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1 | 00:00:08,190 | 00:00:09,780 | Every life... | Every life... |
2 | 00:00:10,400 | 00:00:11,650 | Has a lifespan. | Has a lifespan. |
3 | 00:00:15,280 | 00:00:19,330 | The C. elegans worm gets on average 14 days on Earth. | The C. elegans worm gets on average 14 days on Earth. |
4 | 00:00:19,410 | 00:00:22,120 | European lobsters get up to 50 years. | European lobsters get up to 50 years. |
5 | 00:00:22,710 | 00:00:25,580 | The Bristlecone pine tree, as much as 5,000. | The Bristlecone pine tree, as much as 5,000. |
6 | 00:00:26,130 | 00:00:27,420 | And humans? | And humans? |
7 | 00:00:27,500 | 00:00:30,590 | We have a maximum lifespan of around 120. | We have a maximum lifespan of around 120. |
8 | 00:00:31,210 | 00:00:35,390 | As best we can tell, some people throughout history made it past 100. | As best we can tell, some people throughout history made it past 100. |
9 | 00:00:35,470 | 00:00:38,260 | One tombstone of an ancient Roman soldier | One tombstone of an ancient Roman soldier |
10 | 00:00:38,350 | 00:00:42,890 | states simply, "Vixit annis C." "He lived 100 years." | states simply, "Vixit annis C." "He lived 100 years." |
11 | 00:00:42,980 | 00:00:47,230 | But for most of human history, you were pretty lucky to make it past five. | But for most of human history, you were pretty lucky to make it past five. |
12 | 00:00:48,270 | 00:00:50,070 | Just 200 years ago, | Just 200 years ago, |
13 | 00:00:50,150 | 00:00:54,030 | no country on Earth had a life expectancy higherthan 40. | no country on Earth had a life expectancy higherthan 40. |
14 | 00:00:54,110 | 00:00:57,070 | But then, that number started ticking up. | But then, that number started ticking up. |
15 | 00:00:57,410 | 00:01:00,410 | City's engineered ways to give people clean water. | City's engineered ways to give people clean water. |
16 | 00:01:00,830 | 00:01:03,000 | We discovered that germs caused disease. | We discovered that germs caused disease. |
17 | 00:01:03,540 | 00:01:06,250 | The germs have to leave the body of a sick person | The germs have to leave the body of a sick person |
18 | 00:01:06,330 | 00:01:08,500 | and enter the body of one who is well. | and enter the body of one who is well. |
19 | 00:01:08,590 | 00:01:11,670 | And started regularly washing our hands with soap | And started regularly washing our hands with soap |
20 | 00:01:11,750 | 00:01:16,220 | Nutrition improved, and we invented new ways to keep food safe. | Nutrition improved, and we invented new ways to keep food safe. |
21 | 00:01:16,300 | 00:01:19,680 | We discovered antibiotics and we developed vaccines, | We discovered antibiotics and we developed vaccines, |
22 | 00:01:20,180 | 00:01:23,730 | knocking out some of the worst killers mankind has ever known. | knocking out some of the worst killers mankind has ever known. |
23 | 00:01:24,640 | 00:01:29,690 | Since 1800, the average life expectancy worldwide has more than doubled | Since 1800, the average life expectancy worldwide has more than doubled |
24 | 00:01:29,770 | 00:01:31,610 | to around 72 years. | to around 72 years. |
25 | 00:01:32,190 | 00:01:35,400 | And the biggest reason is that you're now far less likely | And the biggest reason is that you're now far less likely |
26 | 00:01:35,490 | 00:01:38,950 | to die of an infectious disease before you reach old age. | to die of an infectious disease before you reach old age. |
27 | 00:01:39,030 | 00:01:41,240 | But for people who reach old age, | But for people who reach old age, |
28 | 00:01:41,330 | 00:01:44,370 | their life expectancy hasn't increased much at all. | their life expectancy hasn't increased much at all. |
29 | 00:01:44,450 | 00:01:46,960 | In England and Wales in 1840, | In England and Wales in 1840, |
30 | 00:01:47,040 | 00:01:50,420 | a 70-year old could expect to live to 79. | a 70-year old could expect to live to 79. |
31 | 00:01:50,500 | 00:01:52,460 | Today, it's 86. | Today, it's 86. |
32 | 00:01:52,880 | 00:01:55,760 | A hundred and eighty years of scientific advancement | A hundred and eighty years of scientific advancement |
33 | 00:01:55,840 | 00:01:57,760 | for just a seven-year bump. | for just a seven-year bump. |
34 | 00:01:57,840 | 00:02:01,550 | If the human lifespan is 120 years, | If the human lifespan is 120 years, |
35 | 00:02:01,640 | 00:02:04,350 | why, even in developed countries, | why, even in developed countries, |
36 | 00:02:04,430 | 00:02:07,390 | do most of us only make it two-thirds of the way there? | do most of us only make it two-thirds of the way there? |
37 | 00:02:08,140 | 00:02:11,020 | What is it about old age that kills us? | What is it about old age that kills us? |
38 | 00:02:11,310 | 00:02:12,860 | And is it treatable? | And is it treatable? |
39 | 00:02:12,940 | 00:02:16,530 | Today's drugs truly work medical miracles, for young and older lives. | Today's drugs truly work medical miracles, for young and older lives. |
40 | 00:02:17,280 | 00:02:19,660 | It was only 1930. | It was only 1930. |
41 | 00:02:19,740 | 00:02:21,530 | You get a disease, you die. | You get a disease, you die. |
42 | 00:02:21,620 | 00:02:24,160 | And then suddenly, you take a pill and you live. | And then suddenly, you take a pill and you live. |
43 | 00:02:26,290 | 00:02:29,080 | Aging is only now coming into its own. | Aging is only now coming into its own. |
