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1 | 00:00:06,000 | 00:00:12,074 | StreamBox Pro - Best box for movies & shows on your TV! Check out the reviews and order on GRATISSTREAMEN.NL | StreamBox Pro - Best box for movies & shows on your TV! Check out the reviews and order on GRATISSTREAMEN.NL |
2 | 00:00:40,105 | 00:00:43,235 | The area of manned spaceflight budget request for Apollo, | The area of manned spaceflight budget request for Apollo, |
3 | 00:00:43,242 | 00:00:46,477 | Is being reduced by $42.1 million | Is being reduced by $42.1 million |
4 | 00:00:46,478 | 00:00:50,078 | To $916.5 million. | To $916.5 million. |
5 | 00:00:50,081 | 00:00:53,781 | This reduction will be achieved by canceling the Apollo 15 | This reduction will be achieved by canceling the Apollo 15 |
6 | 00:00:53,784 | 00:00:56,152 | And 19 lunar missions, | And 19 lunar missions, |
7 | 00:00:56,153 | 00:00:59,188 | Re-designating the remaining Apollo flights | Re-designating the remaining Apollo flights |
8 | 00:00:59,189 | 00:01:02,289 | As Apollo's 14 through 17. | As Apollo's 14 through 17. |
9 | 00:01:12,765 | 00:01:14,465 | Everything is going smoothly here | Everything is going smoothly here |
10 | 00:01:14,467 | 00:01:17,797 | At the Kennedy space center for the launch of Apollo 17, | At the Kennedy space center for the launch of Apollo 17, |
11 | 00:01:17,803 | 00:01:21,373 | Man's last trip to the moon in the foreseeable future. | Man's last trip to the moon in the foreseeable future. |
12 | 00:01:27,377 | 00:01:31,377 | Three, two, one ignition. | Three, two, one ignition. |
13 | 00:01:31,382 | 00:01:33,122 | We're on our way, Houston. | We're on our way, Houston. |
14 | 00:01:52,768 | 00:01:55,868 | I believe that this nation should commit itself | I believe that this nation should commit itself |
15 | 00:01:55,872 | 00:01:59,672 | To achieving the goal before this decade is out | To achieving the goal before this decade is out |
16 | 00:01:59,675 | 00:02:01,465 | Of landing a man on the moon | Of landing a man on the moon |
17 | 00:02:01,476 | 00:02:04,436 | And returning him safely to the earth. | And returning him safely to the earth. |
18 | 00:02:04,445 | 00:02:07,275 | No single space project in this period | No single space project in this period |
19 | 00:02:07,281 | 00:02:09,611 | Will be more impressive to mankind, | Will be more impressive to mankind, |
20 | 00:02:09,616 | 00:02:13,676 | Or more important for the long-range exploration of space. | Or more important for the long-range exploration of space. |
21 | 00:02:13,686 | 00:02:17,286 | None will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. | None will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. |
22 | 00:02:25,662 | 00:02:28,398 | The average taxpayer is entitled to ask, | The average taxpayer is entitled to ask, |
23 | 00:02:28,399 | 00:02:30,369 | "what's in space for me?" | "what's in space for me?" |
24 | 00:02:31,834 | 00:02:35,237 | T minus 15 seconds, guidance is internal. | T minus 15 seconds, guidance is internal. |
25 | 00:02:35,238 | 00:02:41,308 | 12, 11, 10, nine, ignition sequence start, | 12, 11, 10, nine, ignition sequence start, |
26 | 00:02:41,310 | 00:02:44,910 | Six, five, four, three, | Six, five, four, three, |
27 | 00:02:44,913 | 00:02:50,283 | Two, one, zero. All engine run. | Two, one, zero. All engine run. |
28 | 00:02:50,285 | 00:02:54,615 | Lift off, we have a lift off, 32 minutes past the hour, | Lift off, we have a lift off, 32 minutes past the hour, |
29 | 00:02:54,622 | 00:02:56,522 | Lift off on Apollo 11. | Lift off on Apollo 11. |
30 | 00:02:58,290 | 00:02:59,760 | Roger, we got a roll program. | Roger, we got a roll program. |
31 | 00:02:59,761 | 00:03:01,189 | Tower cleared. | Tower cleared. |
32 | 00:03:01,193 | 00:03:02,463 | Roger, roll. | Roger, roll. |
33 | 00:03:07,496 | 00:03:09,556 | What does spaceflight do for people? | What does spaceflight do for people? |
34 | 00:03:09,565 | 00:03:11,865 | It's a philosophical answer. | It's a philosophical answer. |
35 | 00:03:11,867 | 00:03:17,467 | It's exploration, it's the human spirit of going out there. | It's exploration, it's the human spirit of going out there. |
36 | 00:03:17,471 | 00:03:22,171 | The great thing we wanna know is, "where do we fit in?" | The great thing we wanna know is, "where do we fit in?" |
37 | 00:03:22,175 | 00:03:25,235 | There's two questions that trouble us all | There's two questions that trouble us all |
38 | 00:03:25,244 | 00:03:27,344 | At some point in our life. | At some point in our life. |
39 | 00:03:27,346 | 00:03:29,346 | Where did we come from? | Where did we come from? |
40 | 00:03:29,348 | 00:03:30,848 | And are we alone? | And are we alone? |
41 | 00:03:32,249 | 00:03:33,679 | Without the space program, | Without the space program, |
42 | 00:03:33,684 | 00:03:37,820 | Our economy would be hurled 50 years back into the past. | Our economy would be hurled 50 years back into the past. |
43 | 00:03:37,821 | 00:03:43,521 | GPS, weather satellites, telecommunications, the internet. | GPS, weather satellites, telecommunications, the internet. |
44 | 00:03:43,526 | 00:03:45,286 | By the exploration of the moon, | By the exploration of the moon, |
45 | 00:03:45,294 | 00:03:47,334 | Or by landing on the moon and walking around, | Or by landing on the moon and walking around, |
46 | 00:03:47,335 | 00:03:50,429 | That led to a space program, | That led to a space program, |
47 | 00:03:50,432 | 00:03:52,302 | Which led to global positioning systems, | Which led to global positioning systems, |
48 | 00:03:52,303 | 00:03:55,330 | Which led to so-called space assets, | Which led to so-called space assets, |
49 | 00:03:55,336 | 00:03:58,196 | Which have affected everything. | Which have affected everything. |
50 | 00:03:58,205 | 00:03:59,665 | The reason to explore space | The reason to explore space |
51 | 00:03:59,673 | 00:04:04,243 | Is that it can boost our economy... Period. | Is that it can boost our economy... Period. |
52 | 00:04:04,244 | 00:04:08,447 | It boosts our economy as it changes the culture. | It boosts our economy as it changes the culture. |
53 | 00:04:08,448 | 00:04:10,678 | People think differently. | People think differently. |
54 | 00:04:10,683 | 00:04:13,721 | Think about the future, think about inventing things. | Think about the future, think about inventing things. |
55 | 00:04:13,722 | 00:04:15,288 | Think about making a better tomorrow, | Think about making a better tomorrow, |
56 | 00:04:15,289 | 00:04:17,387 | Rather than just surviving the day. | Rather than just surviving the day. |
57 | 00:04:17,389 | 00:04:18,856 | You go over the hill, | You go over the hill, |
58 | 00:04:18,857 | 00:04:20,717 | You don't know what you're gonna find. | You don't know what you're gonna find. |
59 | 00:04:20,725 | 00:04:22,285 | And you're not gonna go over the hill | And you're not gonna go over the hill |
60 | 00:04:22,293 | 00:04:23,963 | Unless you're curious about it. | Unless you're curious about it. |
61 | 00:04:26,429 | 00:04:30,366 | It transforms the intellectual outlook of a nation, | It transforms the intellectual outlook of a nation, |
62 | 00:04:30,367 | 00:04:34,667 | When a nation embarks on something bold and audacious, | When a nation embarks on something bold and audacious, |
63 | 00:04:34,671 | 00:04:38,911 | Such is going into deep space, as it did in the 1960s. | Such is going into deep space, as it did in the 1960s. |
64 | 00:04:45,777 | 00:04:47,537 | Today a new moon is in the sky, | Today a new moon is in the sky, |
65 | 00:04:47,546 | 00:04:51,506 | A 23-inch metal sphere placed in orbit by a Russian rocket. | A 23-inch metal sphere placed in orbit by a Russian rocket. |
66 | 00:04:51,516 | 00:04:52,746 | Here, an artist's conception | Here, an artist's conception |
67 | 00:04:52,750 | 00:04:54,319 | Of how the feat was accomplished. | Of how the feat was accomplished. |
68 | 00:04:54,320 | 00:04:55,878 | A three-stage rocket. Number one, | A three-stage rocket. Number one, |
69 | 00:04:55,886 | 00:04:58,846 | The booster in the class of an intercontinental missile. | The booster in the class of an intercontinental missile. |
70 | 00:04:58,855 | 00:05:01,315 | Its weight estimated at 50 tons. | Its weight estimated at 50 tons. |
71 | 00:05:01,324 | 00:05:04,693 | A smaller second stage took over at 5,000 miles an hour | A smaller second stage took over at 5,000 miles an hour |
72 | 00:05:04,694 | 00:05:06,932 | And carried on to the highest point reached, | And carried on to the highest point reached, |
73 | 00:05:06,933 | 00:05:09,629 | 500 miles up, the artificial moon is boosted | 500 miles up, the artificial moon is boosted |
74 | 00:05:09,631 | 00:05:11,301 | To a speed counterbalancing | To a speed counterbalancing |
75 | 00:05:11,302 | 00:05:13,929 | The pull of gravity and released. | The pull of gravity and released. |
76 | 00:05:15,901 | 00:05:18,370 | You are hearing the actual signals transmitted | You are hearing the actual signals transmitted |
77 | 00:05:18,371 | 00:05:20,401 | By the earth circling satellite, | By the earth circling satellite, |
78 | 00:05:20,406 | 00:05:23,606 | One of the great scientific feats of the age. | One of the great scientific feats of the age. |
79 | 00:05:23,609 | 00:05:27,578 | In 1957 sputnik was launched. | In 1957 sputnik was launched. |
80 | 00:05:27,579 | 00:05:29,709 | And if you ask me what drove the creation of NASA, | And if you ask me what drove the creation of NASA, |
81 | 00:05:29,714 | 00:05:31,848 | It was the launching of sputnik. | It was the launching of sputnik. |
82 | 00:05:31,849 | 00:05:33,579 | The public often thinks of sputnik as, | The public often thinks of sputnik as, |
83 | 00:05:33,584 | 00:05:36,622 | "oh, it's just an innocent little satellite that went beep." | "oh, it's just an innocent little satellite that went beep." |
84 | 00:05:36,623 | 00:05:38,750 | Let's part the curtains, and you find out | Let's part the curtains, and you find out |
85 | 00:05:38,755 | 00:05:41,515 | This was the shell | This was the shell |
86 | 00:05:41,524 | 00:05:44,324 | Of an intercontinental ballistic missile | Of an intercontinental ballistic missile |
87 | 00:05:44,326 | 00:05:46,456 | That had been hollowed out | That had been hollowed out |
88 | 00:05:46,461 | 00:05:48,961 | And a radio transmitter put in the head. | And a radio transmitter put in the head. |
89 | 00:05:48,963 | 00:05:52,966 | That's what was flying over our heads in America | That's what was flying over our heads in America |
90 | 00:05:52,967 | 00:05:54,767 | On October 4th, 1957. | On October 4th, 1957. |
91 | 00:05:56,034 | 00:05:58,870 | Spooked us to no end. | Spooked us to no end. |
92 | 00:05:58,871 | 00:06:01,871 | No one said, "oh, the frontier of exploration is breached." | No one said, "oh, the frontier of exploration is breached." |
93 | 00:06:01,874 | 00:06:05,484 | No, it was, "the soviet union has the new high ground." | No, it was, "the soviet union has the new high ground." |
94 | 00:06:05,485 | 00:06:07,707 | "They are our sworn enemy. | "They are our sworn enemy. |
95 | 00:06:07,712 | 00:06:09,952 | "We can't look bad in front of them. | "We can't look bad in front of them. |
96 | 00:06:09,953 | 00:06:11,877 | "We've gotta do it too. | "We've gotta do it too. |
97 | 00:06:11,882 | 00:06:13,982 | We need an agency to take care of this." | We need an agency to take care of this." |
98 | 00:06:13,984 | 00:06:16,554 | A year later, NASA was founded. | A year later, NASA was founded. |
99 | 00:06:17,986 | 00:06:20,546 | This special report brought to you by NASA, | This special report brought to you by NASA, |
100 | 00:06:20,556 | 00:06:23,616 | The national aeronautics and space administration. | The national aeronautics and space administration. |
101 | 00:06:23,625 | 00:06:25,385 | What we had was something | What we had was something |
102 | 00:06:25,393 | 00:06:28,793 | That had come out of a very can-do spirit, | That had come out of a very can-do spirit, |
103 | 00:06:28,796 | 00:06:32,396 | That came out of the spirit of winning world war ii. | That came out of the spirit of winning world war ii. |
104 | 00:06:32,399 | 00:06:35,499 | It came out of the technology burst | It came out of the technology burst |
105 | 00:06:35,502 | 00:06:37,972 | That was going on around the world at that time. | That was going on around the world at that time. |
106 | 00:06:37,973 | 00:06:40,771 | It came out of the imaginations of people | It came out of the imaginations of people |
107 | 00:06:40,773 | 00:06:44,609 | Like Wernher Von Braun, Willy Ley, and Walt Disney. | Like Wernher Von Braun, Willy Ley, and Walt Disney. |
108 | 00:06:44,610 | 00:06:47,878 | In our modern world, everywhere we look, | In our modern world, everywhere we look, |
109 | 00:06:47,879 | 00:06:51,948 | We see the influence science has upon our daily lives. | We see the influence science has upon our daily lives. |
110 | 00:06:51,949 | 00:06:53,919 | Now here's a model, my design | Now here's a model, my design |
111 | 00:06:53,920 | 00:06:56,647 | For a four-stage orbital rocket ship. | For a four-stage orbital rocket ship. |
112 | 00:06:56,653 | 00:06:58,353 | It came out of the inspiration | It came out of the inspiration |
113 | 00:06:58,354 | 00:07:02,090 | Of people like Arthur C. Clarke, and Robert Heinlein, | Of people like Arthur C. Clarke, and Robert Heinlein, |
114 | 00:07:02,091 | 00:07:04,421 | And Isaac Asimov, and Silverberg, | And Isaac Asimov, and Silverberg, |
115 | 00:07:04,426 | 00:07:06,456 | And all the great science fiction writers of the time, | And all the great science fiction writers of the time, |
116 | 00:07:06,461 | 00:07:09,061 | Who were inspiring children | Who were inspiring children |
117 | 00:07:09,063 | 00:07:12,031 | And all kinds of people in that realm. | And all kinds of people in that realm. |
118 | 00:07:12,032 | 00:07:16,432 | And then we had the spark that ignited that passion | And then we had the spark that ignited that passion |
119 | 00:07:16,436 | 00:07:19,136 | Into a fire that was from sputnik. | Into a fire that was from sputnik. |
120 | 00:07:19,138 | 00:07:20,868 | People said, "what happens" | People said, "what happens" |
121 | 00:07:20,873 | 00:07:23,443 | "if there's a hydrogen bomb orbiting head? | "if there's a hydrogen bomb orbiting head? |
122 | 00:07:23,444 | 00:07:25,142 | "If the Russians have the high ground, | "If the Russians have the high ground, |
123 | 00:07:25,143 | 00:07:29,113 | Then we could be outmaneuvered in the next war." | Then we could be outmaneuvered in the next war." |
124 | 00:07:30,045 | 00:07:31,475 | The United States too, | The United States too, |
125 | 00:07:31,480 | 00:07:33,480 | Promised to launch an earth satellite, | Promised to launch an earth satellite, |
126 | 00:07:33,482 | 00:07:35,649 | But in our satellite program, | But in our satellite program, |
127 | 00:07:35,650 | 00:07:37,880 | We Americans got badly bogged down. | We Americans got badly bogged down. |
128 | 00:07:37,885 | 00:07:39,675 | Why? What happened? | Why? What happened? |
129 | 00:07:39,686 | 00:07:41,546 | We had the money, the resources, | We had the money, the resources, |
130 | 00:07:41,554 | 00:07:43,454 | And the scientific know-how. | And the scientific know-how. |
131 | 00:07:43,455 | 00:07:46,455 | Unfortunately, a series of wrong decisions | Unfortunately, a series of wrong decisions |
132 | 00:07:46,458 | 00:07:48,888 | Led us to frustration and failure. | Led us to frustration and failure. |
133 | 00:07:48,893 | 00:07:52,528 | This order went out to the armed services. | This order went out to the armed services. |
134 | 00:07:52,529 | 00:07:54,929 | Let me read it to you. | Let me read it to you. |
135 | 00:07:54,931 | 00:07:58,101 | "Recent news stories which have described certain projects | "Recent news stories which have described certain projects |
136 | 00:07:58,102 | 00:08:00,768 | "as space flight projects | "as space flight projects |
137 | 00:08:00,769 | 00:08:03,069 | "have resulted in unfavorable reaction | "have resulted in unfavorable reaction |
138 | 00:08:03,071 | 00:08:06,907 | "at department of defense and congressional levels. | "at department of defense and congressional levels. |
139 | 00:08:06,908 | 00:08:09,808 | "In any speeches or public releases | "In any speeches or public releases |
140 | 00:08:09,810 | 00:08:11,910 | "planned by you or your staff, | "planned by you or your staff, |
141 | 00:08:11,912 | 00:08:16,448 | "avoid the mention or the discussion of space, | "avoid the mention or the discussion of space, |
142 | 00:08:16,449 | 00:08:19,979 | Space technology, and space vehicles." | Space technology, and space vehicles." |
143 | 00:08:21,552 | 00:08:24,087 | And so, by the summer of 1957, | And so, by the summer of 1957, |
144 | 00:08:24,088 | 00:08:28,018 | "space" had become a forbidden word in Washington. | "space" had become a forbidden word in Washington. |
145 | 00:08:28,025 | 00:08:30,525 | In totally realistic terms, | In totally realistic terms, |
146 | 00:08:30,527 | 00:08:33,896 | Von Braun could've had us there in 1950. | Von Braun could've had us there in 1950. |
147 | 00:08:33,897 | 00:08:36,027 | We need to understand, | We need to understand, |
148 | 00:08:36,032 | 00:08:40,068 | We would have launched a satellite in 1950. | We would have launched a satellite in 1950. |
149 | 00:08:40,069 | 00:08:43,799 | The reason we did not is because we didn't wish to. | The reason we did not is because we didn't wish to. |
150 | 00:08:43,806 | 00:08:47,066 | Panic set in, and after that people said, "okay", | Panic set in, and after that people said, "okay", |
151 | 00:08:47,075 | 00:08:49,975 | Let's regroup, let's do something." | Let's regroup, let's do something." |
152 | 00:08:49,977 | 00:08:53,807 | It was your patriotic duty to become a physicist, | It was your patriotic duty to become a physicist, |
153 | 00:08:53,814 | 00:08:55,814 | A chemist, a mathematician. | A chemist, a mathematician. |
154 | 00:08:55,816 | 00:08:58,676 | It was for America and for freedom | It was for America and for freedom |
155 | 00:08:58,685 | 00:09:02,015 | That people said, "yes, I wanna to become a cold war hero" | That people said, "yes, I wanna to become a cold war hero" |
156 | 00:09:02,021 | 00:09:04,689 | For their freedom and for liberty." | For their freedom and for liberty." |
157 | 00:09:04,690 | 00:09:08,590 | The history of human reaction... | The history of human reaction... |
158 | 00:09:08,593 | 00:09:12,763 | To the threat of death knows no bounds... | To the threat of death knows no bounds... |
159 | 00:09:13,895 | 00:09:15,925 | And knowing no bounds includes | And knowing no bounds includes |
160 | 00:09:15,931 | 00:09:19,131 | Birthing an entire space program | Birthing an entire space program |
161 | 00:09:19,134 | 00:09:21,174 | For the purpose of showing the world | For the purpose of showing the world |
162 | 00:09:21,175 | 00:09:25,469 | That we will not be bested by evil godless communists. | That we will not be bested by evil godless communists. |
163 | 00:09:25,473 | 00:09:29,008 | Such was the mood and the attitude in the 1950s. | Such was the mood and the attitude in the 1950s. |
164 | 00:09:29,009 | 00:09:31,609 | Man had his first great success in space | Man had his first great success in space |
165 | 00:09:31,611 | 00:09:34,111 | When the Russians pushed a man across the threshold. | When the Russians pushed a man across the threshold. |
166 | 00:09:34,113 | 00:09:35,746 | He was Yuri Gagarin, | He was Yuri Gagarin, |
167 | 00:09:35,747 | 00:09:37,707 | The astronaut the Russians lionized | The astronaut the Russians lionized |
168 | 00:09:37,715 | 00:09:39,545 | As the first to orbit the earth. | As the first to orbit the earth. |
169 | 00:09:39,550 | 00:09:42,650 | It was the propaganda coup of the year. | It was the propaganda coup of the year. |
170 | 00:09:44,588 | 00:09:45,648 | Thank you. | Thank you. |
171 | 00:09:51,025 | 00:09:53,625 | "But why," some say, "the moon? | "But why," some say, "the moon? |
172 | 00:09:53,628 | 00:09:56,628 | Why choose this as our goal?" | Why choose this as our goal?" |
173 | 00:09:56,631 | 00:10:01,001 | And they may well ask, "why climb the highest mountain? | And they may well ask, "why climb the highest mountain? |
174 | 00:10:01,002 | 00:10:04,738 | "Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? | "Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? |
175 | 00:10:04,739 | 00:10:07,069 | Why does rice play Texas?" | Why does rice play Texas?" |
176 | 00:10:07,074 | 00:10:09,909 | We choose to go to the moon. | We choose to go to the moon. |
177 | 00:10:09,910 | 00:10:12,510 | We choose to go to the moon. | We choose to go to the moon. |
178 | 00:10:17,850 | 00:10:20,750 | We choose to go to the moon in this decade | We choose to go to the moon in this decade |
179 | 00:10:20,753 | 00:10:24,193 | And do the other things, not because they are easy, | And do the other things, not because they are easy, |
180 | 00:10:24,194 | 00:10:26,256 | But because they are hard, | But because they are hard, |
181 | 00:10:26,257 | 00:10:30,787 | Because that goal will serve to organize and measure | Because that goal will serve to organize and measure |
182 | 00:10:30,794 | 00:10:33,729 | The best of our energies and skills, | The best of our energies and skills, |
183 | 00:10:33,730 | 00:10:35,830 | Because that challenge is one | Because that challenge is one |
184 | 00:10:35,832 | 00:10:37,899 | That we're willing to accept, | That we're willing to accept, |
185 | 00:10:37,900 | 00:10:40,830 | One we are unwilling to postpone, | One we are unwilling to postpone, |
186 | 00:10:40,836 | 00:10:42,696 | And one we intend to win. | And one we intend to win. |
187 | 00:10:42,704 | 00:10:46,406 | At the time that president Kennedy made his speech, | At the time that president Kennedy made his speech, |
188 | 00:10:46,407 | 00:10:49,207 | We had never been to orbit. | We had never been to orbit. |
189 | 00:10:49,209 | 00:10:53,878 | Just a little bit over a week before the Kennedy speech | Just a little bit over a week before the Kennedy speech |
190 | 00:10:53,879 | 00:10:55,379 | To the us congress, | To the us congress, |
191 | 00:10:55,380 | 00:10:57,180 | We had launched Alan Shepard. | We had launched Alan Shepard. |
192 | 00:10:57,181 | 00:11:01,217 | Ahh, roger, liftoff and the clock is started. | Ahh, roger, liftoff and the clock is started. |
193 | 00:11:01,218 | 00:11:05,718 | And we were challenged to beat the Russians to the moon. | And we were challenged to beat the Russians to the moon. |
194 | 00:11:05,722 | 00:11:07,992 | So, to a great extent that initial challenge | So, to a great extent that initial challenge |
195 | 00:11:07,993 | 00:11:10,890 | Was one that I believe was geopolitical, | Was one that I believe was geopolitical, |
196 | 00:11:10,892 | 00:11:13,392 | But it also had the economic benefit | But it also had the economic benefit |
