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1 | 00:00:19,333 | 00:00:21,609 | We might be a small island, | We might be a small island, |
2 | 00:00:21,633 | 00:00:24,243 | but we've got a big history. | but we've got a big history. |
3 | 00:00:24,267 | 00:00:25,443 | Everywhere you stand, | Everywhere you stand, |
4 | 00:00:25,467 | 00:00:28,009 | there are worlds beneath your feet. | there are worlds beneath your feet. |
5 | 00:00:28,033 | 00:00:29,443 | And so every year, | And so every year, |
6 | 00:00:29,467 | 00:00:32,209 | hundreds of archaeologists across Britain | hundreds of archaeologists across Britain |
7 | 00:00:32,233 | 00:00:34,209 | go looking for more clues. | go looking for more clues. |
8 | 00:00:34,233 | 00:00:37,509 | Who lived here, when, and how? | Who lived here, when, and how? |
9 | 00:00:37,533 | 00:00:39,843 | You can even see the architecture of the bone | You can even see the architecture of the bone |
10 | 00:00:39,867 | 00:00:41,209 | inside the jaw there. | inside the jaw there. |
11 | 00:00:41,233 | 00:00:45,276 | Archaeology is a complex jigsaw puzzle | Archaeology is a complex jigsaw puzzle |
12 | 00:00:45,300 | 00:00:49,176 | drawing together everything from skeletons to swords, | drawing together everything from skeletons to swords, |
13 | 00:00:49,200 | 00:00:51,376 | temples to treasure. | temples to treasure. |
14 | 00:00:51,400 | 00:00:53,730 | She's got a very cartoonlike face, hasn't she? | She's got a very cartoonlike face, hasn't she? |
15 | 00:00:55,467 | 00:00:59,376 | From Orkney to Devon, were joining this year's quest | From Orkney to Devon, were joining this year's quest |
16 | 00:00:59,400 | 00:01:03,076 | on sea, land, and air. | on sea, land, and air. |
17 | 00:01:03,100 | 00:01:04,676 | We'll share all of the questions | We'll share all of the questions |
18 | 00:01:04,700 | 00:01:07,309 | and find some of the answers | and find some of the answers |
19 | 00:01:07,333 | 00:01:10,409 | as we join the teams in the field | as we join the teams in the field |
20 | 00:01:10,433 | 00:01:12,733 | digging for Britain. | digging for Britain. |
21 | 00:01:17,233 | 00:01:20,509 | For me, the Tudor Age conjures up images | For me, the Tudor Age conjures up images |
22 | 00:01:20,533 | 00:01:25,309 | of magnificent kings and queens, daring adventurers, | of magnificent kings and queens, daring adventurers, |
23 | 00:01:25,333 | 00:01:27,776 | and an explosion of literature | and an explosion of literature |
24 | 00:01:27,800 | 00:01:30,309 | under writers like William Shakespeare. | under writers like William Shakespeare. |
25 | 00:01:30,333 | 00:01:32,276 | But this period was about much more | But this period was about much more |
26 | 00:01:32,300 | 00:01:34,209 | than just those personalities. | than just those personalities. |
27 | 00:01:34,233 | 00:01:36,676 | It was a time of enormous political, | It was a time of enormous political, |
28 | 00:01:36,700 | 00:01:38,709 | social, and economic change, | social, and economic change, |
29 | 00:01:38,733 | 00:01:42,509 | which heralded the beginning of modern Britain. | which heralded the beginning of modern Britain. |
30 | 00:01:42,533 | 00:01:46,909 | And I'm hoping that archaeology can offer us fresh insights | And I'm hoping that archaeology can offer us fresh insights |
31 | 00:01:46,933 | 00:01:48,676 | into the Tudor world | into the Tudor world |
32 | 00:01:48,700 | 00:01:52,476 | and even provide us with glimpses of the everyday lives | and even provide us with glimpses of the everyday lives |
33 | 00:01:52,500 | 00:01:55,900 | of those who witnessed that momentous era. | of those who witnessed that momentous era. |