44 | 00:02:29,540 | 00:02:32,590 | I really think we could be on the eve of a whole new era. | I really think we could be on the eve of a whole new era. |
45 | 00:02:32,670 | 00:02:35,250 | The finiteness of life. | The finiteness of life. |
46 | 00:02:35,340 | 00:02:38,840 | It forces me to appreciate every sunrise. | It forces me to appreciate every sunrise. |
47 | 00:02:44,810 | 00:02:47,060 | So, what is aging? | So, what is aging? |
48 | 00:02:47,680 | 00:02:50,310 | Some of its symptoms are hearing loss, | Some of its symptoms are hearing loss, |
49 | 00:02:50,400 | 00:02:51,770 | poor eyesight, | poor eyesight, |
50 | 00:02:51,850 | 00:02:53,270 | weakened muscles, | weakened muscles, |
51 | 00:02:53,360 | 00:02:56,530 | our heart rate slows, our blood pressure rises, | our heart rate slows, our blood pressure rises, |
52 | 00:02:56,610 | 00:03:00,110 | and our brains become less nimble and more inclined to forget. | and our brains become less nimble and more inclined to forget. |
53 | 00:03:00,950 | 00:03:05,200 | Our ability to stay focused on a problem | Our ability to stay focused on a problem |
54 | 00:03:05,280 | 00:03:07,330 | declines with aging. | declines with aging. |
55 | 00:03:07,410 | 00:03:10,670 | There's a series of problems, all of which accumulate | There's a series of problems, all of which accumulate |
56 | 00:03:11,040 | 00:03:13,750 | such that the quality of life diminishes. | such that the quality of life diminishes. |
57 | 00:03:13,840 | 00:03:18,550 | The amount that we can actually live actively in the world goes down. | The amount that we can actually live actively in the world goes down. |
58 | 00:03:19,130 | 00:03:20,300 | And as we age, | And as we age, |
59 | 00:03:20,380 | 00:03:23,850 | our risk of dying from a chronic disease skyrockets. | our risk of dying from a chronic disease skyrockets. |
60 | 00:03:23,930 | 00:03:26,890 | Aging is the major risk factor for death | Aging is the major risk factor for death |
61 | 00:03:26,970 | 00:03:29,890 | for any one of those diseases we're afraid from. | for any one of those diseases we're afraid from. |
62 | 00:03:29,980 | 00:03:32,850 | From cancer, from cardiovascular disease, | From cancer, from cardiovascular disease, |
63 | 00:03:32,940 | 00:03:35,190 | from Alzheimer, from diabetes. | from Alzheimer, from diabetes. |
64 | 00:03:35,270 | 00:03:37,730 | Now, you might stop me and say, "Just a minute! | Now, you might stop me and say, "Just a minute! |
65 | 00:03:37,820 | 00:03:40,950 | For cardiovascular disease, isn't it cholesterol?" | For cardiovascular disease, isn't it cholesterol?" |
66 | 00:03:41,030 | 00:03:43,070 | Well, cholesterol is a three-fold risk. | Well, cholesterol is a three-fold risk. |
67 | 00:03:43,530 | 00:03:47,490 | But aging is a 5,000-fold risk. | But aging is a 5,000-fold risk. |
68 | 00:03:47,580 | 00:03:49,910 | In the US, the majority of deaths | In the US, the majority of deaths |
69 | 00:03:50,000 | 00:03:53,960 | are now caused by a chronic disease associated with old age. | are now caused by a chronic disease associated with old age. |
70 | 00:03:54,040 | 00:03:56,340 | The costs are extraordinary. | The costs are extraordinary. |
71 | 00:03:56,670 | 00:04:01,630 | 86% of healthcare spending in the US goes towards treating chronic diseases. | 86% of healthcare spending in the US goes towards treating chronic diseases. |
72 | 00:04:02,260 | 00:04:05,890 | Finding cures for these diseases has been a fixation | Finding cures for these diseases has been a fixation |
73 | 00:04:05,970 | 00:04:08,930 | of governments, and scientists, and societies. | of governments, and scientists, and societies. |
74 | 00:04:09,020 | 00:04:12,980 | With a new moonshot, America can cure cancer. | With a new moonshot, America can cure cancer. |
75 | 00:04:13,390 | 00:04:18,610 | An incoming coalition government will commit an additional 200 million dollars | An incoming coalition government will commit an additional 200 million dollars |
76 | 00:04:19,110 | 00:04:20,690 | to dementia research. | to dementia research. |
77 | 00:04:20,780 | 00:04:23,200 | Heart disease is the number one killer of women. | Heart disease is the number one killer of women. |
78 | 00:04:24,530 | 00:04:26,660 | But we haven't found one yet. | But we haven't found one yet. |
79 | 00:04:26,740 | 00:04:30,200 | So some researchers have proposed a different strategy, | So some researchers have proposed a different strategy, |
80 | 00:04:30,620 | 00:04:33,870 | focusing on what they see as the underlying cause. | focusing on what they see as the underlying cause. |
81 | 00:04:34,370 | 00:04:35,420 | Aging. | Aging. |
82 | 00:04:36,830 | 00:04:40,250 | Scientists have estimated that if we cured all cancers, | Scientists have estimated that if we cured all cancers, |
83 | 00:04:40,340 | 00:04:43,300 | that would only extend lifespan by about four years on average, | that would only extend lifespan by about four years on average, |
84 | 00:04:43,380 | 00:04:45,430 | because people would get sick from some other disease. | because people would get sick from some other disease. |
85 | 00:04:45,510 | 00:04:48,430 | And if we're successful in finding the targets that drive aging | And if we're successful in finding the targets that drive aging |
86 | 00:04:48,510 | 00:04:50,310 | and we can slow aging down, | and we can slow aging down, |