197 | 00:11:13,394 | 00:11:16,194 | To basically generate the enthusiasm | To basically generate the enthusiasm |
198 | 00:11:16,196 | 00:11:19,396 | And the passion within the American public. | And the passion within the American public. |
199 | 00:11:37,014 | 00:11:40,851 | The spur to education... very, very important. | The spur to education... very, very important. |
200 | 00:11:40,852 | 00:11:43,352 | I think that's almost as significant | I think that's almost as significant |
201 | 00:11:43,354 | 00:11:46,456 | As our actual flights themselves, | As our actual flights themselves, |
202 | 00:11:46,457 | 00:11:48,987 | Because it gave all the young people | Because it gave all the young people |
203 | 00:11:48,992 | 00:11:51,992 | Something to look forward to, and excitement, | Something to look forward to, and excitement, |
204 | 00:11:51,995 | 00:11:54,695 | Something that they could live up to. | Something that they could live up to. |
205 | 00:11:54,697 | 00:11:57,857 | Every day, I meet people now in their 50s, | Every day, I meet people now in their 50s, |
206 | 00:11:57,866 | 00:12:01,226 | Who said, "look, when I was a little kid, you know", | Who said, "look, when I was a little kid, you know", |
207 | 00:12:01,236 | 00:12:03,436 | You inspired me to become an engineer," | You inspired me to become an engineer," |
208 | 00:12:03,438 | 00:12:06,238 | Or become a scientist, to becoming a doctor, | Or become a scientist, to becoming a doctor, |
209 | 00:12:06,240 | 00:12:09,240 | And that gives me a sort of a sense of satisfaction | And that gives me a sort of a sense of satisfaction |
210 | 00:12:09,243 | 00:12:12,878 | That I was in a program that helped other people | That I was in a program that helped other people |
211 | 00:12:12,879 | 00:12:15,079 | Form good careers. | Form good careers. |
212 | 00:12:36,799 | 00:12:41,399 | I think one of the greatest moments of the last century | I think one of the greatest moments of the last century |
213 | 00:12:41,404 | 00:12:44,274 | In the space program was the flight of Apollo 8. | In the space program was the flight of Apollo 8. |
214 | 00:12:44,275 | 00:12:45,443 | I was on that flight. | I was on that flight. |
215 | 00:12:47,340 | 00:12:49,440 | At the time that we did it, | At the time that we did it, |
216 | 00:12:49,443 | 00:12:53,279 | I don't think we fully understood the significance | I don't think we fully understood the significance |
217 | 00:12:53,280 | 00:12:56,110 | Of the very first flight to the moon, | Of the very first flight to the moon, |
218 | 00:12:56,116 | 00:12:58,916 | The whole 240,000 miles. | The whole 240,000 miles. |
219 | 00:12:58,918 | 00:13:01,388 | We were the pathfinders, we didn't land, | We were the pathfinders, we didn't land, |
220 | 00:13:01,389 | 00:13:04,987 | But we checked the navigation, checked the communication, | But we checked the navigation, checked the communication, |
221 | 00:13:04,990 | 00:13:07,890 | Circled the moon and looked at the far side, | Circled the moon and looked at the far side, |
222 | 00:13:07,892 | 00:13:10,992 | The side that we never see from the earth. | The side that we never see from the earth. |
223 | 00:13:30,379 | 00:13:34,416 | We brought back with us a photograph | We brought back with us a photograph |
224 | 00:13:34,417 | 00:13:36,517 | Of the earth from the moon... | Of the earth from the moon... |
225 | 00:13:37,919 | 00:13:40,488 | We called "earth-rise," | We called "earth-rise," |
226 | 00:13:40,489 | 00:13:43,919 | Which I think in just one picture | Which I think in just one picture |
227 | 00:13:43,925 | 00:13:49,255 | Told us how insignificant we all are here on earth. | Told us how insignificant we all are here on earth. |
228 | 00:13:50,996 | 00:13:54,826 | The earth is merely a small planet... | The earth is merely a small planet... |
229 | 00:13:54,834 | 00:13:57,334 | That just so happened to be at the right distance | That just so happened to be at the right distance |
230 | 00:13:57,336 | 00:14:00,236 | And the right mass to sustain life... | And the right mass to sustain life... |
231 | 00:14:01,504 | 00:14:03,474 | Going around a rather normal star, | Going around a rather normal star, |
232 | 00:14:03,475 | 00:14:08,073 | And that star is in the outer edge of a galaxy | And that star is in the outer edge of a galaxy |
233 | 00:14:08,076 | 00:14:09,976 | Called the milky way, | Called the milky way, |
234 | 00:14:09,977 | 00:14:15,307 | Just one of millions of galaxies in our universe. | Just one of millions of galaxies in our universe. |
235 | 00:14:16,415 | 00:14:20,015 | And maybe, just for a small amount of time | And maybe, just for a small amount of time |
236 | 00:14:20,019 | 00:14:25,319 | In December of 1968, everyone kind of felt a closeness | In December of 1968, everyone kind of felt a closeness |
237 | 00:14:25,324 | 00:14:27,994 | That we had not felt before. | That we had not felt before. |
238 | 00:14:29,259 | 00:14:31,059 | For the first time in history today, | For the first time in history today, |
239 | 00:14:31,061 | 00:14:35,061 | Man got a long distance live view of the planet he lives on, | Man got a long distance live view of the planet he lives on, |
240 | 00:14:35,065 | 00:14:37,995 | Transmitted and described by the first three human beings | Transmitted and described by the first three human beings |
241 | 00:14:38,001 | 00:14:39,601 | To travel to the moon. | To travel to the moon. |
242 | 00:14:39,602 | 00:14:40,971 | The Apollo 8 astronauts | The Apollo 8 astronauts |
243 | 00:14:40,972 | 00:14:43,039 | Sent back those pictures this afternoon, | Sent back those pictures this afternoon, |
244 | 00:14:43,040 | 00:14:46,968 | And we'll have more along with the full story later in this broadcast. | And we'll have more along with the full story later in this broadcast. |
245 | 00:14:46,975 | 00:14:48,505 | I think what happened | I think what happened |
246 | 00:14:48,509 | 00:14:52,609 | Was Kennedy wanting to demonstrate to the soviets | Was Kennedy wanting to demonstrate to the soviets |
247 | 00:14:52,613 | 00:14:55,251 | That we were the biggest, baddest kids on the block, | That we were the biggest, baddest kids on the block, |
248 | 00:14:55,252 | 00:14:56,848 | That our technology will kick | That our technology will kick |
249 | 00:14:56,849 | 00:14:59,279 | Your technology's ass any time. | Your technology's ass any time. |
250 | 00:14:59,284 | 00:15:02,252 | And it worked, and it was glorious, | And it worked, and it was glorious, |
251 | 00:15:02,253 | 00:15:06,122 | But it wasn't sustainable because it was a crisis project. | But it wasn't sustainable because it was a crisis project. |
252 | 00:15:06,123 | 00:15:08,591 | If it was actually about exploration | If it was actually about exploration |
253 | 00:15:08,592 | 00:15:12,161 | And about the scientific frontier being pushed outward, | And about the scientific frontier being pushed outward, |
254 | 00:15:12,162 | 00:15:14,296 | If it were actually about that, | If it were actually about that, |
255 | 00:15:14,297 | 00:15:16,197 | Maybe we would have had a scientist | Maybe we would have had a scientist |
256 | 00:15:16,198 | 00:15:18,128 | On the first mission to the moon. | On the first mission to the moon. |
257 | 00:15:18,133 | 00:15:20,603 | But no, there was no scientist on Apollo 11, | But no, there was no scientist on Apollo 11, |
258 | 00:15:20,604 | 00:15:23,102 | Nor on Apollo 12, or Apollo 13, | Nor on Apollo 12, or Apollo 13, |
259 | 00:15:23,104 | 00:15:27,307 | Or Apollo 14, or Apollo 15, or Apollo 16. | Or Apollo 14, or Apollo 15, or Apollo 16. |
260 | 00:15:27,308 | 00:15:31,408 | The first scientist was on Apollo 17, | The first scientist was on Apollo 17, |
261 | 00:15:31,412 | 00:15:35,381 | And Apollo 17 was the last mission to the moon. | And Apollo 17 was the last mission to the moon. |
262 | 00:15:35,382 | 00:15:38,317 | There was not a statement made | There was not a statement made |
263 | 00:15:38,318 | 00:15:40,218 | That we're gonna go to the moon | That we're gonna go to the moon |
264 | 00:15:40,219 | 00:15:42,486 | And establish a human community. | And establish a human community. |
265 | 00:15:42,487 | 00:15:44,387 | We're not gonna go to, you know, | We're not gonna go to, you know, |
266 | 00:15:44,388 | 00:15:46,288 | The moon and then on to mars. | The moon and then on to mars. |
267 | 00:15:46,289 | 00:15:49,059 | We're not gonna go do this and then that. | We're not gonna go do this and then that. |
268 | 00:15:49,060 | 00:15:53,058 | It was simply, "we're going to put a human being on the moon." | It was simply, "we're going to put a human being on the moon." |
269 | 00:15:53,062 | 00:15:54,902 | And we achieved it. | And we achieved it. |
270 | 00:15:56,130 | 00:15:58,060 | Do you wish | Do you wish |
271 | 00:15:58,066 | 00:16:00,666 | That the first Apollo mission hadn't reached the moon? | That the first Apollo mission hadn't reached the moon? |
272 | 00:16:00,668 | 00:16:02,028 | Or that we hadn't gone on to mars | Or that we hadn't gone on to mars |
273 | 00:16:02,036 | 00:16:04,096 | And then to the nearest star? | And then to the nearest star? |
274 | 00:16:04,104 | 00:16:05,904 | That's like saying you wish | That's like saying you wish |
275 | 00:16:05,905 | 00:16:08,435 | That you still operated with scalpels, | That you still operated with scalpels, |
276 | 00:16:08,440 | 00:16:10,970 | And sewed your patients up with catgut, | And sewed your patients up with catgut, |
277 | 00:16:10,975 | 00:16:15,135 | Like your great-great-great- great-grandfather used to. | Like your great-great-great- great-grandfather used to. |
278 | 00:16:15,145 | 00:16:18,675 | Ever since the time of sputnik and president Kennedy, | Ever since the time of sputnik and president Kennedy, |
279 | 00:16:18,681 | 00:16:21,351 | I think our dedication to the space program | I think our dedication to the space program |
280 | 00:16:21,352 | 00:16:23,920 | Has been high, higher than most countries. | Has been high, higher than most countries. |
281 | 00:16:23,921 | 00:16:26,149 | And I feel like, probably over the past decade, | And I feel like, probably over the past decade, |
282 | 00:16:26,154 | 00:16:28,088 | It's waned significantly. | It's waned significantly. |
283 | 00:16:28,089 | 00:16:30,419 | I feel like we should be doing more in space | I feel like we should be doing more in space |
284 | 00:16:30,424 | 00:16:32,224 | 'cause I think there's a lot of learning to be done | 'cause I think there's a lot of learning to be done |
285 | 00:16:32,225 | 00:16:34,015 | As far as vaccines and a lot of things | As far as vaccines and a lot of things |
286 | 00:16:34,026 | 00:16:35,556 | That can help the American people, | That can help the American people, |
287 | 00:16:35,560 | 00:16:37,127 | Even though it's not a sexy program | Even though it's not a sexy program |
288 | 00:16:37,128 | 00:16:38,628 | Like it used to be with the moon landing. | Like it used to be with the moon landing. |
289 | 00:16:38,629 | 00:16:41,399 | I think it's more important now than it has been in decades. | I think it's more important now than it has been in decades. |
290 | 00:16:41,400 | 00:16:44,698 | I know that it's not really doing much anymore | I know that it's not really doing much anymore |
291 | 00:16:44,701 | 00:16:47,939 | Since the space shuttle program was closed down, | Since the space shuttle program was closed down, |
292 | 00:16:47,940 | 00:16:50,097 | So I don't know what they're up to. | So I don't know what they're up to. |
293 | 00:16:50,105 | 00:16:52,165 | Be cool if they were doing something soon. | Be cool if they were doing something soon. |
294 | 00:16:52,173 | 00:16:54,411 | You know, when I see them building robots, you know, | You know, when I see them building robots, you know, |
295 | 00:16:54,412 | 00:16:57,308 | To go on mars, or I see what the rover, curiosity, | To go on mars, or I see what the rover, curiosity, |
296 | 00:16:57,310 | 00:17:02,010 | Opportunity, and spirits are doing, we basically just... | Opportunity, and spirits are doing, we basically just... |
297 | 00:17:02,014 | 00:17:03,984 | It excites me to know that we're doing that. | It excites me to know that we're doing that. |
298 | 00:17:05,282 | 00:17:08,382 | To me, a culture that's not doing that is stagnant, | To me, a culture that's not doing that is stagnant, |
299 | 00:17:08,386 | 00:17:11,016 | And a culture that is doing that is progressive | And a culture that is doing that is progressive |
300 | 00:17:11,021 | 00:17:13,491 | And moving forward in a positive direction. | And moving forward in a positive direction. |
301 | 00:17:13,492 | 00:17:15,359 | Back in the '60s when we first, you know, | Back in the '60s when we first, you know, |
302 | 00:17:15,360 | 00:17:17,558 | When the space program was in full swing, | When the space program was in full swing, |
303 | 00:17:17,560 | 00:17:19,429 | I fully expected us to have colonies | I fully expected us to have colonies |
304 | 00:17:19,430 | 00:17:21,028 | On the moon by this time. | On the moon by this time. |
305 | 00:17:21,029 | 00:17:22,159 | Where are they? | Where are they? |
306 | 00:17:23,997 | 00:17:26,127 | I'm disappointed to see that we're... | I'm disappointed to see that we're... |
307 | 00:17:26,133 | 00:17:29,103 | That we're not putting more effort into something like that. | That we're not putting more effort into something like that. |
308 | 00:17:29,104 | 00:17:31,702 | I think it's just absolutely essential | I think it's just absolutely essential |
309 | 00:17:31,704 | 00:17:35,544 | That we maintain this program and advance it. | That we maintain this program and advance it. |
310 | 00:17:36,607 | 00:17:38,976 | All those who think it's a problem | All those who think it's a problem |
311 | 00:17:38,977 | 00:17:41,037 | That we haven't been outside of low earth orbit | That we haven't been outside of low earth orbit |
312 | 00:17:41,045 | 00:17:43,745 | For four decades can only say so | For four decades can only say so |
313 | 00:17:43,747 | 00:17:46,577 | Because they think that going to the moon | Because they think that going to the moon |
314 | 00:17:46,583 | 00:17:49,283 | Was the first step of this great adventure | Was the first step of this great adventure |
315 | 00:17:49,285 | 00:17:51,045 | Where we explore space, | Where we explore space, |
316 | 00:17:51,053 | 00:17:52,423 | And somehow we've failed | And somehow we've failed |
317 | 00:17:52,424 | 00:17:55,689 | On the expectations we had for ourselves. | On the expectations we had for ourselves. |
318 | 00:17:55,690 | 00:17:58,320 | But once you realize we went because we were at war... | But once you realize we went because we were at war... |
319 | 00:18:00,059 | 00:18:01,527 | And then they're not going to the moon, | And then they're not going to the moon, |
320 | 00:18:01,528 | 00:18:03,608 | They're not going to mars, and the cold war's over... | They're not going to mars, and the cold war's over... |
321 | 00:18:05,129 | 00:18:06,659 | What's your motivation? | What's your motivation? |
322 | 00:18:08,231 | 00:18:10,766 | The moon, a lonely world | The moon, a lonely world |
323 | 00:18:10,767 | 00:18:12,667 | In the absence of man. | In the absence of man. |
324 | 00:18:14,168 | 00:18:16,998 | But here we have left our mark, | But here we have left our mark, |
325 | 00:18:17,005 | 00:18:20,765 | A signature attesting a legacy to future generations. | A signature attesting a legacy to future generations. |
326 | 00:18:22,441 | 00:18:27,011 | We stood on the shoulders of giants and touched the moon. | We stood on the shoulders of giants and touched the moon. |
327 | 00:18:29,546 | 00:18:32,676 | The decision what to do after Apollo | The decision what to do after Apollo |
328 | 00:18:32,683 | 00:18:36,323 | Was driven by desire to limit NASA spending... | Was driven by desire to limit NASA spending... |
329 | 00:18:37,419 | 00:18:40,549 | To only a fraction of what it had been | To only a fraction of what it had been |
330 | 00:18:40,556 | 00:18:43,086 | At the height of the Apollo program. | At the height of the Apollo program. |
331 | 00:18:43,091 | 00:18:46,726 | And in order to reach that lower budget, | And in order to reach that lower budget, |
332 | 00:18:46,727 | 00:18:50,227 | You couldn't continue to use Saturn V's. | You couldn't continue to use Saturn V's. |
333 | 00:18:50,230 | 00:18:52,400 | They were too expensive per launch, | They were too expensive per launch, |
334 | 00:18:52,401 | 00:18:54,466 | So the program devolved back | So the program devolved back |
335 | 00:18:54,467 | 00:18:57,367 | Into a low earth orbit program. | Into a low earth orbit program. |
336 | 00:18:57,369 | 00:18:59,138 | Senator Edward Kennedy urged today | Senator Edward Kennedy urged today |
337 | 00:18:59,139 | 00:19:01,667 | That spending on the space program be cut back | That spending on the space program be cut back |
338 | 00:19:01,672 | 00:19:04,342 | After the goals set for exploring the moon | After the goals set for exploring the moon |
339 | 00:19:04,343 | 00:19:05,610 | Have been achieved. | Have been achieved. |
340 | 00:19:05,611 | 00:19:07,608 | Senator Kennedy said a substantial portion | Senator Kennedy said a substantial portion |
341 | 00:19:07,610 | 00:19:09,910 | Of the space budget should be diverted | Of the space budget should be diverted |
342 | 00:19:09,912 | 00:19:12,752 | To what he called "pressing problems here at home." | To what he called "pressing problems here at home." |
343 | 00:19:12,753 | 00:19:16,248 | Going into outer space is very expensive. | Going into outer space is very expensive. |
344 | 00:19:16,251 | 00:19:20,320 | It costs $10,000 to put a pound of anything | It costs $10,000 to put a pound of anything |
345 | 00:19:20,321 | 00:19:22,388 | Just into near-earth orbit. | Just into near-earth orbit. |
346 | 00:19:22,389 | 00:19:24,519 | That your weight in gold. | That your weight in gold. |
347 | 00:19:24,524 | 00:19:29,426 | Now, to put you on the moon cost about $100,000 a pound, | Now, to put you on the moon cost about $100,000 a pound, |
348 | 00:19:29,427 | 00:19:31,487 | And to put you on mars | And to put you on mars |
349 | 00:19:31,495 | 00:19:34,825 | Would cost over a million dollars a pound. | Would cost over a million dollars a pound. |
350 | 00:19:34,831 | 00:19:38,300 | That is your weight in diamonds. | That is your weight in diamonds. |
351 | 00:19:38,301 | 00:19:41,639 | Back in a 1960s, the great superpowers didn't care, | Back in a 1960s, the great superpowers didn't care, |
352 | 00:19:41,640 | 00:19:44,397 | Spending so much money on the space race, | Spending so much money on the space race, |
353 | 00:19:44,406 | 00:19:46,736 | Because it was a matter of national pride | Because it was a matter of national pride |
354 | 00:19:46,741 | 00:19:48,341 | And national security. | And national security. |
355 | 00:19:48,342 | 00:19:50,280 | But now that the cold war is over, | But now that the cold war is over, |
356 | 00:19:50,281 | 00:19:52,607 | The great powers are not willing to spend | The great powers are not willing to spend |
357 | 00:19:52,612 | 00:19:54,950 | So much of their national treasure, | So much of their national treasure, |
358 | 00:19:54,951 | 00:19:57,877 | Because national pride and national security | Because national pride and national security |
359 | 00:19:57,883 | 00:20:00,383 | Are no longer at stake. | Are no longer at stake. |
360 | 00:20:00,385 | 00:20:04,415 | Imagine if you and I climbed in a plane right now | Imagine if you and I climbed in a plane right now |
361 | 00:20:04,422 | 00:20:07,757 | And wanted to fly to new york city and back. | And wanted to fly to new york city and back. |
362 | 00:20:07,758 | 00:20:10,558 | And along the way, | And along the way, |
363 | 00:20:10,560 | 00:20:14,229 | All of its pieces are gonna be thrown away, | All of its pieces are gonna be thrown away, |
364 | 00:20:14,230 | 00:20:16,260 | So that when you arrive in new york, | So that when you arrive in new york, |
365 | 00:20:16,265 | 00:20:18,865 | If you make it at all, | If you make it at all, |
366 | 00:20:18,867 | 00:20:22,336 | You'll arrive in a little capsule and land. | You'll arrive in a little capsule and land. |
367 | 00:20:22,337 | 00:20:25,297 | Now, the only way you get to come back | Now, the only way you get to come back |
368 | 00:20:25,306 | 00:20:28,506 | Is for them to rebuild the entire rocket | Is for them to rebuild the entire rocket |
369 | 00:20:28,509 | 00:20:31,409 | Upon which that original capsule stood, | Upon which that original capsule stood, |
370 | 00:20:31,411 | 00:20:32,941 | Climb in it and fly back, and by the way, | Climb in it and fly back, and by the way, |
371 | 00:20:32,945 | 00:20:35,705 | You're gonna throw all the pieces away again. | You're gonna throw all the pieces away again. |
372 | 00:20:35,714 | 00:20:37,854 | What that pretty well assures you | What that pretty well assures you |
373 | 00:20:37,855 | 00:20:41,849 | Is that very, very few people are gonna make that trip. | Is that very, very few people are gonna make that trip. |
374 | 00:20:46,656 | 00:20:48,286 | Stage two, clear. | Stage two, clear. |
375 | 00:20:48,291 | 00:20:49,791 | If all goes according to schedule, | If all goes according to schedule, |
376 | 00:20:49,792 | 00:20:52,562 | Scenes like this, a reusable space shuttle | Scenes like this, a reusable space shuttle |
377 | 00:20:52,563 | 00:20:54,830 | Making its final approach to land, | Making its final approach to land, |
378 | 00:20:54,831 | 00:20:57,499 | Will be a common sight beginning next fall. | Will be a common sight beginning next fall. |
379 | 00:20:57,500 | 00:21:01,367 | The space shuttle was promised to us in the '70s | The space shuttle was promised to us in the '70s |
380 | 00:21:01,368 | 00:21:07,306 | As a vehicle that would fly over 50 times a year. | As a vehicle that would fly over 50 times a year. |
381 | 00:21:07,307 | 00:21:09,337 | The shuttle was gonna bring the cost | The shuttle was gonna bring the cost |
382 | 00:21:09,342 | 00:21:12,977 | Of going into orbit down to $100 a pound. | Of going into orbit down to $100 a pound. |
383 | 00:21:12,978 | 00:21:14,678 | It looks like a jet plane, | It looks like a jet plane, |
384 | 00:21:14,679 | 00:21:16,349 | Will lift off like a rocket, | Will lift off like a rocket, |
385 | 00:21:16,350 | 00:21:18,607 | And will return like a glider, | And will return like a glider, |
386 | 00:21:18,615 | 00:21:22,445 | Commuting to space every two weeks is the plan. | Commuting to space every two weeks is the plan. |
387 | 00:21:22,452 | 00:21:24,492 | If you measure it by that metric, | If you measure it by that metric, |
388 | 00:21:24,493 | 00:21:27,717 | The program was a complete and utter failure. | The program was a complete and utter failure. |
389 | 00:21:35,695 | 00:21:39,425 | The basic drivers were low cost, reliable, reusable. | The basic drivers were low cost, reliable, reusable. |
