other problems I have to solve?" no.
1487 01:17:10,922 01:17:13,790 We need like a new presidential cabinet position: We need like a new presidential cabinet position:
1488 01:17:13,791 01:17:15,919 The futurist. The futurist.
1489 01:17:15,924 01:17:19,626 They can help set priorities for how we invest They can help set priorities for how we invest
1490 01:17:19,627 01:17:22,557 Versus the return on that investment later on. Versus the return on that investment later on.
1491 01:17:24,296 01:17:25,796 That's what we need. That's what we need.
1492 01:17:28,633 01:17:30,633 We don't have that... We don't have that...
1493 01:17:30,636 01:17:32,666 And I've been trying, but I've been failing, And I've been trying, but I've been failing,
1494 01:17:32,671 01:17:34,701 So basically, I gave up. So basically, I gave up.
1495 01:17:34,706 01:17:36,706 Just going back to my lab. Just going back to my lab.
1496 01:17:36,708 01:17:39,638 I'm tired of screaming into people's ears. I'm tired of screaming into people's ears.
1497 01:17:39,644 01:17:40,844 What we got paid back for What we got paid back for
1498 01:17:40,845 01:17:43,105 Were million of scientists, engineers, Were million of scientists, engineers,
1499 01:17:43,113 01:17:45,913 Doctors, medical researchers, inventors, okay? Doctors, medical researchers, inventors, okay?
1500 01:17:45,915 01:17:47,275 Who are the people who created Who are the people who created
1501 01:17:47,283 01:17:49,052 The economic boom of the 1990s? The economic boom of the 1990s?
1502 01:17:49,053 01:17:51,120 These 40-year-old techno billionaires These 40-year-old techno billionaires
1503 01:17:51,121 01:17:52,319 Who built silicon valley. Who built silicon valley.
1504 01:17:52,320 01:17:54,220 These are the 12-year- old of the 1960s. These are the 12-year- old of the 1960s.
1505 01:17:54,221 01:17:59,021 Apollo worked because John F. Kennedy said in 1961, Apollo worked because John F. Kennedy said in 1961,
1506 01:17:59,025 01:18:02,655 "we are going to be on the moon by the end of the decade," "we are going to be on the moon by the end of the decade,"
1507 01:18:02,661 01:18:05,699 And while administrations changed in early 1969, And while administrations changed in early 1969,
1508 01:18:05,700 01:18:07,597 We were practically to the moon We were practically to the moon
1509 01:18:07,598 01:18:10,728 And they weren't about to cancel that at that point. And they weren't about to cancel that at that point.
1510 01:18:10,734 01:18:13,841 If instead, Kennedy had said, "I think it'd be good idea If instead, Kennedy had said, "I think it'd be good idea
1511 01:18:13,842 01:18:16,267 To go to the moon and we should do it by the year 2000," To go to the moon and we should do it by the year 2000,"
1512 01:18:16,272 01:18:18,872 We never would have made it to the moon. We never would have made it to the moon.
1513 01:18:18,874 01:18:20,774 It's not about the rocket equation. It's not about the rocket equation.
1514 01:18:20,775 01:18:22,875 It's not about physics. It's not about physics.
1515 01:18:22,877 01:18:27,046 We solve those issues every single day. We solve those issues every single day.
1516 01:18:27,047 01:18:29,847 We have built a cage around our ideas. We have built a cage around our ideas.
1517 01:18:29,849 01:18:33,749 We have built a cage around our future that says, "you cannot." We have built a cage around our future that says, "you cannot."
1518 01:18:33,752 01:18:36,322 We are telling the generation that exists today We are telling the generation that exists today
1519 01:18:36,323 01:18:38,989 That they're going to have less... That they're going to have less...
1520 01:18:38,990 01:18:40,659 That they should give up their dreams, That they should give up their dreams,
1521 01:18:40,660 01:18:44,227 That their job is to save a planet that we've screwed up. That their job is to save a planet that we've screwed up.