87 | 00:04:50,390 | 00:04:52,310 | then that's going to affect the rate of disease. | then that's going to affect the rate of disease. |
88 | 00:04:52,390 | 00:04:55,850 | If you have a leaky faucet in your house and you want to fix it, | If you have a leaky faucet in your house and you want to fix it, |
89 | 00:04:55,940 | 00:04:58,900 | there couple ways to do it. One is you put a bucket under the faucet. | there couple ways to do it. One is you put a bucket under the faucet. |
90 | 00:04:58,980 | 00:05:01,730 | You have to empty that bucket every week, and it's just a big hassle. | You have to empty that bucket every week, and it's just a big hassle. |
91 | 00:05:01,820 | 00:05:05,450 | On the other hand, if you just go under the sink and you find the part of the pipe | On the other hand, if you just go under the sink and you find the part of the pipe |
92 | 00:05:05,530 | 00:05:07,660 | that is leaking and you fix that, | that is leaking and you fix that, |
93 | 00:05:07,740 | 00:05:09,450 | that gets rid of your whole issue. | that gets rid of your whole issue. |
94 | 00:05:09,530 | 00:05:11,410 | And so what we think about in the aging field | And so what we think about in the aging field |
95 | 00:05:11,490 | 00:05:13,290 | is how can we find the core problem | is how can we find the core problem |
96 | 00:05:13,370 | 00:05:16,750 | that is actually causing all these downstream pathologies and fix that | that is actually causing all these downstream pathologies and fix that |
97 | 00:05:16,830 | 00:05:20,090 | and eliminate the chances of any of them actually occurring in the first place? | and eliminate the chances of any of them actually occurring in the first place? |
98 | 00:05:20,590 | 00:05:23,840 | Aging is the result of the biological accumulation | Aging is the result of the biological accumulation |
99 | 00:05:23,920 | 00:05:25,630 | of damage in our cells. | of damage in our cells. |
100 | 00:05:26,430 | 00:05:29,600 | This damage actually starts before we're born. | This damage actually starts before we're born. |
101 | 00:05:30,350 | 00:05:33,560 | Soon after conception, our cells start duplicating | Soon after conception, our cells start duplicating |
102 | 00:05:33,640 | 00:05:36,480 | so our tissue can grow and regenerate. | so our tissue can grow and regenerate. |
103 | 00:05:36,560 | 00:05:38,650 | As our cells copy themselves, | As our cells copy themselves, |
104 | 00:05:38,730 | 00:05:42,020 | they make errors that cause molecular damage. | they make errors that cause molecular damage. |
105 | 00:05:43,230 | 00:05:47,200 | For about two decades, we are able to repair those mistakes. | For about two decades, we are able to repair those mistakes. |
106 | 00:05:47,530 | 00:05:49,660 | But by the time we are in our 30s, | But by the time we are in our 30s, |
107 | 00:05:50,160 | 00:05:52,450 | aging is accelerated. | aging is accelerated. |
108 | 00:05:53,410 | 00:05:56,040 | Fighting this process isn't a new idea. | Fighting this process isn't a new idea. |
109 | 00:05:56,120 | 00:05:58,830 | We're constantly bombarded with ads for products | We're constantly bombarded with ads for products |
110 | 00:05:58,920 | 00:06:01,090 | promising to restore our youth. | promising to restore our youth. |
111 | 00:06:01,170 | 00:06:05,800 | The angi-aging industry is now worth 250 billion dollars | The angi-aging industry is now worth 250 billion dollars |
112 | 00:06:05,880 | 00:06:07,090 | and growing. | and growing. |
113 | 00:06:07,170 | 00:06:10,550 | It's clinically proven to give ten years back to the look of skin. | It's clinically proven to give ten years back to the look of skin. |
114 | 00:06:10,640 | 00:06:12,680 | With Olay, you age less. | With Olay, you age less. |
115 | 00:06:12,760 | 00:06:15,100 | Visibly younger-looking skin. Youth is timeless. | Visibly younger-looking skin. Youth is timeless. |
116 | 00:06:15,640 | 00:06:17,310 | Most of the anti-aging market | Most of the anti-aging market |
117 | 00:06:17,390 | 00:06:21,520 | is focused on the symptoms of aging you can see, like wrinkles, | is focused on the symptoms of aging you can see, like wrinkles, |
118 | 00:06:21,610 | 00:06:23,480 | and marketed mostly to women. | and marketed mostly to women. |
119 | 00:06:23,570 | 00:06:25,440 | Not the wrinkles themselves. | Not the wrinkles themselves. |
120 | 00:06:25,530 | 00:06:29,200 | They haven't been scientifically tested to actually change the skin. | They haven't been scientifically tested to actually change the skin. |
121 | 00:06:30,030 | 00:06:31,370 | Forget looking younger. | Forget looking younger. |
122 | 00:06:31,450 | 00:06:34,040 | Some people have tried to cheat death entirely. | Some people have tried to cheat death entirely. |
123 | 00:06:34,160 | 00:06:37,040 | In the 1960s, we came up with cryonics, | In the 1960s, we came up with cryonics, |
124 | 00:06:37,120 | 00:06:39,290 | freezing a person as soon as they die | freezing a person as soon as they die |
125 | 00:06:39,370 | 00:06:41,250 | with the plan of reviving them in the future, | with the plan of reviving them in the future, |
126 | 00:06:41,330 | 00:06:43,460 | once science has figured out how. | once science has figured out how. |
127 | 00:06:43,540 | 00:06:44,920 | I think cryonics | I think cryonics |
128 | 00:06:45,000 | 00:06:47,010 | takes the human body a little bit too seriously. | takes the human body a little bit too seriously. |