390 | 00:21:39,433 | 00:21:41,467 | Let's call it a space bus. | Let's call it a space bus. |
391 | 00:21:41,468 | 00:21:44,868 | That was the motivation in 1969... a bus, | That was the motivation in 1969... a bus, |
392 | 00:21:44,871 | 00:21:47,001 | Up and down under all conditions. | Up and down under all conditions. |
393 | 00:21:47,006 | 00:21:48,966 | And the shuttle program did not turn out | And the shuttle program did not turn out |
394 | 00:21:48,974 | 00:21:50,474 | The way it was supposed to. | The way it was supposed to. |
395 | 00:21:50,475 | 00:21:51,965 | It was supposed to be $10 million a flight, | It was supposed to be $10 million a flight, |
396 | 00:21:51,976 | 00:21:54,876 | And ended up $1.2 billion a flight, | And ended up $1.2 billion a flight, |
397 | 00:21:54,878 | 00:21:58,046 | So you know it missed by 1200 times over. | So you know it missed by 1200 times over. |
398 | 00:21:58,047 | 00:22:01,747 | The shuttle is kind of all things to all people. | The shuttle is kind of all things to all people. |
399 | 00:22:01,750 | 00:22:04,718 | Originally, from NASA's point of view, | Originally, from NASA's point of view, |
400 | 00:22:04,719 | 00:22:06,489 | It was going to be a supply vehicle | It was going to be a supply vehicle |
401 | 00:22:06,490 | 00:22:08,847 | To go to a large space station. | To go to a large space station. |
402 | 00:22:08,856 | 00:22:13,786 | And NASA in 1969 proposed building the space station | And NASA in 1969 proposed building the space station |
403 | 00:22:13,793 | 00:22:16,661 | And having it supplied by the shuttle. | And having it supplied by the shuttle. |
404 | 00:22:16,662 | 00:22:20,962 | The Nixon administration decided not to approve a station, | The Nixon administration decided not to approve a station, |
405 | 00:22:20,966 | 00:22:25,596 | And so the rationale for a shuttle had to become reinvented, | And so the rationale for a shuttle had to become reinvented, |
406 | 00:22:25,603 | 00:22:28,441 | And it became a launch vehicle for everything. | And it became a launch vehicle for everything. |
407 | 00:22:28,442 | 00:22:30,469 | That's the theory of Dr. John Logsdon, | That's the theory of Dr. John Logsdon, |
408 | 00:22:30,474 | 00:22:33,512 | A George Washington university political science professor, | A George Washington university political science professor, |
409 | 00:22:33,513 | 00:22:35,910 | Who has written extensively on the space program | Who has written extensively on the space program |
410 | 00:22:35,912 | 00:22:37,579 | For the last dozen years. | For the last dozen years. |
411 | 00:22:37,580 | 00:22:40,380 | NASA so get used to the luxury of the extra money, | NASA so get used to the luxury of the extra money, |
412 | 00:22:40,382 | 00:22:42,382 | The public attention, | The public attention, |
413 | 00:22:42,384 | 00:22:45,084 | The importance to the general public | The importance to the general public |
414 | 00:22:45,086 | 00:22:46,546 | That came with Apollo, | That came with Apollo, |
415 | 00:22:46,554 | 00:22:48,054 | And the excitement and the challenge, | And the excitement and the challenge, |
416 | 00:22:48,055 | 00:22:49,585 | And wanted to do it again. | And wanted to do it again. |
417 | 00:22:49,589 | 00:22:51,459 | What do we need a space shuttle for? | What do we need a space shuttle for? |
418 | 00:22:51,460 | 00:22:52,957 | Or a space station? | Or a space station? |
419 | 00:22:52,958 | 00:22:55,788 | Well, some people said that we need a space station | Well, some people said that we need a space station |
420 | 00:22:55,794 | 00:22:58,762 | To be the terminus for the space shuttle. | To be the terminus for the space shuttle. |
421 | 00:22:58,763 | 00:23:01,063 | Well, then why do we need a space shuttle? | Well, then why do we need a space shuttle? |
422 | 00:23:01,065 | 00:23:03,925 | To be the way to reach the space station. | To be the way to reach the space station. |
423 | 00:23:03,934 | 00:23:06,804 | Now, I think that's a bit circular, isn't it? | Now, I think that's a bit circular, isn't it? |
424 | 00:23:06,805 | 00:23:08,436 | You know, at first, you look | You know, at first, you look |
425 | 00:23:08,437 | 00:23:09,797 | At the space program, "oh, that's so cool. | At the space program, "oh, that's so cool. |
426 | 00:23:09,805 | 00:23:11,395 | The space shuttle, that's amazing." | The space shuttle, that's amazing." |
427 | 00:23:11,406 | 00:23:12,806 | Then you know, "this is great," | Then you know, "this is great," |
428 | 00:23:12,807 | 00:23:15,807 | And then you really look at it and you realize, | And then you really look at it and you realize, |
429 | 00:23:15,810 | 00:23:19,040 | "hold it, they're not going anywhere. | "hold it, they're not going anywhere. |
430 | 00:23:19,046 | 00:23:20,876 | They're not doing anything." | They're not doing anything." |
431 | 00:23:20,881 | 00:23:22,550 | john Logsdon says the shuttle | john Logsdon says the shuttle |
432 | 00:23:22,551 | 00:23:24,479 | Could turn out to be a classic mistake. | Could turn out to be a classic mistake. |
433 | 00:23:24,484 | 00:23:25,984 | It's a pretty good space truck | It's a pretty good space truck |
434 | 00:23:25,985 | 00:23:27,415 | For taking things up and down, | For taking things up and down, |
435 | 00:23:27,419 | 00:23:29,989 | But for doing anything once you're in orbit, | But for doing anything once you're in orbit, |
436 | 00:23:29,990 | 00:23:33,088 | It's a very inflexible and underpowered vehicle. | It's a very inflexible and underpowered vehicle. |
437 | 00:23:33,091 | 00:23:34,921 | The shuttle is the most complex space vehicle | The shuttle is the most complex space vehicle |
438 | 00:23:34,926 | 00:23:36,486 | Man has ever built. | Man has ever built. |
439 | 00:23:36,494 | 00:23:38,964 | It is a result of nine years of compromise, | It is a result of nine years of compromise, |
440 | 00:23:38,965 | 00:23:41,563 | Negotiation, and cost overruns. | Negotiation, and cost overruns. |
441 | 00:23:41,565 | 00:23:44,565 | Soon, we'll begin to find out if it was all worth it. | Soon, we'll begin to find out if it was all worth it. |
442 | 00:23:44,568 | 00:23:47,468 | John Danzing, NBC news, at Kennedy space center. | John Danzing, NBC news, at Kennedy space center. |
443 | 00:23:47,470 | 00:23:49,770 | So, the shuttle was designed to be reusable, | So, the shuttle was designed to be reusable, |
444 | 00:23:49,772 | 00:23:52,507 | And therefore much less expensive, | And therefore much less expensive, |
445 | 00:23:52,508 | 00:23:56,508 | And in the end there was no way to maintain the flight rate | And in the end there was no way to maintain the flight rate |
446 | 00:23:56,512 | 00:23:58,479 | That was projected for it. | That was projected for it. |
447 | 00:23:58,480 | 00:24:02,110 | It just didn't work out that way because it was too complex, | It just didn't work out that way because it was too complex, |
448 | 00:24:02,116 | 00:24:04,676 | Too expensive, and then we had the accidents. | Too expensive, and then we had the accidents. |
449 | 00:24:13,458 | 00:24:14,758 | It is the worst disaster in the history | It is the worst disaster in the history |
450 | 00:24:14,760 | 00:24:16,390 | Of the American space program, | Of the American space program, |
451 | 00:24:16,394 | 00:24:18,534 | And president Reagan has declared a week of mourning | And president Reagan has declared a week of mourning |
452 | 00:24:18,535 | 00:24:22,429 | For the seven astronauts, five men and two women | For the seven astronauts, five men and two women |
453 | 00:24:22,432 | 00:24:25,532 | Who lost their lives on their way into space this morning. | Who lost their lives on their way into space this morning. |
454 | 00:24:25,535 | 00:24:29,495 | Yeah, the challenger really changed everything. | Yeah, the challenger really changed everything. |
455 | 00:24:29,505 | 00:24:32,635 | It was one of the... it was a priority in the nation | It was one of the... it was a priority in the nation |
456 | 00:24:32,641 | 00:24:35,041 | To get every payload onto the shuttle, | To get every payload onto the shuttle, |
457 | 00:24:35,043 | 00:24:36,710 | To get it's usage up, | To get it's usage up, |
458 | 00:24:36,711 | 00:24:39,511 | To make sure it's utilization was as high as it could be. | To make sure it's utilization was as high as it could be. |
459 | 00:24:39,513 | 00:24:41,413 | There was a lot of attention focused on it. | There was a lot of attention focused on it. |
460 | 00:24:41,414 | 00:24:43,584 | It was a terrible tragedy replayed over | It was a terrible tragedy replayed over |
461 | 00:24:43,585 | 00:24:45,782 | And over again on television. | And over again on television. |
462 | 00:24:45,784 | 00:24:47,453 | And, there had sort of been a feeling | And, there had sort of been a feeling |
463 | 00:24:47,454 | 00:24:48,752 | In the space community | In the space community |
464 | 00:24:48,753 | 00:24:51,593 | That if there was a tragic accident with a shuttle, | That if there was a tragic accident with a shuttle, |
465 | 00:24:51,594 | 00:24:53,489 | It would never fly again. | It would never fly again. |
466 | 00:24:53,490 | 00:24:55,520 | There was 32 months, I think it was, | There was 32 months, I think it was, |
467 | 00:24:55,525 | 00:24:57,155 | Before another space shuttle flew, | Before another space shuttle flew, |
468 | 00:24:57,159 | 00:24:59,829 | But there were changes, considerable changes | But there were changes, considerable changes |
469 | 00:24:59,830 | 00:25:03,098 | To the nature of the space shuttle program after that. | To the nature of the space shuttle program after that. |
470 | 00:25:03,099 | 00:25:05,827 | For example, originally the shuttle was gonna be launching | For example, originally the shuttle was gonna be launching |
471 | 00:25:05,833 | 00:25:07,202 | Just about every satellite | Just about every satellite |
472 | 00:25:07,203 | 00:25:09,201 | That the United States wanted to put up. | That the United States wanted to put up. |
473 | 00:25:09,203 | 00:25:12,772 | Instead they said that, "no, you are only gonna use this" | Instead they said that, "no, you are only gonna use this" |
474 | 00:25:12,773 | 00:25:15,508 | "for things you really need to have people involved in. | "for things you really need to have people involved in. |
475 | 00:25:15,509 | 00:25:16,879 | "If you can just launch it on a rocket, | "If you can just launch it on a rocket, |
476 | 00:25:16,880 | 00:25:18,177 | "launch it on a rocket. | "launch it on a rocket. |
477 | 00:25:18,178 | 00:25:19,978 | You don't need to launch it on the space shuttle." | You don't need to launch it on the space shuttle." |
478 | 00:25:19,979 | 00:25:21,946 | to take these highly skilled | to take these highly skilled |
479 | 00:25:21,947 | 00:25:24,607 | Amazing people called astronauts, | Amazing people called astronauts, |
480 | 00:25:24,616 | 00:25:27,846 | And put them in charge of driving this truck | And put them in charge of driving this truck |
481 | 00:25:27,852 | 00:25:30,820 | Around in circles in orbit | Around in circles in orbit |
482 | 00:25:30,821 | 00:25:34,721 | Instead of doing something really exciting and important... | Instead of doing something really exciting and important... |
483 | 00:25:34,724 | 00:25:36,894 | You know, that's where the problems came from, | You know, that's where the problems came from, |
484 | 00:25:36,895 | 00:25:39,692 | And that came from a lack of leadership | And that came from a lack of leadership |
485 | 00:25:39,694 | 00:25:41,728 | Down the street from NASA, | Down the street from NASA, |
486 | 00:25:41,729 | 00:25:43,859 | You know, in congress and in the white house. | You know, in congress and in the white house. |
487 | 00:25:48,235 | 00:25:53,565 | It was so difficult... new scientists, new technology, | It was so difficult... new scientists, new technology, |
488 | 00:25:53,573 | 00:25:55,911 | So difficult to operate. It made us good. | So difficult to operate. It made us good. |
489 | 00:25:55,912 | 00:25:58,168 | We had to be good to operate that system, | We had to be good to operate that system, |
490 | 00:25:58,176 | 00:25:59,906 | But at the end of the shuttle program, | But at the end of the shuttle program, |
491 | 00:25:59,911 | 00:26:02,711 | We are a massively good space-faring nation. | We are a massively good space-faring nation. |
492 | 00:26:02,713 | 00:26:06,213 | We, the us now, we're fantastic now, we are good now. | We, the us now, we're fantastic now, we are good now. |
493 | 00:26:06,216 | 00:26:09,146 | We are excellent in the space-faring business. | We are excellent in the space-faring business. |
494 | 00:26:10,752 | 00:26:14,188 | The difficulty of the shuttle made us good, | The difficulty of the shuttle made us good, |
495 | 00:26:14,189 | 00:26:16,719 | But after that, the space station, | But after that, the space station, |
496 | 00:26:16,724 | 00:26:19,624 | Was a massive strategic error. | Was a massive strategic error. |
497 | 00:26:30,901 | 00:26:33,071 | Skylab was the first test of our ability | Skylab was the first test of our ability |
498 | 00:26:33,072 | 00:26:34,700 | To endure weightlessness, | To endure weightlessness, |
499 | 00:26:34,704 | 00:26:37,074 | And astronauts found that they could effectively work, | And astronauts found that they could effectively work, |
500 | 00:26:37,075 | 00:26:41,743 | Exercise, eat, and sleep in their temporary home. | Exercise, eat, and sleep in their temporary home. |
501 | 00:26:41,744 | 00:26:43,714 | More recently, the space shuttle has allowed us | More recently, the space shuttle has allowed us |
502 | 00:26:43,715 | 00:26:47,512 | To fly into orbit, conduct our business, and return. | To fly into orbit, conduct our business, and return. |
503 | 00:26:47,515 | 00:26:49,045 | In addition to providing a laboratory | In addition to providing a laboratory |
504 | 00:26:49,049 | 00:26:51,749 | For carrying out experiments in microgravity, | For carrying out experiments in microgravity, |
505 | 00:26:51,751 | 00:26:53,251 | The shuttle has also benefited us | The shuttle has also benefited us |
506 | 00:26:53,252 | 00:26:55,152 | Commercially and scientifically | Commercially and scientifically |
507 | 00:26:55,153 | 00:26:58,223 | Through the deployment and capture of satellites. | Through the deployment and capture of satellites. |
508 | 00:27:00,289 | 00:27:03,219 | But, the shuttle was designed with a larger goal in mind, | But, the shuttle was designed with a larger goal in mind, |
509 | 00:27:03,226 | 00:27:05,226 | To transport astronauts and materials | To transport astronauts and materials |
510 | 00:27:05,228 | 00:27:09,658 | To a proposed base, a permanent manned space station. | To a proposed base, a permanent manned space station. |
511 | 00:27:11,666 | 00:27:16,766 | Space station was NASA's primary objective after Apollo. | Space station was NASA's primary objective after Apollo. |
512 | 00:27:16,771 | 00:27:19,001 | What NASA hoped to get approved | What NASA hoped to get approved |
513 | 00:27:19,006 | 00:27:22,606 | Was a 12-person space station launched by Saturn V, | Was a 12-person space station launched by Saturn V, |
514 | 00:27:22,609 | 00:27:27,939 | And supplied by the shuttle in the '69-'70 period. | And supplied by the shuttle in the '69-'70 period. |
515 | 00:27:27,946 | 00:27:31,716 | The white house did not approve that program, | The white house did not approve that program, |
516 | 00:27:31,717 | 00:27:34,647 | And instead we went ahead with the space shuttle, | And instead we went ahead with the space shuttle, |
517 | 00:27:34,653 | 00:27:36,053 | But the shuttle was designed | But the shuttle was designed |
518 | 00:27:36,054 | 00:27:38,722 | To launch modules of the space station. | To launch modules of the space station. |
519 | 00:27:38,723 | 00:27:41,958 | It was clear in 1971 or '72 | It was clear in 1971 or '72 |
520 | 00:27:41,959 | 00:27:44,228 | That, once the shuttle started flying, | That, once the shuttle started flying, |
521 | 00:27:44,229 | 00:27:46,287 | NASA would go back and ask approval | NASA would go back and ask approval |
522 | 00:27:46,295 | 00:27:48,695 | - To develop the space station. - we have lift off. | - To develop the space station. - we have lift off. |
523 | 00:27:48,697 | 00:27:51,857 | And indeed they did that in 1983, | And indeed they did that in 1983, |
524 | 00:27:51,866 | 00:27:53,826 | And finally president Reagan | And finally president Reagan |
525 | 00:27:53,834 | 00:27:55,804 | Announced approval of the space station | Announced approval of the space station |
526 | 00:27:55,805 | 00:27:59,437 | In the state of the union address in January of '84. | In the state of the union address in January of '84. |
527 | 00:27:59,438 | 00:28:01,838 | Tonight I am directing NASA | Tonight I am directing NASA |
528 | 00:28:01,840 | 00:28:03,770 | To develop a permanently manned space station | To develop a permanently manned space station |
529 | 00:28:03,775 | 00:28:06,805 | And to do it within a decade. | And to do it within a decade. |
530 | 00:28:06,811 | 00:28:08,780 | Despite problems with recent missions, | Despite problems with recent missions, |
531 | 00:28:08,781 | 00:28:10,148 | NASA is still pushing hard | NASA is still pushing hard |
532 | 00:28:10,149 | 00:28:12,677 | For a permanent space station someday. | For a permanent space station someday. |
533 | 00:28:12,682 | 00:28:14,182 | Many scientists and politicians | Many scientists and politicians |
534 | 00:28:14,183 | 00:28:15,683 | Say it is not clear what purpose | Say it is not clear what purpose |
535 | 00:28:15,684 | 00:28:17,784 | The space station is supposed to serve. | The space station is supposed to serve. |
536 | 00:28:17,786 | 00:28:19,116 | We're doing it backwards. | We're doing it backwards. |
537 | 00:28:19,120 | 00:28:20,820 | We're saying, "we're gonna have a station." | We're saying, "we're gonna have a station." |
538 | 00:28:20,821 | 00:28:22,891 | And by the way, what can you do if you have a station?" | And by the way, what can you do if you have a station?" |
539 | 00:28:22,892 | 00:28:25,019 | yes, it cost $100 billion. | yes, it cost $100 billion. |
540 | 00:28:25,024 | 00:28:27,762 | Yes, it's a cooperative effort of many nations, | Yes, it's a cooperative effort of many nations, |
541 | 00:28:27,763 | 00:28:30,730 | But a lot of the space station I think was wasteful, | But a lot of the space station I think was wasteful, |
542 | 00:28:30,731 | 00:28:33,459 | Because the science done on the space station | Because the science done on the space station |
543 | 00:28:33,465 | 00:28:35,125 | Was actually minimal. | Was actually minimal. |
544 | 00:28:35,133 | 00:28:38,902 | Skylab, '72 was a massively successful station. | Skylab, '72 was a massively successful station. |
545 | 00:28:38,903 | 00:28:40,941 | It already had 200 experiments built in. | It already had 200 experiments built in. |
546 | 00:28:40,942 | 00:28:42,798 | All those things matured us, | All those things matured us, |
547 | 00:28:42,806 | 00:28:47,706 | In terms of on-orbit space ops and long-term space flight. | In terms of on-orbit space ops and long-term space flight. |
548 | 00:28:47,710 | 00:28:49,410 | We already did that. | We already did that. |
549 | 00:28:49,411 | 00:28:52,079 | See, I'm not criticizing space station. | See, I'm not criticizing space station. |
550 | 00:28:52,080 | 00:28:54,280 | What I'm saying is, what does space station | What I'm saying is, what does space station |
551 | 00:28:54,282 | 00:28:56,416 | Do for the man on the street? | Do for the man on the street? |
552 | 00:28:56,417 | 00:28:58,147 | They don't know. | They don't know. |
553 | 00:28:59,118 | 00:29:01,086 | Go out and ask them. | Go out and ask them. |
554 | 00:29:01,087 | 00:29:02,887 | I honestly don't know, | I honestly don't know, |
555 | 00:29:02,888 | 00:29:05,858 | And they make no effort to tell normal people, | And they make no effort to tell normal people, |
556 | 00:29:05,859 | 00:29:07,917 | So I mean I don't actually... | So I mean I don't actually... |
557 | 00:29:07,925 | 00:29:09,755 | I don't know what's going on at all. | I don't know what's going on at all. |
558 | 00:29:09,760 | 00:29:11,260 | Yeah, I really don't know what they're doing. | Yeah, I really don't know what they're doing. |
559 | 00:29:11,261 | 00:29:12,891 | They don't really say anything. | They don't really say anything. |
560 | 00:29:12,895 | 00:29:14,955 | All you hear is they bring supplies back and forth, | All you hear is they bring supplies back and forth, |
561 | 00:29:14,963 | 00:29:18,263 | So I mean what is the object of it? | So I mean what is the object of it? |
562 | 00:29:18,266 | 00:29:21,296 | I have no idea what they'd be doing up there, honestly. | I have no idea what they'd be doing up there, honestly. |
563 | 00:29:21,302 | 00:29:23,472 | I don't pay that much attention to this kind of stuff. | I don't pay that much attention to this kind of stuff. |
564 | 00:29:23,473 | 00:29:25,137 | Okay. | Okay. |
565 | 00:29:25,138 | 00:29:27,138 | - Unfortunately, we don't know. - -not now. Not now. | - Unfortunately, we don't know. - -not now. Not now. |
566 | 00:29:27,140 | 00:29:28,840 | - Not now, nope. - Yeah. | - Not now, nope. - Yeah. |
567 | 00:29:28,841 | 00:29:32,176 | If you have a program which costs $150 billion, | If you have a program which costs $150 billion, |
568 | 00:29:32,177 | 00:29:33,907 | And you ask the person on the street | And you ask the person on the street |
569 | 00:29:33,912 | 00:29:36,952 | What are you getting for this and they don't know, | What are you getting for this and they don't know, |
570 | 00:29:36,953 | 00:29:39,278 | You've missed the vision, sir. | You've missed the vision, sir. |
571 | 00:29:39,283 | 00:29:41,523 | We actually didn't finish building the space station | We actually didn't finish building the space station |
572 | 00:29:41,524 | 00:29:45,318 | Until 2010. It was supposed to be done in 1994. | Until 2010. It was supposed to be done in 1994. |
573 | 00:29:45,321 | 00:29:47,791 | Well, it did in fact basically suck the life | Well, it did in fact basically suck the life |
574 | 00:29:47,792 | 00:29:50,190 | Out of the human spaceflight program for 25 years, | Out of the human spaceflight program for 25 years, |
575 | 00:29:50,192 | 00:29:52,992 | And so it was very hard to get approval | And so it was very hard to get approval |
576 | 00:29:52,994 | 00:29:57,530 | For new things going forward, not that people didn't try. | For new things going forward, not that people didn't try. |
577 | 00:29:57,531 | 00:29:59,498 | We must commit ourselves anew | We must commit ourselves anew |
578 | 00:29:59,499 | 00:30:02,999 | To a sustained program of manned exploration | To a sustained program of manned exploration |
579 | 00:30:03,002 | 00:30:05,336 | Of the solar system, and yes, | Of the solar system, and yes, |
580 | 00:30:05,337 | 00:30:08,906 | The permanent settlement of space. | The permanent settlement of space. |