1522 01:18:44,228 01:18:47,728 What really matters is that someday What really matters is that someday
1523 01:18:47,731 01:18:49,631 There's a kid living on the moon, There's a kid living on the moon,
1524 01:18:49,632 01:18:50,832 There's a kid living in free space, There's a kid living in free space,
1525 01:18:50,833 01:18:52,400 There's a kid living on mars, There's a kid living on mars,
1526 01:18:52,401 01:18:53,901 Who looks back at the earth and says, Who looks back at the earth and says,
1527 01:18:53,902 01:18:55,168 "that's where we came from," "that's where we came from,"
1528 01:18:55,169 01:18:56,669 Turns their head, looks the other way, Turns their head, looks the other way,
1529 01:18:56,670 01:18:57,870 And says, "that's what we're going." And says, "that's what we're going."
1530 01:18:57,871 01:19:00,301 It will be a human endeavor. It will be a human endeavor.
1531 01:19:00,306 01:19:03,006 It will bring out the best in humankind. It will bring out the best in humankind.
1532 01:19:03,008 01:19:05,776 Space exploration has changed your life, Space exploration has changed your life,
1533 01:19:05,777 01:19:08,337 And it's made your life better. And it's made your life better.
1534 01:19:08,346 01:19:11,846 The food you eat, your communication systems, The food you eat, your communication systems,
1535 01:19:11,849 01:19:15,849 Your transportation systems are all made better by space. Your transportation systems are all made better by space.
1536 01:19:15,853 01:19:19,322 But deeper and bigger and more importantly, But deeper and bigger and more importantly,
1537 01:19:19,323 01:19:23,759 Your view of your relationship to the cosmos, Your view of your relationship to the cosmos,
1538 01:19:23,760 01:19:25,260 Your place in space, Your place in space,
1539 01:19:25,261 01:19:27,996 Is fundamentally influenced by people Is fundamentally influenced by people
1540 01:19:27,997 01:19:30,427 Who have insisted that we explore space, Who have insisted that we explore space,
1541 01:19:30,432 01:19:32,300 That we go over the horizon, That we go over the horizon,
1542 01:19:32,301 01:19:35,001 That we look beyond what we can see, That we look beyond what we can see,
1543 01:19:35,003 01:19:36,970 And that is all to the good And that is all to the good
1544 01:19:36,971 01:19:39,871 And it is in everyone's best interest to support it. And it is in everyone's best interest to support it.
1545 01:19:41,773 01:19:44,976 We cannot allow ourselves to settle We cannot allow ourselves to settle
1546 01:19:44,977 01:19:48,377 For the condition and the state that we are in today. For the condition and the state that we are in today.
1547 01:19:48,380 01:19:52,380 We have to become the foot soldiers in the fight for space, We have to become the foot soldiers in the fight for space,
1548 01:19:52,384 01:19:54,784 And it has to apply to every person And it has to apply to every person
1549 01:19:54,786 01:19:57,986 Who lives, works, and dreams of space, Who lives, works, and dreams of space,
1550 01:19:57,989 01:19:59,419 And it's time to do it now. And it's time to do it now.
1551 01:32:37,205 01:32:39,305 - I got fired. - -really? - I got fired. - -really?
1552 01:32:39,308 01:32:41,238 Yes, sir, out the door. Yes, sir, out the door.
1553 01:32:41,243 01:32:42,543 "We're not gonna fly you again. "We're not gonna fly you again.
1554 01:32:42,544 01:32:43,813 We don't have a job for you." We don't have a job for you."
1555 01:32:43,814 01:32:45,741 They get tired of hearing this stuff, They get tired of hearing this stuff,
1556 01:32:45,746 01:32:47,846 And when you're jabbing them, the bureaucrats... And when you're jabbing them, the bureaucrats...
1557 01:32:47,848 01:32:49,748 You're jabbing them, You're jabbing them,
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