129 | 00:06:47,090 | 00:06:51,890 | My inclination is the doubt that simply saving the body | My inclination is the doubt that simply saving the body |
130 | 00:06:51,970 | 00:06:56,850 | is going to be enough to make it possible to resurrect a person. | is going to be enough to make it possible to resurrect a person. |
131 | 00:06:56,930 | 00:06:59,890 | And in particular, a person who's at all like the person who died. | And in particular, a person who's at all like the person who died. |
132 | 00:06:59,980 | 00:07:03,940 | Because that's the other problem if your brain has changed a lot. | Because that's the other problem if your brain has changed a lot. |
133 | 00:07:04,020 | 00:07:07,230 | But some people believe there's a solution for that: | But some people believe there's a solution for that: |
134 | 00:07:07,320 | 00:07:11,160 | preserving the brain by uploading it to a machine. | preserving the brain by uploading it to a machine. |
135 | 00:07:11,240 | 00:07:14,830 | Seems to me rather unlikely that we can load up my consciousness | Seems to me rather unlikely that we can load up my consciousness |
136 | 00:07:14,910 | 00:07:16,370 | into a machine. | into a machine. |
137 | 00:07:17,200 | 00:07:21,170 | My consciousness, I think, is deeply connected | My consciousness, I think, is deeply connected |
138 | 00:07:21,250 | 00:07:25,090 | with its biological existence in my brain. | with its biological existence in my brain. |
139 | 00:07:25,170 | 00:07:28,840 | And I assume that what people care about, when they care about continuing, | And I assume that what people care about, when they care about continuing, |
140 | 00:07:28,920 | 00:07:30,760 | is continuing as a conscious person. | is continuing as a conscious person. |
141 | 00:07:30,840 | 00:07:33,300 | These are ideas to fight death. | These are ideas to fight death. |
142 | 00:07:33,390 | 00:07:36,350 | But they don't fight the biological process of aging. | But they don't fight the biological process of aging. |
143 | 00:07:36,930 | 00:07:40,690 | Science has mostly accepted that aging is a part of life. | Science has mostly accepted that aging is a part of life. |
144 | 00:07:40,770 | 00:07:43,810 | If you look around at different species of animals, | If you look around at different species of animals, |
145 | 00:07:43,900 | 00:07:46,110 | what you notice right off the bat is very striking, | what you notice right off the bat is very striking, |
146 | 00:07:46,190 | 00:07:48,030 | especially if you have had a dog, | especially if you have had a dog, |
147 | 00:07:48,110 | 00:07:51,950 | is that the rate of aging of different species is different. | is that the rate of aging of different species is different. |
148 | 00:07:52,030 | 00:07:53,280 | So, a dog... | So, a dog... |
149 | 00:07:54,200 | 00:07:57,990 | Has a lifespan that's seven times shorter than ours. | Has a lifespan that's seven times shorter than ours. |
150 | 00:07:58,080 | 00:07:59,870 | Aging could just sort of happen, | Aging could just sort of happen, |
151 | 00:07:59,950 | 00:08:03,000 | but why does it happen at such a different rate in different species? | but why does it happen at such a different rate in different species? |
152 | 00:08:03,420 | 00:08:07,000 | Then in 1961, we found a clue. | Then in 1961, we found a clue. |
153 | 00:08:07,090 | 00:08:10,550 | Dr. Leonard Hayflick discovered that many human cells | Dr. Leonard Hayflick discovered that many human cells |
154 | 00:08:10,630 | 00:08:14,010 | stopped dividing after about 50 divisions. | stopped dividing after about 50 divisions. |
155 | 00:08:14,090 | 00:08:18,220 | It seemed our cells had death programmed into them at birth. | It seemed our cells had death programmed into them at birth. |
156 | 00:08:18,760 | 00:08:20,470 | Then, in the 1980s, | Then, in the 1980s, |
157 | 00:08:20,560 | 00:08:22,180 | we figured out the cause. | we figured out the cause. |
158 | 00:08:22,480 | 00:08:24,060 | The chromosomes in our cells | The chromosomes in our cells |
159 | 00:08:24,150 | 00:08:27,310 | had protective caps on them, called telomeres, | had protective caps on them, called telomeres, |
160 | 00:08:27,730 | 00:08:31,490 | and with every cell division those caps got shorter. | and with every cell division those caps got shorter. |
161 | 00:08:32,030 | 00:08:35,110 | When the telomeres couldn't protect our chromosomes anymore, | When the telomeres couldn't protect our chromosomes anymore, |
162 | 00:08:35,490 | 00:08:37,030 | our cells died. | our cells died. |
163 | 00:08:37,620 | 00:08:40,040 | The solution to that seems pretty clear. | The solution to that seems pretty clear. |
164 | 00:08:40,450 | 00:08:44,790 | We need to engineer our cells so our telomeres don't get too short. | We need to engineer our cells so our telomeres don't get too short. |
165 | 00:08:44,870 | 00:08:46,500 | But as it turns out, | But as it turns out, |
166 | 00:08:46,830 | 00:08:49,380 | cells like that already exist. | cells like that already exist. |
167 | 00:08:49,880 | 00:08:51,170 | Cancer cells. | Cancer cells. |
168 | 00:08:51,710 | 00:08:54,260 | Nobody's been able to solve that puzzle yet. | Nobody's been able to solve that puzzle yet. |
169 | 00:08:54,880 | 00:08:56,180 | But around the world, | But around the world, |