581 | 00:30:08,907 | 00:30:12,407 | As George HW Bush came into the white house, | As George HW Bush came into the white house, |
582 | 00:30:12,410 | 00:30:15,040 | He indicated he wanted to do something | He indicated he wanted to do something |
583 | 00:30:15,045 | 00:30:17,445 | To revitalize the space program. | To revitalize the space program. |
584 | 00:30:17,447 | 00:30:22,017 | And his advisers prepared for him an announcement | And his advisers prepared for him an announcement |
585 | 00:30:22,018 | 00:30:25,518 | Called the space exploration initiative. | Called the space exploration initiative. |
586 | 00:30:25,521 | 00:30:28,121 | Back to the moon, on to mars, this time to stay. | Back to the moon, on to mars, this time to stay. |
587 | 00:30:28,123 | 00:30:29,892 | Great stuff, but NASA came back | Great stuff, but NASA came back |
588 | 00:30:29,893 | 00:30:32,160 | With a program to do it in 30 years | With a program to do it in 30 years |
589 | 00:30:32,161 | 00:30:34,559 | That involved building floating spaceports | That involved building floating spaceports |
590 | 00:30:34,561 | 00:30:37,796 | And giant interplanetary spaceships, | And giant interplanetary spaceships, |
591 | 00:30:37,797 | 00:30:40,797 | And all kinds of things that were never gonna happen. | And all kinds of things that were never gonna happen. |
592 | 00:30:40,800 | 00:30:42,300 | And of course, the architecture meant | And of course, the architecture meant |
593 | 00:30:42,301 | 00:30:43,868 | You have to have a launch system | You have to have a launch system |
594 | 00:30:43,869 | 00:30:45,399 | And you have to have all the other pieces | And you have to have all the other pieces |
595 | 00:30:45,403 | 00:30:48,443 | Of what it would take to do an entire mission | Of what it would take to do an entire mission |
596 | 00:30:48,444 | 00:30:52,169 | To the surface of the moon and go on to mars. | To the surface of the moon and go on to mars. |
597 | 00:30:52,176 | 00:30:54,836 | Well, you total up all those assets necessary | Well, you total up all those assets necessary |
598 | 00:30:54,845 | 00:30:59,075 | Over a 20-year period, and the total was $500 billion. | Over a 20-year period, and the total was $500 billion. |
599 | 00:31:00,481 | 00:31:04,051 | Well, that figure got leaked to the hill, | Well, that figure got leaked to the hill, |
600 | 00:31:04,052 | 00:31:05,892 | And the way the hill looks at money is | And the way the hill looks at money is |
601 | 00:31:05,893 | 00:31:10,257 | $500 billion dollars with a B is in like today's money. | $500 billion dollars with a B is in like today's money. |
602 | 00:31:10,258 | 00:31:12,018 | And so, it was dead on arrival. | And so, it was dead on arrival. |
603 | 00:31:12,026 | 00:31:14,526 | They never even bothered to look at it. | They never even bothered to look at it. |
604 | 00:31:14,528 | 00:31:16,328 | Let me introduce to you | Let me introduce to you |
605 | 00:31:16,329 | 00:31:18,359 | Our speaker for this afternoon, | Our speaker for this afternoon, |
606 | 00:31:18,364 | 00:31:22,867 | Robert Zubrin from martin Marietta... Astro. | Robert Zubrin from martin Marietta... Astro. |
607 | 00:31:22,868 | 00:31:25,836 | He's a senior engineer there | He's a senior engineer there |
608 | 00:31:25,837 | 00:31:30,267 | On the moon and mars initiative missions work | On the moon and mars initiative missions work |
609 | 00:31:30,274 | 00:31:32,244 | That martin Marietta is doing. | That martin Marietta is doing. |
610 | 00:31:32,245 | 00:31:34,042 | Robert, come talk to us. | Robert, come talk to us. |
611 | 00:31:34,043 | 00:31:39,613 | Mars direct is a plan for sending humans to mars | Mars direct is a plan for sending humans to mars |
612 | 00:31:39,615 | 00:31:41,575 | With present day technology. | With present day technology. |
613 | 00:31:41,583 | 00:31:43,383 | It's a plan that could be implemented | It's a plan that could be implemented |
614 | 00:31:43,384 | 00:31:45,584 | Within eight years of program start. | Within eight years of program start. |
615 | 00:31:45,586 | 00:31:47,286 | This was developed by myself | This was developed by myself |
616 | 00:31:47,287 | 00:31:49,487 | And another engineer named David baker | And another engineer named David baker |
617 | 00:31:49,489 | 00:31:51,089 | While we were working | While we were working |
618 | 00:31:51,090 | 00:31:54,360 | At the martin Marietta astronautics company circa 1990. | At the martin Marietta astronautics company circa 1990. |
619 | 00:31:55,926 | 00:31:57,886 | What baker and I did was design a plan | What baker and I did was design a plan |
620 | 00:31:57,895 | 00:32:00,295 | That would allow us to do a human mars mission | That would allow us to do a human mars mission |
621 | 00:32:00,297 | 00:32:03,866 | In just two launches of a Saturn V heavy-lift booster, | In just two launches of a Saturn V heavy-lift booster, |
622 | 00:32:03,867 | 00:32:06,027 | Okay, like the one we used during Apollo. | Okay, like the one we used during Apollo. |
623 | 00:32:08,036 | 00:32:09,936 | And before you know it, you've created the beginning | And before you know it, you've created the beginning |
624 | 00:32:09,938 | 00:32:11,998 | Of the first human settlement on a new world. | Of the first human settlement on a new world. |
625 | 00:32:12,006 | 00:32:14,936 | There's nothing in this that is beyond our technology. | There's nothing in this that is beyond our technology. |
626 | 00:32:19,078 | 00:32:22,448 | Around that 1993, mike griffin was appointed | Around that 1993, mike griffin was appointed |
627 | 00:32:22,449 | 00:32:25,079 | Associate administrator for exploration, | Associate administrator for exploration, |
628 | 00:32:25,084 | 00:32:27,018 | And he liked mars direct. | And he liked mars direct. |
629 | 00:32:27,019 | 00:32:29,019 | He had us go back to Johnson space center | He had us go back to Johnson space center |
630 | 00:32:29,021 | 00:32:31,221 | And talk to them again with this time | And talk to them again with this time |
631 | 00:32:31,223 | 00:32:32,493 | The people at headquarters telling you | The people at headquarters telling you |
632 | 00:32:32,494 | 00:32:33,990 | That they had to listen, | That they had to listen, |
633 | 00:32:33,991 | 00:32:35,221 | And they listened, | And they listened, |
634 | 00:32:35,225 | 00:32:36,885 | And they came up with a variant of mars direct | And they came up with a variant of mars direct |
635 | 00:32:36,893 | 00:32:38,362 | As their new mars mission plan. | As their new mars mission plan. |
636 | 00:32:38,363 | 00:32:40,161 | And according to their analysis, | And according to their analysis, |
637 | 00:32:40,162 | 00:32:42,962 | It cut the cost of a human mars exploration program | It cut the cost of a human mars exploration program |
638 | 00:32:42,964 | 00:32:45,999 | By a factor of eight. Okay? | By a factor of eight. Okay? |
639 | 00:32:46,000 | 00:32:48,400 | Unfortunately by then, Clinton was in office, | Unfortunately by then, Clinton was in office, |
640 | 00:32:48,402 | 00:32:51,102 | And he wasn't interested, so he told them to just shut up. | And he wasn't interested, so he told them to just shut up. |
641 | 00:32:53,004 | 00:32:56,107 | You know, but the problem is, | You know, but the problem is, |
642 | 00:32:56,108 | 00:32:58,638 | Is that we've never had a situation where both NASA | Is that we've never had a situation where both NASA |
643 | 00:32:58,643 | 00:33:01,243 | And the administration were on board at the same time, | And the administration were on board at the same time, |
644 | 00:33:01,245 | 00:33:03,035 | Except during Apollo. | Except during Apollo. |
645 | 00:33:06,148 | 00:33:07,548 | My name is Michelle Stellhorn. | My name is Michelle Stellhorn. |
646 | 00:33:07,550 | 00:33:10,220 | I am a teacher in the gifted education program | I am a teacher in the gifted education program |
647 | 00:33:10,221 | 00:33:12,149 | Of the rockwood school district, | Of the rockwood school district, |
648 | 00:33:12,154 | 00:33:15,289 | And I teach a unit called mission to mars. | And I teach a unit called mission to mars. |
649 | 00:33:15,290 | 00:33:17,560 | And we cover the congressional space debate | And we cover the congressional space debate |
650 | 00:33:17,561 | 00:33:21,427 | And the importance and future of space exploration. | And the importance and future of space exploration. |
651 | 00:33:21,428 | 00:33:24,028 | Do you wanna be an astronaut? | Do you wanna be an astronaut? |
652 | 00:33:24,030 | 00:33:27,399 | No, because I like earth, and I want to stay on it, | No, because I like earth, and I want to stay on it, |
653 | 00:33:27,400 | 00:33:32,370 | But I think that space exploration is really cool. | But I think that space exploration is really cool. |
654 | 00:33:32,371 | 00:33:34,939 | It's too expensive. | It's too expensive. |
655 | 00:33:34,940 | 00:33:39,376 | We have national debt and we have the job deficit. | We have national debt and we have the job deficit. |
656 | 00:33:39,377 | 00:33:41,337 | Do you think that we should be spending | Do you think that we should be spending |
657 | 00:33:41,345 | 00:33:44,175 | More money and effort in space exploration? | More money and effort in space exploration? |
658 | 00:33:46,014 | 00:33:48,616 | Well, I think... | Well, I think... |
659 | 00:33:48,617 | 00:33:50,077 | I personally think we should, | I personally think we should, |
660 | 00:33:50,085 | 00:33:52,645 | But I think that since there's so many people | But I think that since there's so many people |
661 | 00:33:52,654 | 00:33:54,354 | Around the world who are struggling | Around the world who are struggling |
662 | 00:33:54,355 | 00:33:55,945 | To just put food on the table, | To just put food on the table, |
663 | 00:33:55,956 | 00:33:58,116 | I don't see how we can. | I don't see how we can. |
664 | 00:33:58,124 | 00:34:01,362 | I mean, we could, but there's so many other problems | I mean, we could, but there's so many other problems |
665 | 00:34:01,363 | 00:34:05,029 | That are major focuses that the government should be studying, | That are major focuses that the government should be studying, |
666 | 00:34:05,030 | 00:34:06,300 | That should be working on. | That should be working on. |
667 | 00:34:06,301 | 00:34:10,127 | We need to get our national debt paid off | We need to get our national debt paid off |
668 | 00:34:10,134 | 00:34:13,402 | Before we can go and play around in space. | Before we can go and play around in space. |
669 | 00:34:13,403 | 00:34:17,103 | If given the opportunity, if somebody said | If given the opportunity, if somebody said |
670 | 00:34:17,106 | 00:34:20,406 | Do you wanna go to space, would you go? | Do you wanna go to space, would you go? |
671 | 00:34:21,742 | 00:34:25,742 | Me, I think that depends how much they pay me. | Me, I think that depends how much they pay me. |
672 | 00:34:27,613 | 00:34:30,282 | Don't wanna be an astronaut, what are they gonna fly? | Don't wanna be an astronaut, what are they gonna fly? |
673 | 00:34:30,283 | 00:34:32,417 | There's nothing to fly. | There's nothing to fly. |
674 | 00:34:32,418 | 00:34:34,718 | There is no mars program. | There is no mars program. |
675 | 00:34:34,720 | 00:34:37,550 | There is no astronaut program. | There is no astronaut program. |
676 | 00:34:37,556 | 00:34:39,416 | There's casual talk about it. | There's casual talk about it. |
677 | 00:34:39,424 | 00:34:41,358 | I know what a program is. | I know what a program is. |
678 | 00:34:41,359 | 00:34:43,759 | I know when a man says, "you're going to the moon, | I know when a man says, "you're going to the moon, |
679 | 00:34:43,761 | 00:34:45,761 | You're coming home eight years from now," | You're coming home eight years from now," |
680 | 00:34:45,763 | 00:34:47,733 | I know what that means. | I know what that means. |
681 | 00:34:50,132 | 00:34:52,232 | The space shuttle pulls into port | The space shuttle pulls into port |
682 | 00:34:52,235 | 00:34:56,095 | For the last time, its voyage at and end. | For the last time, its voyage at and end. |
683 | 00:35:01,242 | 00:35:03,580 | You know, there's a lot of people that think that | You know, there's a lot of people that think that |
684 | 00:35:03,581 | 00:35:05,238 | The end of the shuttle program | The end of the shuttle program |
685 | 00:35:05,246 | 00:35:10,046 | Was the end of America going out into space. | Was the end of America going out into space. |
686 | 00:35:11,216 | 00:35:14,276 | It's absurd, it's ridiculous. | It's absurd, it's ridiculous. |
687 | 00:35:14,286 | 00:35:18,246 | Flying a shuttle in circles around the earth is not exploring. | Flying a shuttle in circles around the earth is not exploring. |
688 | 00:35:18,256 | 00:35:22,486 | It's not pushing forward the human frontier. | It's not pushing forward the human frontier. |
689 | 00:35:22,493 | 00:35:24,793 | You're simply making work. | You're simply making work. |
690 | 00:35:24,795 | 00:35:28,155 | You're simply funneling taxpayer money | You're simply funneling taxpayer money |
691 | 00:35:28,165 | 00:35:29,725 | Into certain people's pockets | Into certain people's pockets |
692 | 00:35:29,733 | 00:35:32,201 | Who are working in different areas, | Who are working in different areas, |
693 | 00:35:32,202 | 00:35:35,237 | Politicians, aerospace companies, | Politicians, aerospace companies, |
694 | 00:35:35,238 | 00:35:37,268 | People who runs space centers. | People who runs space centers. |
695 | 00:35:37,273 | 00:35:41,609 | That's not what this should be about, | That's not what this should be about, |
696 | 00:35:41,610 | 00:35:46,150 | But that's what it's become because there's no leadership... | But that's what it's become because there's no leadership... |
697 | 00:35:47,113 | 00:35:48,753 | Because there's no vision. | Because there's no vision. |
698 | 00:35:56,820 | 00:35:58,450 | And Columbia, Houston, | And Columbia, Houston, |
699 | 00:35:58,456 | 00:35:59,716 | We see you tire pressure messages, | We see you tire pressure messages, |
700 | 00:35:59,723 | 00:36:02,593 | And we did not copy your last. | And we did not copy your last. |
701 | 00:36:12,333 | 00:36:14,703 | Columbia, Houston, comm check. | Columbia, Houston, comm check. |
702 | 00:36:17,170 | 00:36:19,870 | Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check. | Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check. |
703 | 00:36:21,506 | 00:36:24,406 | Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check. | Columbia, Houston, UHF comm check. |
704 | 00:36:25,709 | 00:36:30,509 | February 1st, 2003, Columbia reenters tragically | February 1st, 2003, Columbia reenters tragically |
705 | 00:36:30,514 | 00:36:33,349 | And breaks up over Texas. | And breaks up over Texas. |
706 | 00:36:33,350 | 00:36:36,320 | The notion that we could continue flying the shuttle... | The notion that we could continue flying the shuttle... |
707 | 00:36:37,951 | 00:36:40,521 | For a long time went away. | For a long time went away. |
708 | 00:36:50,462 | 00:36:53,801 | The commission that investigated that accident said, | The commission that investigated that accident said, |
709 | 00:36:53,802 | 00:36:56,669 | "if you're going to be risking human lives, | "if you're going to be risking human lives, |
710 | 00:36:56,670 | 00:36:59,668 | "you really need to explain what it is | "you really need to explain what it is |
711 | 00:36:59,671 | 00:37:02,441 | That you're trying to accomplish in human spaceflight." | That you're trying to accomplish in human spaceflight." |
712 | 00:37:02,442 | 00:37:06,676 | Consistent with safety concerns and the recommendations | Consistent with safety concerns and the recommendations |
713 | 00:37:06,677 | 00:37:09,507 | Of the Columbia accident investigation board... | Of the Columbia accident investigation board... |
714 | 00:37:11,213 | 00:37:13,851 | The shuttle's chief purpose of the next several years | The shuttle's chief purpose of the next several years |
715 | 00:37:13,852 | 00:37:15,749 | Will be to help finish assembly | Will be to help finish assembly |
716 | 00:37:15,750 | 00:37:17,720 | Of the international space station. | Of the international space station. |
717 | 00:37:19,618 | 00:37:23,248 | In 2010, the space shuttle, | In 2010, the space shuttle, |
718 | 00:37:23,255 | 00:37:28,555 | After nearly 30 years of duty, will be retired from service. | After nearly 30 years of duty, will be retired from service. |
719 | 00:37:28,559 | 00:37:30,759 | The first shuttle tragedy made everybody stop | The first shuttle tragedy made everybody stop |
720 | 00:37:30,761 | 00:37:33,899 | And think exactly what it was we were using the shuttle for, | And think exactly what it was we were using the shuttle for, |
721 | 00:37:33,900 | 00:37:36,697 | And did you really need to have humans aboard | And did you really need to have humans aboard |
722 | 00:37:36,699 | 00:37:39,399 | A spacecraft in order to launch satellites, | A spacecraft in order to launch satellites, |
723 | 00:37:39,401 | 00:37:42,269 | And the second tragedy, Columbia, | And the second tragedy, Columbia, |
724 | 00:37:42,270 | 00:37:43,900 | Really brought it down to a real focus on, | Really brought it down to a real focus on, |
725 | 00:37:43,904 | 00:37:47,439 | "well, why are you doing human spaceflight at all?" | "well, why are you doing human spaceflight at all?" |
726 | 00:37:47,440 | 00:37:49,240 | Using the crew exploration vehicle, | Using the crew exploration vehicle, |
727 | 00:37:49,241 | 00:37:52,311 | We will undertake extended human missions to the moon | We will undertake extended human missions to the moon |
728 | 00:37:52,312 | 00:37:54,440 | As early as 2015, | As early as 2015, |
729 | 00:37:54,445 | 00:37:57,905 | With the goal of living and working there | With the goal of living and working there |
730 | 00:37:57,915 | 00:38:01,475 | For increasingly extended periods of time. | For increasingly extended periods of time. |
731 | 00:38:02,451 | 00:38:05,420 | See, I was... I was there, | See, I was... I was there, |
732 | 00:38:05,421 | 00:38:08,691 | I was literally in the room when president bush announced | I was literally in the room when president bush announced |
733 | 00:38:08,692 | 00:38:11,358 | We were gonna go back to the moon and on to mars. | We were gonna go back to the moon and on to mars. |
734 | 00:38:11,359 | 00:38:12,659 | And I'm a Texan, I was close enough | And I'm a Texan, I was close enough |
735 | 00:38:12,660 | 00:38:14,290 | To where I could look at him. | To where I could look at him. |
736 | 00:38:14,294 | 00:38:17,729 | We're fairly good at spotting BS in each other, | We're fairly good at spotting BS in each other, |
737 | 00:38:17,730 | 00:38:19,860 | And I think he really meant it. | And I think he really meant it. |
738 | 00:38:19,865 | 00:38:22,795 | President bush to his credit said, | President bush to his credit said, |
739 | 00:38:22,801 | 00:38:24,870 | You know we're not gonna just do this anymore, | You know we're not gonna just do this anymore, |
740 | 00:38:24,871 | 00:38:26,769 | We're gonna do something different, | We're gonna do something different, |
741 | 00:38:26,770 | 00:38:30,339 | And we should go back and we should explore. | And we should go back and we should explore. |
742 | 00:38:30,340 | 00:38:31,940 | A powerful argument was made | A powerful argument was made |
743 | 00:38:31,941 | 00:38:34,271 | That what needed to happen | That what needed to happen |
744 | 00:38:34,276 | 00:38:37,336 | Was we needed to start making economic use | Was we needed to start making economic use |
745 | 00:38:37,345 | 00:38:40,045 | Of all of the things that we had found | Of all of the things that we had found |
746 | 00:38:40,047 | 00:38:43,516 | By all this taxpayer-funded space exploration. | By all this taxpayer-funded space exploration. |
747 | 00:38:43,517 | 00:38:46,047 | If we want to start going back to the moon, | If we want to start going back to the moon, |
748 | 00:38:46,052 | 00:38:49,621 | But this time for economically useful purposes, | But this time for economically useful purposes, |
749 | 00:38:49,622 | 00:38:51,889 | How would we do that? | How would we do that? |
750 | 00:38:51,890 | 00:38:54,990 | And they came up with some really interesting ideas, | And they came up with some really interesting ideas, |
751 | 00:38:54,993 | 00:38:56,960 | All of which were affordable, | All of which were affordable, |
752 | 00:38:56,961 | 00:38:58,791 | All of which were executable, | All of which were executable, |
753 | 00:38:58,796 | 00:39:00,726 | All of which were quite reasonable | All of which were quite reasonable |
754 | 00:39:00,731 | 00:39:03,499 | Paths that we could have gone forward, | Paths that we could have gone forward, |
755 | 00:39:03,500 | 00:39:06,300 | None of which looked like Apollo. | None of which looked like Apollo. |
756 | 00:39:06,302 | 00:39:09,402 | And then he hired a new NASA administrator, | And then he hired a new NASA administrator, |
757 | 00:39:09,405 | 00:39:11,865 | Who said he was absolutely dedicated | Who said he was absolutely dedicated |
758 | 00:39:11,874 | 00:39:15,343 | To carrying out the president's vision, | To carrying out the president's vision, |
759 | 00:39:15,344 | 00:39:17,344 | And that was Dr. Michael griffin. | And that was Dr. Michael griffin. |
760 | 00:39:18,512 | 00:39:20,447 | And griffin came in and said, | And griffin came in and said, |
761 | 00:39:20,448 | 00:39:22,878 | "I know how I'm going to do this." | "I know how I'm going to do this." |
762 | 00:39:22,883 | 00:39:24,350 | And he had a plan. | And he had a plan. |
763 | 00:39:24,351 | 00:39:27,920 | He had a way of getting America back to the moon | He had a way of getting America back to the moon |
764 | 00:39:27,921 | 00:39:29,751 | And then on to mars. | And then on to mars. |
765 | 00:39:29,756 | 00:39:31,416 | It is very Apollo-like. | It is very Apollo-like. |
766 | 00:39:31,424 | 00:39:33,462 | It may have a different shaped heat shield. | It may have a different shaped heat shield. |
767 | 00:39:33,463 | 00:39:35,728 | It may have a different surface contact system, | It may have a different surface contact system, |
768 | 00:39:35,729 | 00:39:39,057 | But the outer mold line is very Apollo-like, except larger. | But the outer mold line is very Apollo-like, except larger. |
769 | 00:39:39,063 | 00:39:41,003 | Think of it as Apollo on steroids. | Think of it as Apollo on steroids. |
770 | 00:39:41,964 | 00:39:44,499 | Everything was tanked. | Everything was tanked. |
771 | 00:39:44,500 | 00:39:46,570 | All of the ideas were dropped and ditched, | All of the ideas were dropped and ditched, |
772 | 00:39:46,571 | 00:39:51,338 | Because mike griffin had his own plan for "das program." | Because mike griffin had his own plan for "das program." |
773 | 00:39:55,041 | 00:39:58,011 | NASA's new program for human space exploration | NASA's new program for human space exploration |
774 | 00:39:58,012 | 00:40:00,540 | Is called constellation. | Is called constellation. |
775 | 00:40:00,545 | 00:40:02,905 | For the first time in a generation | For the first time in a generation |
776 | 00:40:02,914 | 00:40:05,854 | We will be traveling beyond low earth orbit, | We will be traveling beyond low earth orbit, |
777 | 00:40:05,855 | 00:40:07,517 | Returning to the moon | Returning to the moon |
778 | 00:40:07,518 | 00:40:10,678 | And expanding human presence to mars. | And expanding human presence to mars. |
779 | 00:40:12,486 | 00:40:15,616 | Exploration must be taken in steps. | Exploration must be taken in steps. |
780 | 00:40:15,623 | 00:40:18,091 | Because we learn from every journey, | Because we learn from every journey, |
781 | 00:40:18,092 | 00:40:21,662 | There is a link between every place we go. | There is a link between every place we go. |
782 | 00:40:33,672 | 00:40:36,908 | Very quickly the bush administration | Very quickly the bush administration |
783 | 00:40:36,909 | 00:40:40,139 | Started to cut back on some of NASA's... | Started to cut back on some of NASA's... |
784 | 00:40:41,378 | 00:40:43,608 | Hoped for budget increases. | Hoped for budget increases. |
785 | 00:40:43,614 | 00:40:45,754 | That brought you to the Obama administration | That brought you to the Obama administration |
786 | 00:40:45,755 | 00:40:47,449 | In which they said... | In which they said... |
787 | 00:40:47,450 | 00:40:49,619 | I understand that some believe that we should attempt | I understand that some believe that we should attempt |
788 | 00:40:49,620 | 00:40:52,418 | A return to the surface of the moon first... | A return to the surface of the moon first... |
789 | 00:40:53,453 | 00:40:55,753 | As previously planned. | As previously planned. |
790 | 00:40:55,756 | 00:40:59,586 | But I just have to say, pretty bluntly here... | But I just have to say, pretty bluntly here... |
791 | 00:41:00,892 | 00:41:02,660 | We've been there before. | We've been there before. |
792 | 00:41:02,661 | 00:41:04,931 | Will American astronauts return to the moon | Will American astronauts return to the moon |
793 | 00:41:04,932 | 00:41:06,729 | In the foreseeable future? | In the foreseeable future? |
794 | 00:41:06,730 | 00:41:07,930 | NBC news has learned | NBC news has learned |
795 | 00:41:07,931 | 00:41:09,701 | That plans to travel there and beyond | That plans to travel there and beyond |
796 | 00:41:09,702 | 00:41:14,169 | The white house was willing to support the vision | The white house was willing to support the vision |
797 | 00:41:14,170 | 00:41:16,170 | Of returning to the moon by 2020 | Of returning to the moon by 2020 |
798 | 00:41:16,172 | 00:41:19,072 | And going on to mars verbally, | And going on to mars verbally, |
799 | 00:41:19,074 | 00:41:22,876 | But not when it came down to the nation's pocketbook. | But not when it came down to the nation's pocketbook. |
800 | 00:41:22,877 | 00:41:25,507 | It had been known from the start | It had been known from the start |
801 | 00:41:25,512 | 00:41:28,182 | That the constellation could not be executed | That the constellation could not be executed |
802 | 00:41:28,183 | 00:41:30,781 | On anything like NASA's current budget. | On anything like NASA's current budget. |
803 | 00:41:30,783 | 00:41:33,751 | The assumption was made that NASA | The assumption was made that NASA |
804 | 00:41:33,752 | 00:41:36,590 | Would receive a very substantial budget increase | Would receive a very substantial budget increase |
805 | 00:41:36,591 | 00:41:39,518 | In order to do something like constellation. | In order to do something like constellation. |
806 | 00:41:39,524 | 00:41:41,624 | When president Obama came into office, | When president Obama came into office, |
807 | 00:41:41,626 | 00:41:43,156 | He set up this committee | He set up this committee |
808 | 00:41:43,160 | 00:41:45,590 | To take a look at the constellation program | To take a look at the constellation program |
809 | 00:41:45,595 | 00:41:47,895 | And that committee determined that technically | And that committee determined that technically |
810 | 00:41:47,897 | 00:41:50,427 | The constellation program was doing quite well, | The constellation program was doing quite well, |
811 | 00:41:50,432 | 00:41:52,532 | But that there wasn't enough money. | But that there wasn't enough money. |
812 | 00:41:52,534 | 00:41:55,669 | The budget for that program had been reduced | The budget for that program had been reduced |
813 | 00:41:55,670 | 00:41:58,200 | Substantially every single year since it started, | Substantially every single year since it started, |
814 | 00:41:58,205 | 00:42:03,165 | And as a result, our look at the constellation program | And as a result, our look at the constellation program |
815 | 00:42:03,176 | 00:42:08,506 | That we were then pursuing was that it was not executable. | That we were then pursuing was that it was not executable. |
816 | 00:42:08,514 | 00:42:11,154 | The program was on a trajectory to fail. | The program was on a trajectory to fail. |
817 | 00:42:11,155 | 00:42:15,519 | We did recommend that either NASA's budget be increased, | We did recommend that either NASA's budget be increased, |
818 | 00:42:15,520 | 00:42:16,950 | Rather substantially, | Rather substantially, |
819 | 00:42:16,954 | 00:42:19,454 | Or that they should be given some other mission | Or that they should be given some other mission |
820 | 00:42:19,456 | 00:42:21,756 | That they can do within their current budget. | That they can do within their current budget. |
821 | 00:42:21,758 | 00:42:26,228 | Everyone agrees that there's a $3 billion shortfall | Everyone agrees that there's a $3 billion shortfall |
822 | 00:42:26,229 | 00:42:28,729 | In what we need to accomplish our goals. | In what we need to accomplish our goals. |
823 | 00:42:30,131 | 00:42:35,501 | Of what you have suggested as alternatives, other options, | Of what you have suggested as alternatives, other options, |
824 | 00:42:35,503 | 00:42:41,173 | Are any of those accomplishable without that shortfall? | Are any of those accomplishable without that shortfall? |
825 | 00:42:42,942 | 00:42:45,511 | Do you wanna deal with that? | Do you wanna deal with that? |
826 | 00:42:45,512 | 00:42:47,546 | - No. - Okay, there you go. | - No. - Okay, there you go. |
827 | 00:42:47,547 | 00:42:49,047 | The white house was not willing to invest | The white house was not willing to invest |
828 | 00:42:49,048 | 00:42:52,748 | Congress was not willing to invest that kind of money in it, | Congress was not willing to invest that kind of money in it, |
829 | 00:42:52,751 | 00:42:54,781 | So the constellation program was canceled. | So the constellation program was canceled. |
830 | 00:42:54,786 | 00:43:00,516 | The reason we were unable to sustain humanity in space | The reason we were unable to sustain humanity in space |
831 | 00:43:00,524 | 00:43:02,624 | Or on the moon after Apollo, | Or on the moon after Apollo, |
832 | 00:43:02,626 | 00:43:04,626 | Was there was no decision to do so... | Was there was no decision to do so... |
833 | 00:43:06,095 | 00:43:10,695 | And there was no technology that was designed | And there was no technology that was designed |
834 | 00:43:10,700 | 00:43:15,537 | To allow us to do so because the decision was not there. | To allow us to do so because the decision was not there. |
835 | 00:43:15,538 | 00:43:17,938 | Interestingly, in the constellation program | Interestingly, in the constellation program |
836 | 00:43:17,940 | 00:43:23,240 | And under president bush, he said, "we're going to establish" | And under president bush, he said, "we're going to establish" |
837 | 00:43:23,244 | 00:43:25,914 | Human permanence beyond the earth." | Human permanence beyond the earth." |
838 | 00:43:27,580 | 00:43:30,716 | Unfortunately, the people in charge | Unfortunately, the people in charge |
839 | 00:43:30,717 | 00:43:34,047 | Were unable to understand what that meant, | Were unable to understand what that meant, |
840 | 00:43:34,053 | 00:43:37,153 | And instead redesigned a bigger, | And instead redesigned a bigger, |
841 | 00:43:37,156 | 00:43:40,816 | Badder version of the Apollo program. | Badder version of the Apollo program. |
842 | 00:43:40,826 | 00:43:44,086 | It was doomed to failure from the beginning. | It was doomed to failure from the beginning. |
843 | 00:43:52,734 | 00:43:54,569 | September of 2011, | September of 2011, |
844 | 00:43:54,570 | 00:43:58,039 | NASA proposes a new capability for human exploration, | NASA proposes a new capability for human exploration, |
845 | 00:43:58,040 | 00:44:01,070 | A massive rocket, the largest ever built, | A massive rocket, the largest ever built, |
846 | 00:44:01,076 | 00:44:04,836 | For a variety of missions beyond low earth orbit. | For a variety of missions beyond low earth orbit. |
847 | 00:44:04,846 | 00:44:06,806 | When president Obama announced | When president Obama announced |
848 | 00:44:06,814 | 00:44:08,814 | That he was canceling constellation, | That he was canceling constellation, |
849 | 00:44:08,816 | 00:44:12,816 | What he wanted to do was to wait five years | What he wanted to do was to wait five years |
850 | 00:44:12,820 | 00:44:16,120 | And invest in game- changing technologies, | And invest in game- changing technologies, |
851 | 00:44:16,123 | 00:44:18,290 | And after that period of time | And after that period of time |
852 | 00:44:18,291 | 00:44:20,591 | A decision would be made as to what new rockets | A decision would be made as to what new rockets |
853 | 00:44:20,593 | 00:44:21,762 | Or spacecraft were needed | Or spacecraft were needed |
854 | 00:44:21,763 | 00:44:23,560 | To go wherever it is the nation | To go wherever it is the nation |
855 | 00:44:23,561 | 00:44:25,401 | Was gonna go next in human spaceflight. | Was gonna go next in human spaceflight. |
856 | 00:44:25,402 | 00:44:27,757 | And that presupposed in five years | And that presupposed in five years |
857 | 00:44:27,766 | 00:44:29,896 | You could do something that essentially | You could do something that essentially |
858 | 00:44:29,901 | 00:44:32,001 | Obsoletes chemical propulsion. | Obsoletes chemical propulsion. |
859 | 00:44:32,003 | 00:44:35,103 | We will increase investment right away | We will increase investment right away |
860 | 00:44:35,106 | 00:44:37,106 | In other groundbreaking technologies | In other groundbreaking technologies |
861 | 00:44:37,108 | 00:44:38,808 | That will allow astronauts | That will allow astronauts |
862 | 00:44:38,809 | 00:44:41,109 | To reach space sooner and more often. | To reach space sooner and more often. |
863 | 00:44:41,111 | 00:44:42,911 | Well, there was nothing in the pipeline | Well, there was nothing in the pipeline |
864 | 00:44:42,912 | 00:44:44,281 | At all that would do that. | At all that would do that. |
865 | 00:44:44,282 | 00:44:46,810 | I mean, there was discussion of what might be. | I mean, there was discussion of what might be. |
866 | 00:44:46,815 | 00:44:49,775 | There was some hypotheses of what could be done, | There was some hypotheses of what could be done, |
867 | 00:44:49,784 | 00:44:51,284 | But now we're five years later | But now we're five years later |
868 | 00:44:51,285 | 00:44:53,075 | And there really was nothing in the pipeline | And there really was nothing in the pipeline |
869 | 00:44:53,086 | 00:44:55,046 | That was even remotely mature enough. | That was even remotely mature enough. |
870 | 00:44:55,054 | 00:44:56,823 | And congress hated that idea. | And congress hated that idea. |
871 | 00:44:56,824 | 00:44:59,862 | Congress felt it was really important to have a destination | Congress felt it was really important to have a destination |
872 | 00:44:59,863 | 00:45:02,926 | And a time frame within which to meet | And a time frame within which to meet |
873 | 00:45:02,927 | 00:45:06,257 | Specific visionary goals for human spaceflight | Specific visionary goals for human spaceflight |
874 | 00:45:06,263 | 00:45:08,963 | And so congress wrote into law | And so congress wrote into law |
875 | 00:45:08,965 | 00:45:11,895 | Directing NASA to build a new big rocket, | Directing NASA to build a new big rocket, |
876 | 00:45:11,901 | 00:45:14,101 | Which they called the space launch system, | Which they called the space launch system, |
877 | 00:45:14,103 | 00:45:17,138 | And to build a multi-purpose crew vehicle, | And to build a multi-purpose crew vehicle, |
878 | 00:45:17,139 | 00:45:19,206 | Which we know as Orion, | Which we know as Orion, |
879 | 00:45:19,207 | 00:45:21,467 | In order to provide the capabilities | In order to provide the capabilities |
880 | 00:45:21,475 | 00:45:26,175 | To keep a vigorous human spaceflight program going. | To keep a vigorous human spaceflight program going. |
881 | 00:45:26,179 | 00:45:28,379 | So constellation was canceled | So constellation was canceled |
882 | 00:45:28,381 | 00:45:31,049 | But congress promptly reinstated | But congress promptly reinstated |
883 | 00:45:31,050 | 00:45:34,020 | The all the expensive parts of it under new names... | The all the expensive parts of it under new names... |
884 | 00:45:35,953 | 00:45:38,253 | But did not give NASA the budget increase | But did not give NASA the budget increase |
885 | 00:45:38,256 | 00:45:40,856 | That would be necessary to fly missions with them. | That would be necessary to fly missions with them. |
886 | 00:45:40,858 | 00:45:41,988 | Do you know what the budget | Do you know what the budget |
887 | 00:45:41,992 | 00:45:44,827 | For the SLS launch system is? | For the SLS launch system is? |
888 | 00:45:44,828 | 00:45:46,328 | Uh, I... | Uh, I... |
889 | 00:45:46,329 | 00:45:48,829 | We don't know, so you don't know either, quite frankly. | We don't know, so you don't know either, quite frankly. |
890 | 00:45:48,831 | 00:45:50,461 | - That was a leading question. - -all right. | - That was a leading question. - -all right. |
891 | 00:45:50,465 | 00:45:52,425 | And if that money was gonna be taken | And if that money was gonna be taken |
892 | 00:45:52,433 | 00:45:56,133 | Out of your budget to develop the SLS launch system, | Out of your budget to develop the SLS launch system, |
893 | 00:45:56,136 | 00:45:58,166 | Rather than go with the launch systems | Rather than go with the launch systems |
894 | 00:45:58,171 | 00:46:01,241 | That we've already got, would you be supportive of that? | That we've already got, would you be supportive of that? |
895 | 00:46:02,240 | 00:46:03,940 | - No. - Right. | - No. - Right. |
896 | 00:46:03,942 | 00:46:06,080 | We really don't have a lot of momentum | We really don't have a lot of momentum |
897 | 00:46:06,081 | 00:46:07,507 | And a lot of vision on what | And a lot of vision on what |
898 | 00:46:07,511 | 00:46:09,111 | Space launch system is gonna do. | Space launch system is gonna do. |
899 | 00:46:09,112 | 00:46:12,180 | It's been pegged "the rocket to nowhere." | It's been pegged "the rocket to nowhere." |
900 | 00:46:12,181 | 00:46:14,351 | When they finally get it upgraded | When they finally get it upgraded |
901 | 00:46:14,352 | 00:46:19,319 | To 130 metric tons, which may be 2025, | To 130 metric tons, which may be 2025, |
902 | 00:46:19,320 | 00:46:23,220 | It will be equivalent and almost equal to a Saturn V, | It will be equivalent and almost equal to a Saturn V, |
903 | 00:46:23,223 | 00:46:27,392 | Which we will have had 60 years earlier. | Which we will have had 60 years earlier. |
904 | 00:46:27,393 | 00:46:30,363 | We're talking about after proving one flight, | We're talking about after proving one flight, |
905 | 00:46:30,364 | 00:46:33,762 | That we might do an orbit around the moon | That we might do an orbit around the moon |
906 | 00:46:33,765 | 00:46:35,255 | Called Apollo 8. | Called Apollo 8. |
907 | 00:46:37,367 | 00:46:39,067 | You're keeping space station alive, | You're keeping space station alive, |
908 | 00:46:39,069 | 00:46:41,099 | You're supporting the various NASA centers, | You're supporting the various NASA centers, |
909 | 00:46:41,104 | 00:46:43,074 | You got two piece of hardware you're developing, | You got two piece of hardware you're developing, |
910 | 00:46:43,075 | 00:46:44,972 | But they have no destination | But they have no destination |
911 | 00:46:44,973 | 00:46:47,013 | And they're like what we did 60 years ago. | And they're like what we did 60 years ago. |
912 | 00:46:49,075 | 00:46:51,405 | I always call it a rocket to anywhere | I always call it a rocket to anywhere |
913 | 00:46:51,411 | 00:46:54,079 | Because it's just like the shuttle. | Because it's just like the shuttle. |
914 | 00:46:54,080 | 00:46:56,050 | When the shuttle was designed, | When the shuttle was designed, |
915 | 00:46:56,051 | 00:47:00,148 | It was designed to be a shuttle of capability. | It was designed to be a shuttle of capability. |
916 | 00:47:00,152 | 00:47:03,020 | It didn't have payloads identified. | It didn't have payloads identified. |
917 | 00:47:03,021 | 00:47:05,921 | All those missions were nonexistent... | All those missions were nonexistent... |
918 | 00:47:06,956 | 00:47:08,456 | On the day the first shuttle flew. | On the day the first shuttle flew. |
919 | 00:47:10,559 | 00:47:12,359 | If space is a frontier... | If space is a frontier... |
920 | 00:47:13,894 | 00:47:16,563 | And I shall hereby declare it to be so, | And I shall hereby declare it to be so, |
921 | 00:47:16,564 | 00:47:19,933 | And your goal is to settle the frontier... | And your goal is to settle the frontier... |
922 | 00:47:19,934 | 00:47:23,136 | In other words, for people to live there | In other words, for people to live there |
923 | 00:47:23,137 | 00:47:27,467 | Like they do here in what used to be a frontier... | Like they do here in what used to be a frontier... |
924 | 00:47:29,040 | 00:47:31,409 | Then you have to create | Then you have to create |
925 | 00:47:31,410 | 00:47:34,010 | A means for that to occur. | A means for that to occur. |
926 | 00:47:35,245 | 00:47:38,505 | No frontier has never been opened | No frontier has never been opened |
927 | 00:47:38,515 | 00:47:41,045 | Based on the development and operation | Based on the development and operation |
928 | 00:47:41,050 | 00:47:44,220 | Of a single giant government vehicle. | Of a single giant government vehicle. |
929 | 00:47:46,519 | 00:47:48,549 | They can launch two to three... | They can launch two to three... |
930 | 00:47:48,555 | 00:47:52,915 | At least two and potentially three SLS"s per year. | At least two and potentially three SLS"s per year. |
931 | 00:47:52,926 | 00:47:55,956 | They can build that many and they can launch that many. | They can build that many and they can launch that many. |
932 | 00:47:55,962 | 00:47:58,202 | That's the way the design of the infrastructure | That's the way the design of the infrastructure |
933 | 00:47:58,203 | 00:48:02,166 | And the vehicle and the assembly plant is set up to do, | And the vehicle and the assembly plant is set up to do, |
934 | 00:48:02,167 | 00:48:05,127 | But they need more funding. | But they need more funding. |
935 | 00:48:05,136 | 00:48:06,996 | To date, unfortunately, | To date, unfortunately, |
936 | 00:48:07,004 | 00:48:08,344 | The budget has not been increased, | The budget has not been increased, |
937 | 00:48:08,345 | 00:48:10,398 | And that's a major concern. | And that's a major concern. |
938 | 00:48:10,406 | 00:48:13,066 | It's been a major concern since day one, | It's been a major concern since day one, |
939 | 00:48:13,075 | 00:48:16,575 | And if there's anything our commission emphasized, | And if there's anything our commission emphasized, |
940 | 00:48:16,578 | 00:48:19,846 | It was that we have to have a budget | It was that we have to have a budget |
941 | 00:48:19,847 | 00:48:23,216 | And a space program that are consistent with each other. | And a space program that are consistent with each other. |
942 | 00:48:23,217 | 00:48:26,447 | And unfortunately, throughout the human | And unfortunately, throughout the human |
943 | 00:48:26,453 | 00:48:30,153 | Space flight history, for a couple of decades, | Space flight history, for a couple of decades, |
944 | 00:48:30,156 | 00:48:32,416 | That's not been the case. | That's not been the case. |
945 | 00:48:32,424 | 00:48:34,924 | Tonight, NASA announced further cuts | Tonight, NASA announced further cuts |
946 | 00:48:34,926 | 00:48:37,086 | Have been ordered in its new budget | Have been ordered in its new budget |
947 | 00:48:37,094 | 00:48:38,363 | And one effect will be a delay | And one effect will be a delay |
948 | 00:48:38,364 | 00:48:40,431 | In the timetable for the space shuttle. | In the timetable for the space shuttle. |
949 | 00:48:40,432 | 00:48:43,459 | 50,000 employees are not looking forward. | 50,000 employees are not looking forward. |
950 | 00:48:43,465 | 00:48:45,155 | They're looking elsewhere. | They're looking elsewhere. |
951 | 00:48:45,166 | 00:48:47,866 | If this country really needs another expensive | If this country really needs another expensive |
952 | 00:48:47,868 | 00:48:49,628 | Piece of hardware in orbit, | Piece of hardware in orbit, |
953 | 00:48:49,636 | 00:48:51,096 | When here on the ground, | When here on the ground, |
954 | 00:48:51,104 | 00:48:52,641 | We can hardly get the mail delivered. | We can hardly get the mail delivered. |
955 | 00:48:52,642 | 00:48:54,298 | Congress cut the shuttle's budget | Congress cut the shuttle's budget |
956 | 00:48:54,306 | 00:48:57,306 | By $234 million. | By $234 million. |
957 | 00:48:57,309 | 00:48:59,439 | Already there have been some cutbacks | Already there have been some cutbacks |
958 | 00:48:59,444 | 00:49:00,981 | And there could be others. | And there could be others. |
959 | 00:49:00,982 | 00:49:02,578 | It is, without question, | It is, without question, |
960 | 00:49:02,579 | 00:49:04,209 | The biggest waste of money I've seen | The biggest waste of money I've seen |
961 | 00:49:04,213 | 00:49:06,082 | Since I've been on the united state senate. | Since I've been on the united state senate. |
962 | 00:49:06,083 | 00:49:08,611 | Today, president Clinton put in his latest bid. | Today, president Clinton put in his latest bid. |
963 | 00:49:08,616 | 00:49:11,146 | He outlined $13 billion in savings | He outlined $13 billion in savings |
964 | 00:49:11,151 | 00:49:13,051 | At four federal agencies, | At four federal agencies, |
965 | 00:49:13,052 | 00:49:15,252 | More than half the cuts at NASA. | More than half the cuts at NASA. |
966 | 00:49:15,254 | 00:49:17,024 | The bailout, the bank bailout, | The bailout, the bank bailout, |
967 | 00:49:17,025 | 00:49:18,956 | That sum of money is greater | That sum of money is greater |
968 | 00:49:18,957 | 00:49:21,457 | Than the entire 50 year | Than the entire 50 year |
969 | 00:49:21,459 | 00:49:23,959 | - Running budget of NASA. - -wow. | - Running budget of NASA. - -wow. |
970 | 00:49:23,961 | 00:49:25,091 | I think we have to be realistic | I think we have to be realistic |