170 | 00:08:56,260 | 00:09:00,510 | a handful of communities seem to have figured out a secret to living long. | a handful of communities seem to have figured out a secret to living long. |
171 | 00:09:00,970 | 00:09:06,310 | In this cluster of Sardinian villages, one in six hundred people make it to 100, | In this cluster of Sardinian villages, one in six hundred people make it to 100, |
172 | 00:09:06,400 | 00:09:08,900 | six times higher than the national average. | six times higher than the national average. |
173 | 00:09:09,360 | 00:09:14,070 | And on the Greek island of Ikaria, one in three people make it to 90, | And on the Greek island of Ikaria, one in three people make it to 90, |
174 | 00:09:14,150 | 00:09:17,620 | living nearly a decade longer than mainland Greeks. | living nearly a decade longer than mainland Greeks. |
175 | 00:09:17,700 | 00:09:20,620 | All their lifestyles have a lot in common. | All their lifestyles have a lot in common. |
176 | 00:09:20,700 | 00:09:22,330 | Daily exercise, | Daily exercise, |
177 | 00:09:22,410 | 00:09:23,950 | a rich social life, | a rich social life, |
178 | 00:09:24,040 | 00:09:25,960 | and a mostly vegetarian diet, | and a mostly vegetarian diet, |
179 | 00:09:26,370 | 00:09:29,210 | washed down with a couple glasses of red wine. | washed down with a couple glasses of red wine. |
180 | 00:09:29,540 | 00:09:32,710 | How you live clearly affects how long you live. | How you live clearly affects how long you live. |
181 | 00:09:32,800 | 00:09:35,050 | But some things are out of your control, | But some things are out of your control, |
182 | 00:09:35,130 | 00:09:36,550 | and we know that | and we know that |
183 | 00:09:36,630 | 00:09:37,970 | because of this worm. | because of this worm. |
184 | 00:09:38,680 | 00:09:42,640 | The C. elegans worm has an average lifespan of 14 days, | The C. elegans worm has an average lifespan of 14 days, |
185 | 00:09:42,720 | 00:09:45,810 | and both of these worms are 13 days old. | and both of these worms are 13 days old. |
186 | 00:09:46,140 | 00:09:49,900 | But scientists mutated a gene in the one on the left. | But scientists mutated a gene in the one on the left. |
187 | 00:09:49,980 | 00:09:53,860 | It isn't just acting younger, its lifespan doubled. | It isn't just acting younger, its lifespan doubled. |
188 | 00:09:53,940 | 00:09:56,490 | It was such a striking result that people didn't believe it, | It was such a striking result that people didn't believe it, |
189 | 00:09:56,570 | 00:09:57,780 | when it first came out almost. | when it first came out almost. |
190 | 00:09:58,280 | 00:10:03,290 | Scientists had knocked out a gene called DAF-Two that regulates insulin, | Scientists had knocked out a gene called DAF-Two that regulates insulin, |
191 | 00:10:03,370 | 00:10:06,830 | which meant the worm absorbed far fewer nutrients. | which meant the worm absorbed far fewer nutrients. |
192 | 00:10:06,910 | 00:10:10,750 | We basically tricked the worm's body into thinking it was fasting. | We basically tricked the worm's body into thinking it was fasting. |
193 | 00:10:10,840 | 00:10:13,340 | If you eat a meal, the tissues have little doors in them | If you eat a meal, the tissues have little doors in them |
194 | 00:10:13,420 | 00:10:14,590 | and they'll take the food in, | and they'll take the food in, |
195 | 00:10:14,670 | 00:10:16,920 | but in order to do that, they need the hormone insulin. | but in order to do that, they need the hormone insulin. |
196 | 00:10:17,340 | 00:10:19,090 | If you have less insulin, | If you have less insulin, |
197 | 00:10:19,390 | 00:10:22,100 | or if you have a receptor for insulin that doesn't work as well, | or if you have a receptor for insulin that doesn't work as well, |
198 | 00:10:22,180 | 00:10:24,640 | which is like the DAF-Two mutant receptor, | which is like the DAF-Two mutant receptor, |
199 | 00:10:25,310 | 00:10:28,100 | then the animal doesn't think it has enough food. He thinks, "Uh-oh. | then the animal doesn't think it has enough food. He thinks, "Uh-oh. |
200 | 00:10:28,190 | 00:10:31,810 | I'm headed for difficult times now. I'm gonna be careful. | I'm headed for difficult times now. I'm gonna be careful. |
201 | 00:10:31,900 | 00:10:35,030 | I'm gonna protect my cells, gonna fold my proteins better. | I'm gonna protect my cells, gonna fold my proteins better. |
202 | 00:10:35,110 | 00:10:37,740 | I'm gonna make sure my DNA doesn't get damaged." | I'm gonna make sure my DNA doesn't get damaged." |
203 | 00:10:37,820 | 00:10:41,570 | So once the cells are in that good taken-care-of state, | So once the cells are in that good taken-care-of state, |
204 | 00:10:41,660 | 00:10:43,490 | I think the animal can just live longer. | I think the animal can just live longer. |
205 | 00:10:44,540 | 00:10:48,040 | Scientist mutated the same gene in fruit flies | Scientist mutated the same gene in fruit flies |
206 | 00:10:48,120 | 00:10:50,540 | and their lifespan nearly doubled. | and their lifespan nearly doubled. |
207 | 00:10:51,170 | 00:10:54,420 | In mice, it extended their lives by 50%. | In mice, it extended their lives by 50%. |
208 | 00:10:54,840 | 00:10:57,630 | All these organisms not only lived longer, | All these organisms not only lived longer, |
209 | 00:10:57,720 | 00:11:01,140 | but they were more resistant to multiple chronic diseases. | but they were more resistant to multiple chronic diseases. |
210 | 00:11:01,220 | 00:11:04,260 | If one gene, in one pathway, | If one gene, in one pathway, |