971 | 00:49:25,095 | 00:49:26,425 | When it comes to the budget. | When it comes to the budget. |
972 | 00:49:26,429 | 00:49:28,259 | If we need additional funds for a heavy lift rocket, | If we need additional funds for a heavy lift rocket, |
973 | 00:49:28,264 | 00:49:30,031 | We're going to have to set priorities | We're going to have to set priorities |
974 | 00:49:30,032 | 00:49:32,272 | And have to shift funds from other parts of the program. | And have to shift funds from other parts of the program. |
975 | 00:49:32,273 | 00:49:36,467 | I don't think that NASA or our space program | I don't think that NASA or our space program |
976 | 00:49:36,471 | 00:49:40,307 | Is somehow going to defy budget gravity | Is somehow going to defy budget gravity |
977 | 00:49:40,308 | 00:49:42,638 | And be the only agency to get an increase | And be the only agency to get an increase |
978 | 00:49:42,643 | 00:49:45,981 | When every other agency is either gonna be flat-lined | When every other agency is either gonna be flat-lined |
979 | 00:49:45,982 | 00:49:48,409 | Or be subject to the budgetary constraints. | Or be subject to the budgetary constraints. |
980 | 00:49:48,414 | 00:49:50,614 | So I think we're just gonna have to be smarter. | So I think we're just gonna have to be smarter. |
981 | 00:49:50,616 | 00:49:52,276 | We're going to have to make sure | We're going to have to make sure |
982 | 00:49:52,284 | 00:49:54,118 | We don't have cost overruns | We don't have cost overruns |
983 | 00:49:54,119 | 00:49:56,119 | And we're gonna have to set priorities | And we're gonna have to set priorities |
984 | 00:49:56,121 | 00:49:57,951 | And use the money that we do have better | And use the money that we do have better |
985 | 00:49:57,956 | 00:49:59,256 | And then we can get the funds, | And then we can get the funds, |
986 | 00:49:59,257 | 00:50:00,987 | Say for a heavy lift rocket. | Say for a heavy lift rocket. |
987 | 00:50:00,992 | 00:50:02,422 | If we started today, | If we started today, |
988 | 00:50:02,426 | 00:50:05,186 | How long do each of you estimate it would be | How long do each of you estimate it would be |
989 | 00:50:05,195 | 00:50:08,695 | Before we could place a person on mars? | Before we could place a person on mars? |
990 | 00:50:08,698 | 00:50:10,958 | With the current budget? | With the current budget? |
991 | 00:50:10,966 | 00:50:13,266 | Yes. Give me a date with the current budget | Yes. Give me a date with the current budget |
992 | 00:50:13,268 | 00:50:15,568 | And a date with the Apollo-era budget. | And a date with the Apollo-era budget. |
993 | 00:50:17,337 | 00:50:20,637 | With the current budget... bear with me... I would probably say never. | With the current budget... bear with me... I would probably say never. |
994 | 00:50:20,641 | 00:50:22,071 | Hey... | Hey... |
995 | 00:50:23,275 | 00:50:24,375 | China. | China. |
996 | 00:50:24,377 | 00:50:27,707 | Can we borrow some money to finish our mars trip? | Can we borrow some money to finish our mars trip? |
997 | 00:50:31,615 | 00:50:34,015 | You know, with constellation, mike griffin, | You know, with constellation, mike griffin, |
998 | 00:50:34,018 | 00:50:35,548 | And now people with the SLS, | And now people with the SLS, |
999 | 00:50:35,552 | 00:50:38,720 | Just assume that if we develop the SLS, | Just assume that if we develop the SLS, |
1000 | 00:50:38,721 | 00:50:40,451 | It will fly forever. | It will fly forever. |
1001 | 00:50:41,722 | 00:50:44,122 | We had the Saturn V. | We had the Saturn V. |
1002 | 00:50:45,358 | 00:50:47,058 | It worked. | It worked. |
1003 | 00:50:48,326 | 00:50:51,056 | It was flying humans to the moon... | It was flying humans to the moon... |
1004 | 00:50:52,196 | 00:50:54,026 | And we canceled it. | And we canceled it. |
1005 | 00:51:01,336 | 00:51:03,596 | When did we last leave low-earth orbit, | When did we last leave low-earth orbit, |
1006 | 00:51:03,605 | 00:51:05,095 | You know, a couple hundred miles up | You know, a couple hundred miles up |
1007 | 00:51:05,106 | 00:51:08,336 | Where the space station space shuttle orbit... | Where the space station space shuttle orbit... |
1008 | 00:51:09,375 | 00:51:11,375 | To go somewhere interesting with humans? | To go somewhere interesting with humans? |
1009 | 00:51:11,378 | 00:51:14,508 | When did we last do it? 1972, Apollo 17. | When did we last do it? 1972, Apollo 17. |
1010 | 00:51:14,514 | 00:51:16,714 | It's been more than four decades | It's been more than four decades |
1011 | 00:51:16,716 | 00:51:21,476 | Since we've left earth for another destination. | Since we've left earth for another destination. |
1012 | 00:51:21,486 | 00:51:23,086 | What's the problem? | What's the problem? |
1013 | 00:51:23,087 | 00:51:25,617 | What are we missing? Is it political will? | What are we missing? Is it political will? |
1014 | 00:51:25,622 | 00:51:27,392 | Is it motivation? Is it money? | Is it motivation? Is it money? |
1015 | 00:51:27,393 | 00:51:29,490 | Is it... are we distracted? | Is it... are we distracted? |
1016 | 00:51:29,492 | 00:51:31,162 | Are there other issues? | Are there other issues? |
1017 | 00:51:32,493 | 00:51:34,428 | We went to the moon... | We went to the moon... |
1018 | 00:51:34,429 | 00:51:37,329 | In the 1960s! | In the 1960s! |
1019 | 00:51:39,031 | 00:51:41,671 | What, we didn't have problems in the 1960s? | What, we didn't have problems in the 1960s? |
1020 | 00:52:04,588 | 00:52:07,118 | We were at a hot war in southeast Asia, | We were at a hot war in southeast Asia, |
1021 | 00:52:07,124 | 00:52:09,593 | A cold war with the soviet union, | A cold war with the soviet union, |
1022 | 00:52:09,594 | 00:52:12,364 | The civil rights movement was fully under way, | The civil rights movement was fully under way, |
1023 | 00:52:12,365 | 00:52:14,197 | There was campus unrest, | There was campus unrest, |
1024 | 00:52:14,198 | 00:52:16,428 | There were riots in the urban centers. | There were riots in the urban centers. |
1025 | 00:52:17,900 | 00:52:20,170 | It shall be the policy of this nation | It shall be the policy of this nation |
1026 | 00:52:20,171 | 00:52:22,537 | To regard any nuclear missile | To regard any nuclear missile |
1027 | 00:52:22,538 | 00:52:24,798 | Launched from Cuba against any nation | Launched from Cuba against any nation |
1028 | 00:52:24,806 | 00:52:26,666 | In the western hemisphere | In the western hemisphere |
1029 | 00:52:26,674 | 00:52:30,281 | As an attack by the soviet union on the United States. | As an attack by the soviet union on the United States. |
1030 | 00:52:30,282 | 00:52:32,507 | We had the greatest problems the country has seen | We had the greatest problems the country has seen |
1031 | 00:52:32,512 | 00:52:34,446 | Since the civil war | Since the civil war |
1032 | 00:52:34,447 | 00:52:37,247 | And in that climate, on that landscape, | And in that climate, on that landscape, |
1033 | 00:52:37,249 | 00:52:38,579 | We went to the moon. | We went to the moon. |
1034 | 00:52:38,583 | 00:52:39,883 | So don't turn around and tell me | So don't turn around and tell me |
1035 | 00:52:39,884 | 00:52:41,353 | That these past four decades | That these past four decades |
1036 | 00:52:41,354 | 00:52:43,152 | We've had challenges we couldn't overcome. | We've had challenges we couldn't overcome. |
1037 | 00:52:43,153 | 00:52:44,722 | That's why we're not going into space. | That's why we're not going into space. |
1038 | 00:52:44,723 | 00:52:47,391 | No, that's not the reason we're not going into space. | No, that's not the reason we're not going into space. |
1039 | 00:52:59,500 | 00:53:04,438 | It is the most natural question in the world to say... | It is the most natural question in the world to say... |
1040 | 00:53:04,439 | 00:53:06,939 | You know, if you're a young person in this country, | You know, if you're a young person in this country, |
1041 | 00:53:06,941 | 00:53:09,411 | "wait a second, we were on the moon? | "wait a second, we were on the moon? |
1042 | 00:53:10,810 | 00:53:13,410 | "American citizens were walking around, | "American citizens were walking around, |
1043 | 00:53:13,413 | 00:53:15,313 | "jumping around on the moon? | "jumping around on the moon? |
1044 | 00:53:15,314 | 00:53:18,849 | "They were driving a golf cart on the moon? | "They were driving a golf cart on the moon? |
1045 | 00:53:18,850 | 00:53:21,250 | "They brought back hundreds of pounds | "They brought back hundreds of pounds |
1046 | 00:53:21,252 | 00:53:24,352 | "of specially selected rock samples | "of specially selected rock samples |
1047 | 00:53:24,355 | 00:53:27,485 | "to see what the geological history of the moon was... | "to see what the geological history of the moon was... |
1048 | 00:53:28,790 | 00:53:30,390 | "and you stopped? | "and you stopped? |
1049 | 00:53:31,358 | 00:53:32,858 | "Why did you stop? | "Why did you stop? |
1050 | 00:53:34,227 | 00:53:36,287 | Are you people nuts?" | Are you people nuts?" |
1051 | 00:53:36,296 | 00:53:38,256 | My read of history tells me there's only | My read of history tells me there's only |
1052 | 00:53:38,264 | 00:53:39,964 | Two, maybe three motivations | Two, maybe three motivations |
1053 | 00:53:39,965 | 00:53:41,755 | For ever doing something so grand | For ever doing something so grand |
1054 | 00:53:41,766 | 00:53:42,966 | And one of them is war. | And one of them is war. |
1055 | 00:53:45,301 | 00:53:48,937 | The other is money. Let's do it for money. | The other is money. Let's do it for money. |
1056 | 00:53:48,938 | 00:53:50,838 | If you can do it for money, it'll happen. | If you can do it for money, it'll happen. |
1057 | 00:53:50,839 | 00:53:54,409 | I've never seen anyone do it to explore. | I've never seen anyone do it to explore. |
1058 | 00:53:55,509 | 00:53:58,539 | There is a growing tendency to think of man | There is a growing tendency to think of man |
1059 | 00:53:58,546 | 00:54:02,806 | As a rational thinking being, which is absurd. | As a rational thinking being, which is absurd. |
1060 | 00:54:02,816 | 00:54:05,376 | There is simply no evidence of any intelligence | There is simply no evidence of any intelligence |
1061 | 00:54:05,385 | 00:54:06,645 | On the earth. | On the earth. |
1062 | 00:54:06,652 | 00:54:09,352 | Mm-hmm, wait! | Mm-hmm, wait! |
1063 | 00:54:23,266 | 00:54:27,966 | Why did we stop producing Saturn V rockets? | Why did we stop producing Saturn V rockets? |
1064 | 00:54:29,570 | 00:54:32,906 | It's one of the great mysteries to me. | It's one of the great mysteries to me. |
1065 | 00:54:32,907 | 00:54:37,377 | The Saturn V rocket can put more mass | The Saturn V rocket can put more mass |
1066 | 00:54:37,378 | 00:54:42,408 | Into low-earth orbit than our shuttle. | Into low-earth orbit than our shuttle. |
1067 | 00:54:42,415 | 00:54:45,375 | It had been a natural to help build | It had been a natural to help build |
1068 | 00:54:45,384 | 00:54:47,424 | The international space station. | The international space station. |
1069 | 00:54:52,421 | 00:54:54,421 | The Saturn V was a really unique rocket | The Saturn V was a really unique rocket |
1070 | 00:54:54,424 | 00:54:56,364 | In the sense that it was really | In the sense that it was really |
1071 | 00:54:56,365 | 00:54:59,689 | The first rocket designed for exploration. | The first rocket designed for exploration. |
1072 | 00:54:59,695 | 00:55:02,355 | The mercury project's launched on a red-stone, | The mercury project's launched on a red-stone, |
1073 | 00:55:02,364 | 00:55:04,364 | Which was an intermediate-range ballistic missile. | Which was an intermediate-range ballistic missile. |
1074 | 00:55:04,366 | 00:55:06,426 | It was modified. Then the Gemini | It was modified. Then the Gemini |
1075 | 00:55:06,434 | 00:55:08,734 | Went up on a titan, which was an ICBM. | Went up on a titan, which was an ICBM. |
1076 | 00:55:08,736 | 00:55:11,736 | So, the Saturn program was really the first rocket | So, the Saturn program was really the first rocket |
1077 | 00:55:11,739 | 00:55:13,339 | That was never designed | That was never designed |
1078 | 00:55:13,340 | 00:55:15,010 | To be launching missiles on other people. | To be launching missiles on other people. |
1079 | 00:55:15,011 | 00:55:17,038 | It was actually the first one that was designed | It was actually the first one that was designed |
1080 | 00:55:17,043 | 00:55:20,011 | To launch people to new destinations. | To launch people to new destinations. |
1081 | 00:55:20,012 | 00:55:22,712 | So the Saturn V was a leap beyond anything | So the Saturn V was a leap beyond anything |
1082 | 00:55:22,714 | 00:55:24,384 | That had been seen before. | That had been seen before. |
1083 | 00:55:25,715 | 00:55:29,475 | It had five million-and-a- half-pound thrust engines | It had five million-and-a- half-pound thrust engines |
1084 | 00:55:29,486 | 00:55:31,046 | On just the first stage. | On just the first stage. |
1085 | 00:55:31,054 | 00:55:32,721 | The second stage had five | The second stage had five |
1086 | 00:55:32,722 | 00:55:35,460 | Quarter-million-pound thrust hydrogen engines on it, | Quarter-million-pound thrust hydrogen engines on it, |
1087 | 00:55:35,461 | 00:55:37,318 | And had a third stage with another | And had a third stage with another |
1088 | 00:55:37,326 | 00:55:38,586 | Quarter-million-pound thrust. | Quarter-million-pound thrust. |
1089 | 00:55:38,593 | 00:55:42,393 | It was something that had never been done before | It was something that had never been done before |
1090 | 00:55:42,396 | 00:55:44,556 | And it worked very well | And it worked very well |
1091 | 00:55:44,564 | 00:55:46,531 | And it was able to do things | And it was able to do things |
1092 | 00:55:46,532 | 00:55:48,372 | That nothing could have been able to do | That nothing could have been able to do |
1093 | 00:55:48,373 | 00:55:50,397 | And nothing can do today. | And nothing can do today. |
1094 | 00:56:00,376 | 00:56:02,676 | We have a tendency in this country, | We have a tendency in this country, |
1095 | 00:56:02,679 | 00:56:05,409 | Like "the tortoise and the hare." | Like "the tortoise and the hare." |
1096 | 00:56:05,415 | 00:56:06,845 | We are the hare. | We are the hare. |
1097 | 00:56:06,849 | 00:56:08,379 | We build something, we do something, | We build something, we do something, |
1098 | 00:56:08,383 | 00:56:10,683 | We go back and try something else. | We go back and try something else. |
1099 | 00:56:10,685 | 00:56:12,945 | Look, folks, modern design! | Look, folks, modern design! |
1100 | 00:56:12,953 | 00:56:14,787 | Whoo, whoo, whoo hoo! | Whoo, whoo, whoo hoo! |
1101 | 00:56:14,788 | 00:56:16,818 | The Russians, in the meanwhile, | The Russians, in the meanwhile, |
1102 | 00:56:16,823 | 00:56:18,557 | Are the tortoise. | Are the tortoise. |
1103 | 00:56:18,558 | 00:56:21,358 | They build something, they keep it going. | They build something, they keep it going. |
1104 | 00:56:21,360 | 00:56:23,490 | Do you know that the booster, | Do you know that the booster, |
1105 | 00:56:23,495 | 00:56:29,695 | The rocket that put Yuri Krekorian up in space in 1961 | The rocket that put Yuri Krekorian up in space in 1961 |
1106 | 00:56:29,700 | 00:56:32,768 | Is basically the same vehicle | Is basically the same vehicle |
1107 | 00:56:32,769 | 00:56:36,338 | That's putting our astronauts and their cosmonauts | That's putting our astronauts and their cosmonauts |
1108 | 00:56:36,339 | 00:56:39,669 | Into the international space station today? | Into the international space station today? |
1109 | 00:56:39,675 | 00:56:41,635 | The same vehicle, | The same vehicle, |
1110 | 00:56:41,643 | 00:56:44,378 | And yet, we don't keep ours. | And yet, we don't keep ours. |
1111 | 00:56:44,379 | 00:56:46,509 | The Saturn V could have been improved. | The Saturn V could have been improved. |
1112 | 00:56:46,514 | 00:56:49,782 | That'd been a good stepping stone towards | That'd been a good stepping stone towards |
1113 | 00:56:49,783 | 00:56:52,050 | Going back to the moon. | Going back to the moon. |
1114 | 00:56:52,051 | 00:56:55,520 | We could have improved the lunar module. | We could have improved the lunar module. |
1115 | 00:56:55,521 | 00:56:57,788 | We couldn't done lots of things | We couldn't done lots of things |
1116 | 00:56:57,789 | 00:57:00,589 | To the Saturn V to upgrade it, | To the Saturn V to upgrade it, |
1117 | 00:57:00,591 | 00:57:04,561 | And we'd have had, still, a viable lunar program going. | And we'd have had, still, a viable lunar program going. |
1118 | 00:57:05,727 | 00:57:07,357 | It's a tragedy, | It's a tragedy, |
1119 | 00:57:07,362 | 00:57:09,432 | And I'll mention that every time that someone tells me. | And I'll mention that every time that someone tells me. |
1120 | 00:57:09,433 | 00:57:13,670 | It's a tragedy that we stopped building the Saturn V rocket. | It's a tragedy that we stopped building the Saturn V rocket. |
1121 | 00:57:20,505 | 00:57:23,565 | The decision to stop production of the Saturn V | The decision to stop production of the Saturn V |
1122 | 00:57:23,575 | 00:57:27,675 | Dates back really to the Lyndon Johnson administration. | Dates back really to the Lyndon Johnson administration. |
1123 | 00:57:27,679 | 00:57:30,709 | The space agency, facing severe budget restrictions, | The space agency, facing severe budget restrictions, |
1124 | 00:57:30,715 | 00:57:33,475 | Has decided to cut back Apollo moon landing missions | Has decided to cut back Apollo moon landing missions |
1125 | 00:57:33,484 | 00:57:34,724 | To two flights a year. | To two flights a year. |
1126 | 00:57:34,725 | 00:57:36,618 | NASA had stopped ordering | NASA had stopped ordering |
1127 | 00:57:36,619 | 00:57:40,819 | Long lead-time items for the Saturn V in 1968 | Long lead-time items for the Saturn V in 1968 |
1128 | 00:57:40,823 | 00:57:45,059 | And announced suspension of its production. | And announced suspension of its production. |
1129 | 00:57:45,060 | 00:57:47,160 | There were 15 built, and then there weren't | There were 15 built, and then there weren't |
1130 | 00:57:47,162 | 00:57:48,529 | Gonna be any more. | Gonna be any more. |
1131 | 00:57:48,530 | 00:57:51,030 | Then there were ambitious recommendations | Then there were ambitious recommendations |
1132 | 00:57:51,032 | 00:57:53,400 | To Nixon in September of '69 | To Nixon in September of '69 |
1133 | 00:57:53,401 | 00:57:56,870 | To use mars as a long-term goal of the program | To use mars as a long-term goal of the program |
1134 | 00:57:56,871 | 00:57:59,101 | And build a space station. | And build a space station. |
1135 | 00:58:00,739 | 00:58:04,709 | Those recommendations were rejected in the fall of '69, | Those recommendations were rejected in the fall of '69, |
1136 | 00:58:04,710 | 00:58:07,810 | And then there was no need for | And then there was no need for |
1137 | 00:58:07,813 | 00:58:11,083 | The kind of capability represented by the Saturn V, | The kind of capability represented by the Saturn V, |
1138 | 00:58:11,084 | 00:58:15,852 | So it was in the budget cycle in December of 1969 | So it was in the budget cycle in December of 1969 |
1139 | 00:58:15,853 | 00:58:19,593 | That the decision finally was made to suspend production, | That the decision finally was made to suspend production, |
1140 | 00:58:19,594 | 00:58:21,960 | Basically shut the program down. | Basically shut the program down. |
1141 | 00:58:57,558 | 00:58:59,158 | We had a president who was | We had a president who was |
1142 | 00:58:59,159 | 00:59:03,089 | Not particularly interested in the space program. | Not particularly interested in the space program. |
1143 | 00:59:03,096 | 00:59:09,196 | We had a... Vietnam war that was picking up a lot of money | We had a... Vietnam war that was picking up a lot of money |
1144 | 00:59:09,201 | 00:59:15,201 | And... So as soon as the NASA budget | And... So as soon as the NASA budget |
1145 | 00:59:15,206 | 00:59:19,236 | For Apollo began to drop off a little, | For Apollo began to drop off a little, |
1146 | 00:59:19,243 | 00:59:21,711 | The white house looked at it | The white house looked at it |
1147 | 00:59:21,712 | 00:59:23,242 | Like a big place to get money. | Like a big place to get money. |
1148 | 00:59:48,836 | 00:59:51,166 | Thomas Paine, administrator of the space agency, | Thomas Paine, administrator of the space agency, |
1149 | 00:59:51,171 | 00:59:53,541 | Said today that 50,000 people will be dropped | Said today that 50,000 people will be dropped |
1150 | 00:59:53,542 | 00:59:55,070 | And the space program stretched out | And the space program stretched out |
1151 | 00:59:55,074 | 00:59:59,844 | "very stringent budget cuts ordered by president Nixon." | "very stringent budget cuts ordered by president Nixon." |
1152 | 00:59:59,845 | 01:00:01,705 | Most of those who will lose their jobs | Most of those who will lose their jobs |
1153 | 01:00:01,713 | 01:00:03,613 | Work for private contractors, | Work for private contractors, |
1154 | 01:00:03,614 | 01:00:05,584 | The rest for the space agency. | The rest for the space agency. |
1155 | 01:00:05,585 | 01:00:09,918 | Paine said production of the Saturn V rocket will be ended. | Paine said production of the Saturn V rocket will be ended. |
1156 | 01:00:09,919 | 01:00:11,719 | The last one will be used to launch | The last one will be used to launch |
1157 | 01:00:11,720 | 01:00:13,750 | An experimental space station. | An experimental space station. |
1158 | 01:00:13,755 | 01:00:18,685 | At the Marshall space flight center in Huntsville, Alabama. | At the Marshall space flight center in Huntsville, Alabama. |
1159 | 01:00:52,657 | 01:00:55,826 | The idea of going to mars was not selling. | The idea of going to mars was not selling. |
1160 | 01:00:55,827 | 01:00:58,627 | Putting a base on the moon was not selling. | Putting a base on the moon was not selling. |
1161 | 01:00:58,629 | 01:01:01,099 | We weren't gonna get the big space station. | We weren't gonna get the big space station. |
1162 | 01:01:01,100 | 01:01:03,628 | We knew we weren't gonna get the nuclear rocket. | We knew we weren't gonna get the nuclear rocket. |
1163 | 01:01:03,633 | 01:01:05,733 | With the Apollo program doing so well, | With the Apollo program doing so well, |
1164 | 01:01:05,735 | 01:01:07,965 | We thought we would be able to at least continue | We thought we would be able to at least continue |
1165 | 01:01:07,970 | 01:01:12,270 | With the sort of budget support that we had had for Apollo, | With the sort of budget support that we had had for Apollo, |
1166 | 01:01:12,274 | 01:01:16,010 | Which had been terrific, and... Didn't happen, | Which had been terrific, and... Didn't happen, |
1167 | 01:01:16,011 | 01:01:19,611 | And so we were pretty depressed group for a while. | And so we were pretty depressed group for a while. |
1168 | 01:01:19,614 | 01:01:21,914 | Saturn V, Saturn IB, | Saturn V, Saturn IB, |
1169 | 01:01:21,916 | 01:01:24,746 | Command module... all disappeared. | Command module... all disappeared. |
1170 | 01:01:26,185 | 01:01:28,085 | And there will be a mission to mars someday, | And there will be a mission to mars someday, |
1171 | 01:01:28,087 | 01:01:30,017 | But I don't know when. | But I don't know when. |
1172 | 01:01:30,022 | 01:01:32,062 | 50 years from now maybe. | 50 years from now maybe. |
1173 | 01:01:48,270 | 01:01:50,839 | When I look at the present direction | When I look at the present direction |
1174 | 01:01:50,840 | 01:01:52,840 | Of our space program today... | Of our space program today... |
1175 | 01:01:53,875 | 01:01:55,805 | I feel disappointed. | I feel disappointed. |
1176 | 01:01:55,811 | 01:01:59,711 | I feel that our leaders don't really | I feel that our leaders don't really |
1177 | 01:01:59,714 | 01:02:03,283 | Have a good reason for continuing it. | Have a good reason for continuing it. |
1178 | 01:02:03,284 | 01:02:08,187 | I think that... that it's not their desire to really have | I think that... that it's not their desire to really have |
1179 | 01:02:08,188 | 01:02:13,018 | A first-class, first-rate program that they can be proud of | A first-class, first-rate program that they can be proud of |
1180 | 01:02:13,026 | 01:02:17,496 | And we look at ways that we waste money in this country | And we look at ways that we waste money in this country |
1181 | 01:02:17,497 | 01:02:20,027 | When we could put it to good use | When we could put it to good use |
1182 | 01:02:20,032 | 01:02:22,967 | In a program that everybody really... | In a program that everybody really... |
1183 | 01:02:22,968 | 01:02:26,038 | The average individual... really wants to see done, | The average individual... really wants to see done, |
1184 | 01:02:26,039 | 01:02:29,097 | Then it... it kind of makes me feel sad. | Then it... it kind of makes me feel sad. |
1185 | 01:02:29,106 | 01:02:31,136 | Today, we stand on the shoulders of giants. | Today, we stand on the shoulders of giants. |
1186 | 01:02:32,141 | 01:02:34,877 | And we have to honor those people. | And we have to honor those people. |
1187 | 01:02:34,878 | 01:02:37,138 | I know a lot of Apollo astronauts. | I know a lot of Apollo astronauts. |
1188 | 01:02:37,146 | 01:02:39,946 | They're pretty pissed off... | They're pretty pissed off... |
1189 | 01:02:39,948 | 01:02:41,778 | 'cause they did their job, | 'cause they did their job, |
1190 | 01:02:41,783 | 01:02:43,420 | They did what they were asked to do, | They did what they were asked to do, |
1191 | 01:02:43,421 | 01:02:45,077 | They put their lives on the line. | They put their lives on the line. |
1192 | 01:02:45,085 | 01:02:48,215 | They went out and they did something incredible... | They went out and they did something incredible... |
1193 | 01:02:48,221 | 01:02:50,889 | And then nothing happened. | And then nothing happened. |
1194 | 01:02:50,890 | 01:02:55,290 | Can NASA mount a project? Can they do a project anymore? | Can NASA mount a project? Can they do a project anymore? |
1195 | 01:02:55,294 | 01:02:58,362 | Or does the project become so politicized | Or does the project become so politicized |
1196 | 01:02:58,363 | 01:03:00,233 | And so wrapped up in Washington | And so wrapped up in Washington |
1197 | 01:03:00,234 | 01:03:03,431 | That it gets strangulated and can't happen? | That it gets strangulated and can't happen? |
1198 | 01:03:03,434 | 01:03:05,904 | Unfortunately, I come from the '60s. | Unfortunately, I come from the '60s. |
1199 | 01:03:07,937 | 01:03:11,167 | I'm not cynical. I come from the '60s... | I'm not cynical. I come from the '60s... |
1200 | 01:03:11,174 | 01:03:14,344 | The greatest project management the world has ever seen | The greatest project management the world has ever seen |
1201 | 01:03:14,345 | 01:03:16,283 | On any project, and we did it. | On any project, and we did it. |
1202 | 01:03:18,212 | 01:03:20,012 | We did it urgently. | We did it urgently. |
1203 | 01:03:20,014 | 01:03:22,054 | We did it on cost, on schedule, | We did it on cost, on schedule, |
1204 | 01:03:22,055 | 01:03:28,149 | Even with 45 years of hindsight history, we did it right. | Even with 45 years of hindsight history, we did it right. |
1205 | 01:03:28,155 | 01:03:31,055 | I believe that when we landed | I believe that when we landed |
1206 | 01:03:31,057 | 01:03:34,826 | On the moon in 1969 as a flight tracker, | On the moon in 1969 as a flight tracker, |
1207 | 01:03:34,827 | 01:03:38,196 | My children would see an American back on the moon. | My children would see an American back on the moon. |
1208 | 01:03:38,197 | 01:03:41,327 | I'm starting to lose that belief. | I'm starting to lose that belief. |
1209 | 01:03:41,333 | 01:03:43,073 | I had hoped that I would see it myself. | I had hoped that I would see it myself. |
1210 | 01:03:43,074 | 01:03:45,938 | That is now... Impossible. | That is now... Impossible. |
1211 | 01:03:47,003 | 01:03:50,940 | Ironically, going to the moon | Ironically, going to the moon |
1212 | 01:03:50,941 | 01:03:54,241 | Could have been a natural continuation | Could have been a natural continuation |
1213 | 01:03:54,244 | 01:03:57,012 | Of the westward migration | Of the westward migration |
1214 | 01:03:57,013 | 01:03:59,280 | That began with the 13 colonies | That began with the 13 colonies |
1215 | 01:03:59,281 | 01:04:04,117 | And continued to the end of the 1800s, | And continued to the end of the 1800s, |
1216 | 01:04:04,118 | 01:04:06,418 | But we didn't do it that way. | But we didn't do it that way. |
1217 | 01:04:06,420 | 01:04:09,950 | We had a government planned crisis project | We had a government planned crisis project |
1218 | 01:04:09,956 | 01:04:13,356 | Instead of opening up space like a frontier. | Instead of opening up space like a frontier. |
1219 | 01:04:13,359 | 01:04:14,929 | You realized during the entire | You realized during the entire |
1220 | 01:04:14,930 | 01:04:17,127 | Golden age of space exploration | Golden age of space exploration |
1221 | 01:04:17,129 | 01:04:19,129 | That we generally associate with the 1960s | That we generally associate with the 1960s |
1222 | 01:04:19,131 | 01:04:21,098 | And the voyage to the moon, | And the voyage to the moon, |
1223 | 01:04:21,099 | 01:04:23,369 | We remember ourselves as pioneers in that era, | We remember ourselves as pioneers in that era, |
1224 | 01:04:23,370 | 01:04:27,067 | But in fact, we were reactive... | But in fact, we were reactive... |
1225 | 01:04:28,236 | 01:04:31,066 | To the statements made by the soviets | To the statements made by the soviets |
1226 | 01:04:31,073 | 01:04:35,576 | Rather than proactive in fulfillment of dreams we had. | Rather than proactive in fulfillment of dreams we had. |
1227 | 01:04:35,577 | 01:04:38,077 | They put up a satellite, we gotta put up a satellite. | They put up a satellite, we gotta put up a satellite. |
1228 | 01:04:38,079 | 01:04:40,179 | They put a animal... non-human animal in orbit, | They put a animal... non-human animal in orbit, |
1229 | 01:04:40,181 | 01:04:41,881 | We put a non-human animal. | We put a non-human animal. |
1230 | 01:04:41,882 | 01:04:45,517 | They put up a first human, we put up a first human. | They put up a first human, we put up a first human. |
1231 | 01:04:45,518 | 01:04:47,178 | This went on and on and on | This went on and on and on |
1232 | 01:04:47,186 | 01:04:50,286 | With Russia beating us in practically everything. | With Russia beating us in practically everything. |
1233 | 01:04:52,089 | 01:04:54,519 | Then we get to the moon before they did. We said, "we win." | Then we get to the moon before they did. We said, "we win." |
1234 | 01:04:58,361 | 01:05:01,861 | If that's how we look at it, we didn't understand... | If that's how we look at it, we didn't understand... |
1235 | 01:05:03,130 | 01:05:07,070 | Who was pioneering that race. | Who was pioneering that race. |
1236 | 01:05:10,436 | 01:05:15,006 | So, we are better at reacting than pro-acting. | So, we are better at reacting than pro-acting. |
1237 | 01:05:16,140 | 01:05:17,910 | Given that fact, we may have to sink | Given that fact, we may have to sink |
1238 | 01:05:17,911 | 01:05:22,609 | Deeper into economic... Poverty as a nation | Deeper into economic... Poverty as a nation |
1239 | 01:05:22,613 | 01:05:24,981 | Before we wake up and say, | Before we wake up and say, |
1240 | 01:05:24,982 | 01:05:26,882 | "we gotta do something about this." | "we gotta do something about this." |
1241 | 01:05:29,217 | 01:05:33,117 | It's an unfortunate fact of how we function. | It's an unfortunate fact of how we function. |
1242 | 01:05:33,121 | 01:05:35,151 | You know, there's a generation out there right now | You know, there's a generation out there right now |
1243 | 01:05:35,156 | 01:05:37,076 | That doesn't believe we've ever been to the moon. | That doesn't believe we've ever been to the moon. |
1244 | 01:05:38,057 | 01:05:41,257 | Now, that's not because the shadows | Now, that's not because the shadows |
1245 | 01:05:41,261 | 01:05:43,961 | From the flag fall the wrong way | From the flag fall the wrong way |
1246 | 01:05:43,963 | 01:05:46,197 | Or the lens flare is wrong | Or the lens flare is wrong |
1247 | 01:05:46,198 | 01:05:49,528 | Or you can't see the stars because of the contrast ratio | Or you can't see the stars because of the contrast ratio |
1248 | 01:05:49,534 | 01:05:52,674 | Or this or that or the other or anything like that. | Or this or that or the other or anything like that. |
1249 | 01:05:52,675 | 01:05:58,370 | The real reason that any of that... Sticks at all... | The real reason that any of that... Sticks at all... |
1250 | 01:05:59,340 | 01:06:02,009 | Is that we're not there now... | Is that we're not there now... |
1251 | 01:06:02,010 | 01:06:03,610 | And it's incredibly hard to believe | And it's incredibly hard to believe |
1252 | 01:06:03,611 | 01:06:05,981 | That if we ever did something that magnificent, | That if we ever did something that magnificent, |
1253 | 01:06:05,982 | 01:06:08,410 | That exciting, that inspirational... | That exciting, that inspirational... |
1254 | 01:06:09,915 | 01:06:12,345 | Why did we stop? | Why did we stop? |
1255 | 01:06:12,351 | 01:06:15,351 | That's the reason there's people who believe we never went. | That's the reason there's people who believe we never went. |
1256 | 01:06:15,354 | 01:06:18,422 | Why aren't we there now? | Why aren't we there now? |
1257 | 01:06:18,423 | 01:06:21,958 | It's peace time, Jim. The government isn't making that kind of appropriations. | It's peace time, Jim. The government isn't making that kind of appropriations. |
1258 | 01:06:21,959 | 01:06:23,589 | Oh, they'll need the rocket one of these days | Oh, they'll need the rocket one of these days |
1259 | 01:06:23,593 | 01:06:25,633 | And if it's not ready, the government will do the job. | And if it's not ready, the government will do the job. |
1260 | 01:06:25,634 | 01:06:28,997 | And they'll turn to you, to private industry, to do it. | And they'll turn to you, to private industry, to do it. |
1261 | 01:06:28,998 | 01:06:31,228 | Government always does that when it gets in a jam. | Government always does that when it gets in a jam. |
1262 | 01:06:31,233 | 01:06:37,037 | I figured we might be ready for the government. | I figured we might be ready for the government. |
1263 | 01:06:37,038 | 01:06:41,068 | The British government explored Hudson bay. | The British government explored Hudson bay. |
1264 | 01:06:41,075 | 01:06:44,005 | Then, the Hudson bay company was created. | Then, the Hudson bay company was created. |
1265 | 01:06:44,011 | 01:06:46,381 | The us government explores the moon, | The us government explores the moon, |
1266 | 01:06:46,382 | 01:06:50,049 | Then the lunar, Gofindlunarrocks. Com | Then the lunar, Gofindlunarrocks. Com |
1267 | 01:06:50,050 | 01:06:51,980 | Company will get created. | Company will get created. |
1268 | 01:06:51,985 | 01:06:55,115 | We have companies now, space-x leading the way, | We have companies now, space-x leading the way, |
1269 | 01:06:55,121 | 01:06:57,451 | Bringing cargo to and from the space station. | Bringing cargo to and from the space station. |
1270 | 01:06:57,456 | 01:07:00,186 | That should have been happening decades ago. | That should have been happening decades ago. |
1271 | 01:07:00,192 | 01:07:02,732 | You don't need astronauts to serve as truck drivers | You don't need astronauts to serve as truck drivers |
1272 | 01:07:02,733 | 01:07:05,157 | Hauling cargo back and forth. | Hauling cargo back and forth. |
1273 | 01:07:05,162 | 01:07:07,100 | An unmanned vehicle can do that | An unmanned vehicle can do that |
1274 | 01:07:07,101 | 01:07:09,557 | And let the commercial marketplace take care of it. | And let the commercial marketplace take care of it. |
1275 | 01:07:09,566 | 01:07:11,226 | Let them bid for that. | Let them bid for that. |
1276 | 01:07:11,234 | 01:07:13,034 | They can do it faster, cheaper, better, | They can do it faster, cheaper, better, |
1277 | 01:07:13,035 | 01:07:16,195 | Than any government program could do it, for sure. | Than any government program could do it, for sure. |
1278 | 01:07:16,204 | 01:07:18,574 | When airplanes were first beginning, | When airplanes were first beginning, |
1279 | 01:07:18,575 | 01:07:21,341 | A very smart group of people decided | A very smart group of people decided |
1280 | 01:07:21,342 | 01:07:23,042 | That they were not going to... | That they were not going to... |
1281 | 01:07:23,043 | 01:07:25,513 | America was not going to own its own fleet, | America was not going to own its own fleet, |
1282 | 01:07:25,514 | 01:07:26,742 | Its own airline. | Its own airline. |
1283 | 01:07:26,746 | 01:07:28,546 | It said, "what we're gonna do is help build" | It said, "what we're gonna do is help build" |
1284 | 01:07:28,547 | 01:07:31,307 | The airline industry and the airplane industry," | The airline industry and the airplane industry," |
1285 | 01:07:31,316 | 01:07:33,316 | And they did that by simply guaranteeing | And they did that by simply guaranteeing |
1286 | 01:07:33,318 | 01:07:34,518 | A certain amount of mail | A certain amount of mail |
1287 | 01:07:34,519 | 01:07:37,149 | That was gonna be traveling on airplanes. | That was gonna be traveling on airplanes. |
1288 | 01:07:37,154 | 01:07:39,454 | And what happened was that an industry developed | And what happened was that an industry developed |
1289 | 01:07:39,456 | 01:07:41,386 | Here America became the leading country | Here America became the leading country |
1290 | 01:07:41,391 | 01:07:44,059 | And the leading technology developer | And the leading technology developer |
1291 | 01:07:44,060 | 01:07:47,260 | Of what we now know as modern aviation. | Of what we now know as modern aviation. |
1292 | 01:08:00,574 | 01:08:02,274 | People should be able to come up | People should be able to come up |
1293 | 01:08:02,276 | 01:08:05,036 | With creative, beneficial things | With creative, beneficial things |
1294 | 01:08:05,045 | 01:08:08,175 | That they can figure out how to afford to do | That they can figure out how to afford to do |
1295 | 01:08:08,181 | 01:08:12,281 | And if there's science involved that can benefit the country | And if there's science involved that can benefit the country |
1296 | 01:08:12,285 | 01:08:14,785 | And the federal government can get involved, | And the federal government can get involved, |
1297 | 01:08:14,787 | 01:08:17,387 | If there's technology that needs to be developed | If there's technology that needs to be developed |
1298 | 01:08:17,389 | 01:08:21,019 | That can help people, the government can get involved there. | That can help people, the government can get involved there. |
1299 | 01:08:21,025 | 01:08:24,125 | We could have partnerships and we can move out. | We could have partnerships and we can move out. |
1300 | 01:08:24,128 | 01:08:26,328 | We can have the 21st century equivalent | We can have the 21st century equivalent |
1301 | 01:08:26,330 | 01:08:28,660 | Of the transcontinental railroad, | Of the transcontinental railroad, |
1302 | 01:08:28,665 | 01:08:31,665 | Which by the way, was built by private companies | Which by the way, was built by private companies |
1303 | 01:08:31,668 | 01:08:34,598 | Without a government department of railroads | Without a government department of railroads |
1304 | 01:08:34,604 | 01:08:36,174 | Telling them how to do it. | Telling them how to do it. |
1305 | 01:08:37,238 | 01:08:38,768 | We did it with land grants. | We did it with land grants. |
1306 | 01:08:38,773 | 01:08:41,173 | Well, we could do the same thing in space. | Well, we could do the same thing in space. |
1307 | 01:08:41,175 | 01:08:43,235 | We could do the same sort of | We could do the same sort of |
1308 | 01:08:43,243 | 01:08:45,143 | Innovative partnerships in space. | Innovative partnerships in space. |
1309 | 01:08:45,144 | 01:08:48,412 | From this sort of bureaucratic mindset | From this sort of bureaucratic mindset |
1310 | 01:08:48,413 | 01:08:51,451 | That it needs to be a government program to do it for us. | That it needs to be a government program to do it for us. |
1311 | 01:08:51,452 | 01:08:54,749 | The vast amount of brains, talents, special skills, | The vast amount of brains, talents, special skills, |
1312 | 01:08:54,752 | 01:08:57,052 | And research facilities necessary for this project | And research facilities necessary for this project |
1313 | 01:08:57,054 | 01:08:59,794 | Are not in the government, nor can they be mobilized | Are not in the government, nor can they be mobilized |
1314 | 01:08:59,795 | 01:09:03,290 | By the government in peacetime without fatal delay. | By the government in peacetime without fatal delay. |
1315 | 01:09:03,293 | 01:09:06,293 | Only American industry can do this job. | Only American industry can do this job. |
1316 | 01:09:06,296 | 01:09:09,226 | The way frontiers have been opened, | The way frontiers have been opened, |
1317 | 01:09:09,232 | 01:09:11,232 | And the way that they should be opened, | And the way that they should be opened, |
1318 | 01:09:11,234 | 01:09:15,203 | Is by an interaction of the private and the public sector, | Is by an interaction of the private and the public sector, |
1319 | 01:09:15,204 | 01:09:17,804 | Working for the good of all | Working for the good of all |
1320 | 01:09:17,806 | 01:09:20,636 | So that the government is providing | So that the government is providing |
1321 | 01:09:20,642 | 01:09:23,242 | A Lewis and Clark function, | A Lewis and Clark function, |
1322 | 01:09:23,244 | 01:09:26,813 | A Magellan function, a drake function, | A Magellan function, a drake function, |
1323 | 01:09:26,814 | 01:09:30,316 | And then those explorers are returning | And then those explorers are returning |
1324 | 01:09:30,317 | 01:09:32,517 | And telling us about what's over the hill, | And telling us about what's over the hill, |
1325 | 01:09:32,519 | 01:09:35,087 | What's across that ocean, | What's across that ocean, |
1326 | 01:09:35,088 | 01:09:39,288 | And then the private sector moves into that realm | And then the private sector moves into that realm |
1327 | 01:09:39,292 | 01:09:43,761 | And begins to turn what it is that's been found | And begins to turn what it is that's been found |
1328 | 01:09:43,762 | 01:09:46,262 | Into new land, new wealth, | Into new land, new wealth, |
1329 | 01:09:48,632 | 01:09:51,501 | And that's how you open a frontier. | And that's how you open a frontier. |
1330 | 01:09:51,502 | 01:09:53,536 | You don't open a frontier | You don't open a frontier |
1331 | 01:09:53,537 | 01:09:57,667 | By sending a few highly- paid government employees | By sending a few highly- paid government employees |
1332 | 01:09:57,674 | 01:10:03,711 | Out there in a large and expensive government vehicle | Out there in a large and expensive government vehicle |
1333 | 01:10:03,712 | 01:10:09,112 | And throwing most of it away on the way there and back. | And throwing most of it away on the way there and back. |
1334 | 01:10:13,153 | 01:10:14,853 | Well, I know one thing. | Well, I know one thing. |
1335 | 01:10:14,854 | 01:10:17,654 | If they do build a space station in my lifetime, | If they do build a space station in my lifetime, |
1336 | 01:10:17,656 | 01:10:19,416 | Or send a ship to the moon, | Or send a ship to the moon, |
1337 | 01:10:19,424 | 01:10:21,324 | I'm gonna be ready to go. | I'm gonna be ready to go. |
1338 | 01:10:21,325 | 01:10:23,285 | What courses are you taking next year? | What courses are you taking next year? |
1339 | 01:10:23,293 | 01:10:25,493 | Oh, my schedule is already made out. | Oh, my schedule is already made out. |
1340 | 01:10:25,495 | 01:10:28,325 | In the ninth grade, you have to take mathematics | In the ninth grade, you have to take mathematics |
1341 | 01:10:28,331 | 01:10:30,831 | - And English and history... - no science? | - And English and history... - no science? |
1342 | 01:10:30,833 | 01:10:32,433 | Well, I had my choice of taking | Well, I had my choice of taking |
1343 | 01:10:32,434 | 01:10:34,404 | General science this year or next, | General science this year or next, |
1344 | 01:10:34,405 | 01:10:36,302 | But I've put it off a year. | But I've put it off a year. |
1345 | 01:10:36,303 | 01:10:38,203 | Then you put your trip off a year. | Then you put your trip off a year. |
1346 | 01:10:38,204 | 01:10:41,372 | Science is the engine of prosperity. | Science is the engine of prosperity. |
1347 | 01:10:41,373 | 01:10:44,343 | All the wealth we see around us comes from science, | All the wealth we see around us comes from science, |
1348 | 01:10:44,344 | 01:10:48,478 | But science is made by scientists, mainly young people. | But science is made by scientists, mainly young people. |
1349 | 01:10:48,479 | 01:10:51,247 | Young people have to be inspired. | Young people have to be inspired. |
1350 | 01:10:51,248 | 01:10:53,178 | They have to look into the sky and say, | They have to look into the sky and say, |
1351 | 01:10:53,183 | 01:10:55,653 | "wow, I wanna be part of this great endeavor | "wow, I wanna be part of this great endeavor |
1352 | 01:10:55,654 | 01:10:57,719 | To explore the universe." | To explore the universe." |
1353 | 01:10:57,720 | 01:11:00,920 | The real spin-off that matters | The real spin-off that matters |
1354 | 01:11:00,924 | 01:11:03,524 | Out of the Apollo program... | Out of the Apollo program... |
1355 | 01:11:03,526 | 01:11:08,556 | Was a generation that saw that | Was a generation that saw that |
1356 | 01:11:08,563 | 01:11:10,997 | And in their mind, they mixed, | And in their mind, they mixed, |
1357 | 01:11:10,998 | 01:11:15,928 | "and people really doing something cool out there in space, | "and people really doing something cool out there in space, |
1358 | 01:11:15,936 | 01:11:17,896 | "and here's captain kirk | "and here's captain kirk |
1359 | 01:11:17,904 | 01:11:20,604 | And these kinds of shows and movies," | And these kinds of shows and movies," |
1360 | 01:11:20,606 | 01:11:22,006 | "2001 space odyssey," | "2001 space odyssey," |