211 | 00:11:04,970 | 00:11:09,560 | can modulate the rate of aging, we're in business. | can modulate the rate of aging, we're in business. |
212 | 00:11:09,640 | 00:11:11,940 | It changed our field totally. | It changed our field totally. |
213 | 00:11:12,020 | 00:11:14,110 | It took us from hope to promise. | It took us from hope to promise. |
214 | 00:11:14,480 | 00:11:18,610 | All the people through history who lived to 100 or 110, | All the people through history who lived to 100 or 110, |
215 | 00:11:18,690 | 00:11:22,950 | or 120, maybe they had a genetic mutation. | or 120, maybe they had a genetic mutation. |
216 | 00:11:23,700 | 00:11:28,410 | After that breakthrough, research on lifespan extension took off. | After that breakthrough, research on lifespan extension took off. |
217 | 00:11:28,500 | 00:11:31,540 | Within the next few years, we're gonna add ten to twenty years to life. | Within the next few years, we're gonna add ten to twenty years to life. |
218 | 00:11:31,620 | 00:11:32,920 | We know that this is achievable | We know that this is achievable |
219 | 00:11:33,000 | 00:11:36,170 | because there are already humans that lived to be past the age of 100. | because there are already humans that lived to be past the age of 100. |
220 | 00:11:36,250 | 00:11:37,710 | They're called centenarians. | They're called centenarians. |
221 | 00:11:37,800 | 00:11:39,260 | These people aren't just lucky, | These people aren't just lucky, |
222 | 00:11:39,340 | 00:11:40,630 | it's genetically controlled, | it's genetically controlled, |
223 | 00:11:40,720 | 00:11:43,800 | because their children are also more likely to live past the age of 100. | because their children are also more likely to live past the age of 100. |
224 | 00:11:44,180 | 00:11:47,640 | People who live past 100 get sick much later in life | People who live past 100 get sick much later in life |
225 | 00:11:47,720 | 00:11:52,140 | and for a shorter period of time than people with a more average lifespan. | and for a shorter period of time than people with a more average lifespan. |
226 | 00:11:52,230 | 00:11:55,860 | If we can find out what these secrets are, then we can develop drugs that mimic them | If we can find out what these secrets are, then we can develop drugs that mimic them |
227 | 00:11:55,940 | 00:11:58,230 | for the rest of us, so we can all live longer and healthier. | for the rest of us, so we can all live longer and healthier. |
228 | 00:11:58,820 | 00:12:03,780 | Investors have started betting serious money on finding what those secrets are, | Investors have started betting serious money on finding what those secrets are, |
229 | 00:12:03,860 | 00:12:04,700 | funding a flurry | funding a flurry |
230 | 00:12:04,780 | 00:12:08,370 | of new companies focused on the science of longevity. | of new companies focused on the science of longevity. |
231 | 00:12:08,450 | 00:12:10,500 | We test different drugs at Insilico, | We test different drugs at Insilico, |
232 | 00:12:10,580 | 00:12:14,540 | in order to see how they can change the difference between young and old. | in order to see how they can change the difference between young and old. |
233 | 00:12:14,630 | 00:12:18,420 | The goal at Human Longevity INC., is to change the face of aging. | The goal at Human Longevity INC., is to change the face of aging. |
234 | 00:12:18,500 | 00:12:20,260 | Elysium is sparking new discoveries | Elysium is sparking new discoveries |
235 | 00:12:20,340 | 00:12:24,130 | and bringing the science of living healthier for longer to you. | and bringing the science of living healthier for longer to you. |
236 | 00:12:24,930 | 00:12:27,970 | One promising lead with a lot of money behind it? | One promising lead with a lot of money behind it? |
237 | 00:12:28,060 | 00:12:29,310 | Senescent cells. | Senescent cells. |
238 | 00:12:29,680 | 00:12:33,230 | Sometimes when a cell stops dividing, it doesn't die. | Sometimes when a cell stops dividing, it doesn't die. |
239 | 00:12:33,310 | 00:12:35,690 | It keeps sending out chemical signals. | It keeps sending out chemical signals. |
240 | 00:12:35,770 | 00:12:39,730 | And these zombie cells build up in our bodies as we age. | And these zombie cells build up in our bodies as we age. |
241 | 00:12:40,070 | 00:12:41,860 | Clearing out those cells in mice | Clearing out those cells in mice |
242 | 00:12:41,940 | 00:12:45,030 | significantly improved their health and lifespan. | significantly improved their health and lifespan. |
243 | 00:12:45,700 | 00:12:50,540 | These startups are racing to create the first proven anti-aging treatment. | These startups are racing to create the first proven anti-aging treatment. |
244 | 00:12:50,620 | 00:12:55,170 | But there's a chance they might be beaten by a drug that already exists. | But there's a chance they might be beaten by a drug that already exists. |
245 | 00:12:55,620 | 00:12:57,250 | The field of aging has been fascinated | The field of aging has been fascinated |
246 | 00:12:57,330 | 00:12:59,710 | by the fact that there are drugs on market today | by the fact that there are drugs on market today |
247 | 00:12:59,800 | 00:13:04,010 | which potentially impact human aging that were approved for other diseases. | which potentially impact human aging that were approved for other diseases. |