1361 | 01:11:22,007 | 01:11:23,837 | And if you put this all together | And if you put this all together |
1362 | 01:11:23,842 | 01:11:27,382 | In the mind of a child or a teenager, what begins to happen | In the mind of a child or a teenager, what begins to happen |
1363 | 01:11:27,383 | 01:11:30,378 | Is a synthesis that says, "I wanna do that." | Is a synthesis that says, "I wanna do that." |
1364 | 01:11:30,381 | 01:11:31,981 | "Somebody's done it. | "Somebody's done it. |
1365 | 01:11:31,982 | 01:11:33,549 | "I can do it. | "I can do it. |
1366 | 01:11:33,550 | 01:11:35,619 | I'm gonna figure out how to do it." | I'm gonna figure out how to do it." |
1367 | 01:11:35,620 | 01:11:37,918 | The biggest spin-off of the Apollo program | The biggest spin-off of the Apollo program |
1368 | 01:11:37,920 | 01:11:41,720 | Was a generation who stayed in school, who studied, | Was a generation who stayed in school, who studied, |
1369 | 01:11:41,723 | 01:11:44,323 | And now, they wanna do that. | And now, they wanna do that. |
1370 | 01:11:44,325 | 01:11:46,385 | They want to give back to civilization | They want to give back to civilization |
1371 | 01:11:46,393 | 01:11:48,631 | In the way that they were inspired to do as children. | In the way that they were inspired to do as children. |
1372 | 01:11:48,632 | 01:11:51,528 | My son looked up at me one night and asked me... | My son looked up at me one night and asked me... |
1373 | 01:11:51,530 | 01:11:54,030 | Sorry, it still breaks me up... | Sorry, it still breaks me up... |
1374 | 01:11:55,532 | 01:11:57,032 | "daddy, is it really true | "daddy, is it really true |
1375 | 01:11:57,034 | 01:12:00,369 | That they used to fly to the moon when you were a boy?" | That they used to fly to the moon when you were a boy?" |
1376 | 01:12:00,370 | 01:12:02,870 | I was really disappointed that we had not sent anyone to mars, | I was really disappointed that we had not sent anyone to mars, |
1377 | 01:12:02,872 | 01:12:05,542 | That we had not progressed beyond Apollo, | That we had not progressed beyond Apollo, |
1378 | 01:12:05,543 | 01:12:08,309 | And I kept waiting for when we would, | And I kept waiting for when we would, |
1379 | 01:12:08,310 | 01:12:10,610 | And it just didn't happen, year after year. | And it just didn't happen, year after year. |
1380 | 01:12:10,612 | 01:12:14,481 | I submit that if we engage in another bold vision | I submit that if we engage in another bold vision |
1381 | 01:12:14,482 | 01:12:15,951 | Like we did in the '60s, | Like we did in the '60s, |
1382 | 01:12:15,952 | 01:12:17,620 | This time not motivated by war, | This time not motivated by war, |
1383 | 01:12:17,621 | 01:12:20,686 | But by an understanding of the impact | But by an understanding of the impact |
1384 | 01:12:20,687 | 01:12:22,617 | Of that adventure on our culture... | Of that adventure on our culture... |
1385 | 01:12:23,822 | 01:12:25,522 | Our culture... | Our culture... |
1386 | 01:12:25,524 | 01:12:28,424 | What people wanted to be when they grew up. | What people wanted to be when they grew up. |
1387 | 01:12:28,426 | 01:12:29,926 | I am a child of Apollo. | I am a child of Apollo. |
1388 | 01:12:31,027 | 01:12:34,557 | The greatest influences I had growing up | The greatest influences I had growing up |
1389 | 01:12:34,564 | 01:12:37,999 | Were NASA and "star trek." | Were NASA and "star trek." |
1390 | 01:12:38,000 | 01:12:40,770 | I didn't just believe we were going into space. | I didn't just believe we were going into space. |
1391 | 01:12:40,771 | 01:12:42,599 | I expected it. | I expected it. |
1392 | 01:12:42,604 | 01:12:45,404 | It stimulates an entire generation | It stimulates an entire generation |
1393 | 01:12:45,406 | 01:12:46,806 | Of scientists and technologists. | Of scientists and technologists. |
1394 | 01:12:46,807 | 01:12:48,437 | It's the 21st century. | It's the 21st century. |
1395 | 01:12:48,441 | 01:12:50,071 | You need them if you care about | You need them if you care about |
1396 | 01:12:50,075 | 01:12:52,505 | The health of your economy tomorrow. | The health of your economy tomorrow. |
1397 | 01:12:52,510 | 01:12:54,110 | You need folks like that around you. | You need folks like that around you. |
1398 | 01:12:54,111 | 01:12:56,441 | I went to the NASA website to just see, | I went to the NASA website to just see, |
1399 | 01:12:56,446 | 01:12:57,476 | "when are we going to mars?" | "when are we going to mars?" |
1400 | 01:12:57,480 | 01:12:59,610 | And I couldn't find that out. | And I couldn't find that out. |
1401 | 01:13:01,717 | 01:13:03,377 | Then I thought, well, | Then I thought, well, |
1402 | 01:13:03,385 | 01:13:06,115 | Perhaps this is a question of... of will. | Perhaps this is a question of... of will. |
1403 | 01:13:06,121 | 01:13:09,621 | Is there sufficient will to do this? | Is there sufficient will to do this? |
1404 | 01:13:09,624 | 01:13:13,927 | The reason I fight so hard for this cause | The reason I fight so hard for this cause |
1405 | 01:13:13,928 | 01:13:17,497 | Is because I believe we are here | Is because I believe we are here |
1406 | 01:13:17,498 | 01:13:19,998 | To expand and grow | To expand and grow |
1407 | 01:13:20,000 | 01:13:23,500 | And carry the light of life into space. | And carry the light of life into space. |
1408 | 01:13:23,503 | 01:13:26,571 | If we don't embrace space as a frontier, | If we don't embrace space as a frontier, |
1409 | 01:13:26,572 | 01:13:29,440 | What are we as a species? | What are we as a species? |
1410 | 01:13:29,441 | 01:13:31,041 | We have the power to do it. | We have the power to do it. |
1411 | 01:13:31,042 | 01:13:32,742 | We have the know-how to do it. | We have the know-how to do it. |
1412 | 01:13:32,743 | 01:13:34,643 | We know what it can bring us... | We know what it can bring us... |
1413 | 01:13:35,744 | 01:13:40,114 | Culturally, economically, militaristically. | Culturally, economically, militaristically. |
1414 | 01:13:40,116 | 01:13:44,616 | To not do it is to simply not have the foresight. | To not do it is to simply not have the foresight. |
1415 | 01:13:46,820 | 01:13:49,620 | In these final hours before Apollo 17, | In these final hours before Apollo 17, |
1416 | 01:13:49,623 | 01:13:51,490 | Some people are gloomy about | Some people are gloomy about |
1417 | 01:13:51,491 | 01:13:53,560 | The future of space exploration. | The future of space exploration. |
1418 | 01:13:53,561 | 01:13:56,129 | Not among them is Dr. Wernher Von Braun, | Not among them is Dr. Wernher Von Braun, |
1419 | 01:13:56,130 | 01:13:58,498 | The retired rocket expert to develop | The retired rocket expert to develop |
1420 | 01:13:58,499 | 01:14:00,697 | The big Saturn launch vehicles | The big Saturn launch vehicles |
1421 | 01:14:00,699 | 01:14:03,429 | Used to send men on their way to the moon. | Used to send men on their way to the moon. |
1422 | 01:14:03,435 | 01:14:05,595 | I talked with Dr. Von Braun earlier this evening. | I talked with Dr. Von Braun earlier this evening. |
1423 | 01:14:05,603 | 01:14:09,138 | I think that all good things have an ending. | I think that all good things have an ending. |
1424 | 01:14:09,139 | 01:14:12,169 | I consider Apollo a little bit as it were | I consider Apollo a little bit as it were |
1425 | 01:14:12,175 | 01:14:16,975 | As a sailing ship and dog sled area for the south pole. | As a sailing ship and dog sled area for the south pole. |
1426 | 01:14:16,979 | 01:14:19,109 | Or next time we go to the south pole, | Or next time we go to the south pole, |
1427 | 01:14:19,114 | 01:14:21,548 | We'll go by turboprop airplane. | We'll go by turboprop airplane. |
1428 | 01:14:21,549 | 01:14:24,449 | We doubled the number of science graduates | We doubled the number of science graduates |
1429 | 01:14:24,451 | 01:14:26,721 | In this country during Apollo at every level: | In this country during Apollo at every level: |
1430 | 01:14:26,722 | 01:14:28,819 | High school, college, PHD. | High school, college, PHD. |
1431 | 01:14:28,821 | 01:14:30,190 | What force was operating to make | What force was operating to make |
1432 | 01:14:30,191 | 01:14:31,689 | Everyone want to become scientists? | Everyone want to become scientists? |
1433 | 01:14:31,690 | 01:14:34,020 | We were going to the moon. | We were going to the moon. |
1434 | 01:14:34,025 | 01:14:36,755 | So, our motivation was militaristically driven, | So, our motivation was militaristically driven, |
1435 | 01:14:36,761 | 01:14:38,891 | But we benefited economically from it | But we benefited economically from it |
1436 | 01:14:38,896 | 01:14:41,196 | Because scientists and technologists | Because scientists and technologists |
1437 | 01:14:41,198 | 01:14:44,028 | Invent the economies of tomorrow. | Invent the economies of tomorrow. |
1438 | 01:14:47,970 | 01:14:51,109 | We used to invent new things with such frequency | We used to invent new things with such frequency |
1439 | 01:14:51,110 | 01:14:53,867 | That you didn't fix something that was about to break. | That you didn't fix something that was about to break. |
1440 | 01:14:53,876 | 01:14:56,176 | You put in something completely new | You put in something completely new |
1441 | 01:14:56,178 | 01:14:59,508 | That took you to a new place. | That took you to a new place. |
1442 | 01:14:59,514 | 01:15:01,214 | You didn't have to worry about the old thing breaking, | You didn't have to worry about the old thing breaking, |
1443 | 01:15:01,215 | 01:15:04,515 | Because you just replaced the entire structure | Because you just replaced the entire structure |
1444 | 01:15:04,518 | 01:15:06,478 | With better materials, lighter materials, | With better materials, lighter materials, |
1445 | 01:15:06,486 | 01:15:09,646 | More durable materials. | More durable materials. |
1446 | 01:15:09,655 | 01:15:13,885 | These are the things that come out of an innovation nation. | These are the things that come out of an innovation nation. |
1447 | 01:15:13,892 | 01:15:15,692 | You know how you get in an innovation nation? | You know how you get in an innovation nation? |
1448 | 01:15:15,693 | 01:15:18,031 | You put a bold project in front of them | You put a bold project in front of them |
1449 | 01:15:18,032 | 01:15:20,798 | That inspires people to want to innovate in the first place. | That inspires people to want to innovate in the first place. |
1450 | 01:15:20,799 | 01:15:24,227 | And I know of no greater force of nature | And I know of no greater force of nature |
1451 | 01:15:24,233 | 01:15:27,473 | Than what going into space can do... | Than what going into space can do... |
1452 | 01:15:28,836 | 01:15:30,766 | For the next generation of people | For the next generation of people |
1453 | 01:15:30,772 | 01:15:34,841 | Who are tasked with taking us into the 21st century. | Who are tasked with taking us into the 21st century. |
1454 | 01:15:34,842 | 01:15:38,642 | I believe that we can carry this battle | I believe that we can carry this battle |
1455 | 01:15:38,645 | 01:15:42,205 | And basically address it, articulate it | And basically address it, articulate it |
1456 | 01:15:42,215 | 01:15:44,975 | As an economic challenge to the nation, | As an economic challenge to the nation, |
1457 | 01:15:44,984 | 01:15:46,924 | A technological challenge to the nation, | A technological challenge to the nation, |
1458 | 01:15:46,925 | 01:15:49,887 | A spiritual challenge to the nation, | A spiritual challenge to the nation, |
1459 | 01:15:49,888 | 01:15:54,858 | That we have to believe as a nation... | That we have to believe as a nation... |
1460 | 01:15:54,859 | 01:15:57,259 | We are capable of doing difficult things | We are capable of doing difficult things |
1461 | 01:15:57,261 | 01:15:59,228 | And move forward and do it. | And move forward and do it. |
1462 | 01:15:59,229 | 01:16:02,829 | We need to bring America's character | We need to bring America's character |
1463 | 01:16:02,832 | 01:16:05,602 | To bear on America's frontier. | To bear on America's frontier. |
1464 | 01:16:06,567 | 01:16:07,927 | And if we do that... | And if we do that... |
1465 | 01:16:10,037 | 01:16:13,767 | There is no limit to what we can accomplish. | There is no limit to what we can accomplish. |
1466 | 01:16:14,741 | 01:16:17,577 | We were given the Apollo program | We were given the Apollo program |
1467 | 01:16:17,578 | 01:16:19,508 | Because of a set of challenges | Because of a set of challenges |
1468 | 01:16:19,513 | 01:16:22,548 | That a very young president faced. | That a very young president faced. |
1469 | 01:16:22,549 | 01:16:24,716 | We were fortunate at that time | We were fortunate at that time |
1470 | 01:16:24,717 | 01:16:26,577 | We had the articulators. | We had the articulators. |
1471 | 01:16:26,585 | 01:16:28,815 | We had the Von Brauns and the lows | We had the Von Brauns and the lows |
1472 | 01:16:28,820 | 01:16:31,750 | And the gurus who were capable of going up | And the gurus who were capable of going up |
1473 | 01:16:31,756 | 01:16:34,016 | And basically talking to this president | And basically talking to this president |
1474 | 01:16:34,024 | 01:16:37,993 | And talking to the us congress and selling this program. | And talking to the us congress and selling this program. |
1475 | 01:16:37,994 | 01:16:42,998 | We need the people who have that fluency, that belief | We need the people who have that fluency, that belief |
1476 | 01:16:42,999 | 01:16:46,568 | And are willing to expend themselves in that cost. | And are willing to expend themselves in that cost. |
1477 | 01:16:46,569 | 01:16:47,899 | During the Apollo era, | During the Apollo era, |
1478 | 01:16:47,903 | 01:16:49,872 | You didn't need government programs | You didn't need government programs |
1479 | 01:16:49,873 | 01:16:51,137 | Trying to convince people | Trying to convince people |
1480 | 01:16:51,138 | 01:16:52,538 | That doing science and engineering | That doing science and engineering |
1481 | 01:16:52,539 | 01:16:54,069 | Was good for the country. | Was good for the country. |
1482 | 01:16:54,073 | 01:16:56,107 | It was self-evident. | It was self-evident. |
1483 | 01:16:56,108 | 01:16:59,708 | Maybe we need a department of future thinkers... | Maybe we need a department of future thinkers... |
1484 | 01:17:01,211 | 01:17:04,651 | Who aren't thinking, "will I get reelected this November?" | Who aren't thinking, "will I get reelected this November?" |
1485 | 01:17:04,652 | 01:17:08,548 | Who aren't thinking, "can we afford this now? | Who aren't thinking, "can we afford this now? |
1486 | 01:17:08,551 | 01:17:10,921 | "Are these other problems I have to solve?" no. | "Are these other problems I have to solve?" no. |
1487 | 01:17:10,922 | 01:17:13,790 | We need like a new presidential cabinet position: | We need like a new presidential cabinet position: |
1488 | 01:17:13,791 | 01:17:15,919 | The futurist. | The futurist. |
1489 | 01:17:15,924 | 01:17:19,626 | They can help set priorities for how we invest | They can help set priorities for how we invest |
1490 | 01:17:19,627 | 01:17:22,557 | Versus the return on that investment later on. | Versus the return on that investment later on. |
1491 | 01:17:24,296 | 01:17:25,796 | That's what we need. | That's what we need. |
1492 | 01:17:28,633 | 01:17:30,633 | We don't have that... | We don't have that... |
1493 | 01:17:30,636 | 01:17:32,666 | And I've been trying, but I've been failing, | And I've been trying, but I've been failing, |
1494 | 01:17:32,671 | 01:17:34,701 | So basically, I gave up. | So basically, I gave up. |
1495 | 01:17:34,706 | 01:17:36,706 | Just going back to my lab. | Just going back to my lab. |
1496 | 01:17:36,708 | 01:17:39,638 | I'm tired of screaming into people's ears. | I'm tired of screaming into people's ears. |
1497 | 01:17:39,644 | 01:17:40,844 | What we got paid back for | What we got paid back for |
1498 | 01:17:40,845 | 01:17:43,105 | Were million of scientists, engineers, | Were million of scientists, engineers, |
1499 | 01:17:43,113 | 01:17:45,913 | Doctors, medical researchers, inventors, okay? | Doctors, medical researchers, inventors, okay? |
1500 | 01:17:45,915 | 01:17:47,275 | Who are the people who created | Who are the people who created |
1501 | 01:17:47,283 | 01:17:49,052 | The economic boom of the 1990s? | The economic boom of the 1990s? |
1502 | 01:17:49,053 | 01:17:51,120 | These 40-year-old techno billionaires | These 40-year-old techno billionaires |
1503 | 01:17:51,121 | 01:17:52,319 | Who built silicon valley. | Who built silicon valley. |
1504 | 01:17:52,320 | 01:17:54,220 | These are the 12-year- old of the 1960s. | These are the 12-year- old of the 1960s. |
1505 | 01:17:54,221 | 01:17:59,021 | Apollo worked because John F. Kennedy said in 1961, | Apollo worked because John F. Kennedy said in 1961, |
1506 | 01:17:59,025 | 01:18:02,655 | "we are going to be on the moon by the end of the decade," | "we are going to be on the moon by the end of the decade," |
1507 | 01:18:02,661 | 01:18:05,699 | And while administrations changed in early 1969, | And while administrations changed in early 1969, |
1508 | 01:18:05,700 | 01:18:07,597 | We were practically to the moon | We were practically to the moon |
1509 | 01:18:07,598 | 01:18:10,728 | And they weren't about to cancel that at that point. | And they weren't about to cancel that at that point. |
1510 | 01:18:10,734 | 01:18:13,841 | If instead, Kennedy had said, "I think it'd be good idea | If instead, Kennedy had said, "I think it'd be good idea |
1511 | 01:18:13,842 | 01:18:16,267 | To go to the moon and we should do it by the year 2000," | To go to the moon and we should do it by the year 2000," |
1512 | 01:18:16,272 | 01:18:18,872 | We never would have made it to the moon. | We never would have made it to the moon. |
1513 | 01:18:18,874 | 01:18:20,774 | It's not about the rocket equation. | It's not about the rocket equation. |
1514 | 01:18:20,775 | 01:18:22,875 | It's not about physics. | It's not about physics. |
1515 | 01:18:22,877 | 01:18:27,046 | We solve those issues every single day. | We solve those issues every single day. |
1516 | 01:18:27,047 | 01:18:29,847 | We have built a cage around our ideas. | We have built a cage around our ideas. |
1517 | 01:18:29,849 | 01:18:33,749 | We have built a cage around our future that says, "you cannot." | We have built a cage around our future that says, "you cannot." |
1518 | 01:18:33,752 | 01:18:36,322 | We are telling the generation that exists today | We are telling the generation that exists today |
1519 | 01:18:36,323 | 01:18:38,989 | That they're going to have less... | That they're going to have less... |
1520 | 01:18:38,990 | 01:18:40,659 | That they should give up their dreams, | That they should give up their dreams, |
1521 | 01:18:40,660 | 01:18:44,227 | That their job is to save a planet that we've screwed up. | That their job is to save a planet that we've screwed up. |
1522 | 01:18:44,228 | 01:18:47,728 | What really matters is that someday | What really matters is that someday |
1523 | 01:18:47,731 | 01:18:49,631 | There's a kid living on the moon, | There's a kid living on the moon, |
1524 | 01:18:49,632 | 01:18:50,832 | There's a kid living in free space, | There's a kid living in free space, |
1525 | 01:18:50,833 | 01:18:52,400 | There's a kid living on mars, | There's a kid living on mars, |
1526 | 01:18:52,401 | 01:18:53,901 | Who looks back at the earth and says, | Who looks back at the earth and says, |
1527 | 01:18:53,902 | 01:18:55,168 | "that's where we came from," | "that's where we came from," |
1528 | 01:18:55,169 | 01:18:56,669 | Turns their head, looks the other way, | Turns their head, looks the other way, |
1529 | 01:18:56,670 | 01:18:57,870 | And says, "that's what we're going." | And says, "that's what we're going." |
1530 | 01:18:57,871 | 01:19:00,301 | It will be a human endeavor. | It will be a human endeavor. |
1531 | 01:19:00,306 | 01:19:03,006 | It will bring out the best in humankind. | It will bring out the best in humankind. |
1532 | 01:19:03,008 | 01:19:05,776 | Space exploration has changed your life, | Space exploration has changed your life, |
1533 | 01:19:05,777 | 01:19:08,337 | And it's made your life better. | And it's made your life better. |
1534 | 01:19:08,346 | 01:19:11,846 | The food you eat, your communication systems, | The food you eat, your communication systems, |
1535 | 01:19:11,849 | 01:19:15,849 | Your transportation systems are all made better by space. | Your transportation systems are all made better by space. |
1536 | 01:19:15,853 | 01:19:19,322 | But deeper and bigger and more importantly, | But deeper and bigger and more importantly, |
1537 | 01:19:19,323 | 01:19:23,759 | Your view of your relationship to the cosmos, | Your view of your relationship to the cosmos, |
1538 | 01:19:23,760 | 01:19:25,260 | Your place in space, | Your place in space, |
1539 | 01:19:25,261 | 01:19:27,996 | Is fundamentally influenced by people | Is fundamentally influenced by people |
1540 | 01:19:27,997 | 01:19:30,427 | Who have insisted that we explore space, | Who have insisted that we explore space, |
1541 | 01:19:30,432 | 01:19:32,300 | That we go over the horizon, | That we go over the horizon, |
1542 | 01:19:32,301 | 01:19:35,001 | That we look beyond what we can see, | That we look beyond what we can see, |
1543 | 01:19:35,003 | 01:19:36,970 | And that is all to the good | And that is all to the good |
1544 | 01:19:36,971 | 01:19:39,871 | And it is in everyone's best interest to support it. | And it is in everyone's best interest to support it. |
1545 | 01:19:41,773 | 01:19:44,976 | We cannot allow ourselves to settle | We cannot allow ourselves to settle |
1546 | 01:19:44,977 | 01:19:48,377 | For the condition and the state that we are in today. | For the condition and the state that we are in today. |
1547 | 01:19:48,380 | 01:19:52,380 | We have to become the foot soldiers in the fight for space, | We have to become the foot soldiers in the fight for space, |
1548 | 01:19:52,384 | 01:19:54,784 | And it has to apply to every person | And it has to apply to every person |
1549 | 01:19:54,786 | 01:19:57,986 | Who lives, works, and dreams of space, | Who lives, works, and dreams of space, |
1550 | 01:19:57,989 | 01:19:59,419 | And it's time to do it now. | And it's time to do it now. |
1551 | 01:32:37,205 | 01:32:39,305 | - I got fired. - -really? | - I got fired. - -really? |
1552 | 01:32:39,308 | 01:32:41,238 | Yes, sir, out the door. | Yes, sir, out the door. |
1553 | 01:32:41,243 | 01:32:42,543 | "We're not gonna fly you again. | "We're not gonna fly you again. |
1554 | 01:32:42,544 | 01:32:43,813 | We don't have a job for you." | We don't have a job for you." |
1555 | 01:32:43,814 | 01:32:45,741 | They get tired of hearing this stuff, | They get tired of hearing this stuff, |
1556 | 01:32:45,746 | 01:32:47,846 | And when you're jabbing them, the bureaucrats... | And when you're jabbing them, the bureaucrats... |
1557 | 01:32:47,848 | 01:32:49,748 | You're jabbing them, | You're jabbing them, |
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