248 | 00:13:04,090 | 00:13:06,140 | And for a lot of people in the field | And for a lot of people in the field |
249 | 00:13:06,220 | 00:13:10,180 | the great hope now is the anti-diabetes drug Metformin. | the great hope now is the anti-diabetes drug Metformin. |
250 | 00:13:10,890 | 00:13:16,060 | The active ingredient in Metformin comes from the plant Galega Officinalis, | The active ingredient in Metformin comes from the plant Galega Officinalis, |
251 | 00:13:16,150 | 00:13:18,230 | also known as Goat's Rue, | also known as Goat's Rue, |
252 | 00:13:18,310 | 00:13:19,440 | False Indigo, | False Indigo, |
253 | 00:13:19,520 | 00:13:20,650 | Professor-Weed, | Professor-Weed, |
254 | 00:13:20,730 | 00:13:21,940 | French Lilac, | French Lilac, |
255 | 00:13:22,030 | 00:13:23,530 | Spanish Sainfoin, | Spanish Sainfoin, |
256 | 00:13:23,610 | 00:13:24,950 | and Italian Fitch. | and Italian Fitch. |
257 | 00:13:25,450 | 00:13:30,870 | One major UK study showed that 78,000 diabetes patients taking Metformin | One major UK study showed that 78,000 diabetes patients taking Metformin |
258 | 00:13:30,950 | 00:13:33,750 | lived a little bit longer than non-diabetics. | lived a little bit longer than non-diabetics. |
259 | 00:13:34,540 | 00:13:38,630 | People with diabetes who take Metformin compared to other drugs | People with diabetes who take Metformin compared to other drugs |
260 | 00:13:38,710 | 00:13:41,550 | have 30% less cardiovascular disease. | have 30% less cardiovascular disease. |
261 | 00:13:42,250 | 00:13:46,340 | People with diabetes who are on Metformin have 30% less cancers. | People with diabetes who are on Metformin have 30% less cancers. |
262 | 00:13:46,880 | 00:13:50,390 | Remember the worm and how we mutated its DAF-Two gene? | Remember the worm and how we mutated its DAF-Two gene? |
263 | 00:13:50,890 | 00:13:55,180 | Metformin actually acts on the human version of that same gene, | Metformin actually acts on the human version of that same gene, |
264 | 00:13:55,270 | 00:13:56,480 | regulating insulin. | regulating insulin. |
265 | 00:13:56,940 | 00:14:01,150 | And works through other molecular mechanisms we don't totally understand. | And works through other molecular mechanisms we don't totally understand. |
266 | 00:14:02,570 | 00:14:06,280 | The US Federal Drug Administration approved a metformin trial | The US Federal Drug Administration approved a metformin trial |
267 | 00:14:06,360 | 00:14:08,990 | as a possible treatment for age-related diseases, | as a possible treatment for age-related diseases, |
268 | 00:14:09,070 | 00:14:10,910 | not for aging itself, | not for aging itself, |
269 | 00:14:10,990 | 00:14:14,750 | because the FDA doesn't recognize aging as something that's treatable. | because the FDA doesn't recognize aging as something that's treatable. |
270 | 00:14:14,830 | 00:14:17,370 | But if the results come back positive, | But if the results come back positive, |
271 | 00:14:17,660 | 00:14:22,130 | that might change, opening the floodgates for more research. | that might change, opening the floodgates for more research. |
272 | 00:14:22,210 | 00:14:25,800 | I'm very optimistic that this is going to be accelerated, | I'm very optimistic that this is going to be accelerated, |
273 | 00:14:26,130 | 00:14:31,140 | and that the next decade is really going to be the turning point to target aging. | and that the next decade is really going to be the turning point to target aging. |
274 | 00:14:31,220 | 00:14:33,680 | One of the exciting things for me is it could be the case | One of the exciting things for me is it could be the case |
275 | 00:14:33,760 | 00:14:36,560 | that none of this translates to humans, that's a possibility. | that none of this translates to humans, that's a possibility. |
276 | 00:14:36,640 | 00:14:39,520 | But if any of it works, it changes the paradigm completely. | But if any of it works, it changes the paradigm completely. |
277 | 00:14:39,600 | 00:14:42,440 | This is the beginning of a new way to think about medicine. | This is the beginning of a new way to think about medicine. |
278 | 00:14:43,070 | 00:14:47,110 | But we may not even want a world where everyone lives to 120. | But we may not even want a world where everyone lives to 120. |
279 | 00:14:47,190 | 00:14:50,280 | I've never heard anyone say they want to, like, be the winner, | I've never heard anyone say they want to, like, be the winner, |
280 | 00:14:50,360 | 00:14:54,030 | they want to beat the odds and live longer than anyone ever has lived. | they want to beat the odds and live longer than anyone ever has lived. |
281 | 00:14:54,120 | 00:14:59,750 | It's typically that you want to be able to have good years for as many as you get. | It's typically that you want to be able to have good years for as many as you get. |
282 | 00:14:59,830 | 00:15:02,420 | One hundred and twenty? As long as you can be healthy. | One hundred and twenty? As long as you can be healthy. |
283 | 00:15:02,500 | 00:15:03,500 | No asthma, | No asthma, |
284 | 00:15:04,040 | 00:15:06,460 | no heart trouble, you know, | no heart trouble, you know, |
285 | 00:15:06,550 | 00:15:08,090 | and no bad legs. | and no bad legs. |
286 | 00:15:08,590 | 00:15:09,590 | That'd be wonderful. | That'd be wonderful. |
287 | 00:15:09,680 | 00:15:11,930 | Then it brings up other questions, like, | Then it brings up other questions, like, |
288 | 00:15:12,010 | 00:15:13,890 | do I have enough money to survive that way? | do I have enough money to survive that way? |
289 | 00:15:13,970 | 00:15:16,310 | Part of aging is you might outlive your money. | Part of aging is you might outlive your money. |
290 | 00:15:16,390 | 00:15:20,390 | Why do cells age, why do organisms age, why do organisms age and die? | Why do cells age, why do organisms age, why do organisms age and die? |
291 | 00:15:20,810 | 00:15:24,400 | That's a great puzzle to solve. It's a challenging puzzle to solve. | That's a great puzzle to solve. It's a challenging puzzle to solve. |
292 | 00:15:24,480 | 00:15:27,780 | But that doesn't mean solving it and getting a therapy for it | But that doesn't mean solving it and getting a therapy for it |
293 | 00:15:27,860 | 00:15:30,900 | is gonna be a good thing for planet Earth. | is gonna be a good thing for planet Earth. |
294 | 00:15:30,990 | 00:15:34,910 | Centenarians might be healthier than other people in old age, | Centenarians might be healthier than other people in old age, |
295 | 00:15:34,990 | 00:15:36,740 | but they're still old. | but they're still old. |
296 | 00:15:37,240 | 00:15:41,120 | They're probably not going to work a job, and they'll need some care, | They're probably not going to work a job, and they'll need some care, |
297 | 00:15:41,210 | 00:15:43,000 | and that has a cost. | and that has a cost. |
298 | 00:15:43,080 | 00:15:45,090 | And these costs are hard to cut back. | And these costs are hard to cut back. |
299 | 00:15:45,960 | 00:15:50,590 | Caring for the elderly in many societies is seen as a moral imperative. | Caring for the elderly in many societies is seen as a moral imperative. |
300 | 00:15:50,670 | 00:15:54,180 | If you look at countries that have very long life expectancies like Japan, | If you look at countries that have very long life expectancies like Japan, |
301 | 00:15:54,260 | 00:15:56,390 | what ends up as you have a lot of old people | what ends up as you have a lot of old people |
302 | 00:15:56,470 | 00:15:58,470 | who are very isolated and lonely. | who are very isolated and lonely. |
303 | 00:15:58,720 | 00:16:02,940 | And you got frequent reports in Japan of people dying and no one noticing. | And you got frequent reports in Japan of people dying and no one noticing. |
304 | 00:16:03,020 | 00:16:07,480 | And we still haven't finished the project we began two centuries ago: | And we still haven't finished the project we began two centuries ago: |
305 | 00:16:07,980 | 00:16:12,030 | getting every child to make it to old age in the first place. | getting every child to make it to old age in the first place. |
306 | 00:16:12,110 | 00:16:13,780 | Once you're past 75, | Once you're past 75, |
307 | 00:16:14,240 | 00:16:17,740 | getting it to 85 or 90 should not be our goal. | getting it to 85 or 90 should not be our goal. |
308 | 00:16:17,830 | 00:16:21,410 | What our goal should be is to get everyone to 75. | What our goal should be is to get everyone to 75. |
309 | 00:16:22,540 | 00:16:24,670 | If older people live longer, | If older people live longer, |
310 | 00:16:24,750 | 00:16:27,670 | the ratio of elderly to the young shifts, | the ratio of elderly to the young shifts, |
311 | 00:16:27,750 | 00:16:29,670 | and that changes society. | and that changes society. |
312 | 00:16:29,760 | 00:16:32,880 | Studies have shown that when a population becomes more elderly, | Studies have shown that when a population becomes more elderly, |
313 | 00:16:33,430 | 00:16:35,590 | countries become less entrepreneurial. | countries become less entrepreneurial. |
314 | 00:16:36,090 | 00:16:41,060 | And if a population doesn't die at all, we might stop doing much of anything. | And if a population doesn't die at all, we might stop doing much of anything. |
315 | 00:16:41,430 | 00:16:44,520 | As that wonderful Star Trek episode shows, | As that wonderful Star Trek episode shows, |
316 | 00:16:44,600 | 00:16:49,610 | you would run out of things that you could possibly think were worth doing | you would run out of things that you could possibly think were worth doing |
317 | 00:16:49,690 | 00:16:51,400 | if you had infinite time. | if you had infinite time. |
318 | 00:16:51,490 | 00:16:53,150 | There's nothing left to say. | There's nothing left to say. |
319 | 00:16:53,860 | 00:16:55,320 | Can't you see, Captain? | Can't you see, Captain? |
320 | 00:16:55,740 | 00:16:59,740 | For us, the disease is immortality. | For us, the disease is immortality. |
321 | 00:17:00,580 | 00:17:02,750 | The fact that my life has a beginning, a middle, an end | The fact that my life has a beginning, a middle, an end |
322 | 00:17:02,830 | 00:17:07,380 | is a really important part of what frames the questions about what I'm doing. | is a really important part of what frames the questions about what I'm doing. |
323 | 00:17:07,460 | 00:17:08,290 | In fact... | In fact... |
324 | 00:17:09,290 | 00:17:13,670 | Living with limitations is precisely what gives life meaning. | Living with limitations is precisely what gives life meaning. |
325 | 00:17:13,760 | 00:17:17,090 | And taking away all challenge makes life completely uninteresting. | And taking away all challenge makes life completely uninteresting. |
325 | 00:17:13,760 | 00:17:17,090 | And taking away all challenge makes life completely uninteresting. | And taking away all challenge makes life completely uninteresting. |