34 | 00:01:59,700 | 00:02:03,676 | I'm searching for the vanished world of Tudor Britain. | I'm searching for the vanished world of Tudor Britain. |
35 | 00:02:03,700 | 00:02:05,176 | Just beautiful. | Just beautiful. |
36 | 00:02:05,200 | 00:02:08,543 | I get hands on with discoveries at Shakespeare's house... | I get hands on with discoveries at Shakespeare's house... |
37 | 00:02:08,567 | 00:02:10,043 | I want to find Shakespeare's sock. | I want to find Shakespeare's sock. |
38 | 00:02:10,067 | 00:02:12,476 | I so want to find Shakespeare's socks. | I so want to find Shakespeare's socks. |
39 | 00:02:12,500 | 00:02:14,870 | ...learn about the popcorn of Tudor theater... | ...learn about the popcorn of Tudor theater... |
40 | 00:02:16,933 | 00:02:19,743 | ...and investigate a mysterious wreck | ...and investigate a mysterious wreck |
41 | 00:02:19,767 | 00:02:22,767 | from this age of exploration and trade. | from this age of exploration and trade. |
42 | 00:02:27,633 | 00:02:31,343 | My journey begins in the heart of London | My journey begins in the heart of London |
43 | 00:02:31,367 | 00:02:34,927 | with a love story and the birth of British theater. | with a love story and the birth of British theater. |
44 | 00:02:36,067 | 00:02:40,043 | Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou, Romeo? | Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou, Romeo? |
45 | 00:02:40,067 | 00:02:41,609 | Perhaps the most famous line | Perhaps the most famous line |
46 | 00:02:41,633 | 00:02:44,076 | from the greatest love story ever written. | from the greatest love story ever written. |
47 | 00:02:44,100 | 00:02:46,343 | And I'm sure, like me, you can remember | And I'm sure, like me, you can remember |
48 | 00:02:46,367 | 00:02:51,043 | the first time you read or watched "Romeo and Juliet." | the first time you read or watched "Romeo and Juliet." |
49 | 00:02:51,067 | 00:02:56,376 | But the very first time those words were spoken was here | But the very first time those words were spoken was here |
50 | 00:02:56,400 | 00:03:01,100 | at the newly discovered Tudor theater in London's Shoreditch. | at the newly discovered Tudor theater in London's Shoreditch. |
51 | 00:03:03,200 | 00:03:05,176 | By a remarkable coincidence, | By a remarkable coincidence, |
52 | 00:03:05,200 | 00:03:08,843 | as this site was being cleared to make way for a new theater, | as this site was being cleared to make way for a new theater, |
53 | 00:03:08,867 | 00:03:12,109 | the remains of a much older theater were discovered. | the remains of a much older theater were discovered. |
54 | 00:03:12,133 | 00:03:14,209 | It wasn't just any old theater, | It wasn't just any old theater, |
55 | 00:03:14,233 | 00:03:17,043 | but London's original Tudor playhouse | but London's original Tudor playhouse |
56 | 00:03:17,067 | 00:03:19,676 | where Shakespeare first became an actor | where Shakespeare first became an actor |
57 | 00:03:19,700 | 00:03:21,430 | and began his career. | and began his career. |
58 | 00:03:25,300 | 00:03:26,476 | Morning, Jo. | Morning, Jo. |
59 | 00:03:26,500 | 00:03:28,043 | Oh, good morning. | Oh, good morning. |
60 | 00:03:28,067 | 00:03:30,876 | Jo Lyon of the Museum of London Archaeology Service | Jo Lyon of the Museum of London Archaeology Service |
61 | 00:03:30,900 | 00:03:32,643 | is supervising the dig. | is supervising the dig. |
62 | 00:03:32,667 | 00:03:36,043 | Her team have just six weeks left to excavate the site | Her team have just six weeks left to excavate the site |
63 | 00:03:36,067 | 00:03:39,467 | and learn all they can before it's covered over. | and learn all they can before it's covered over. |
64 | 00:03:40,633 | 00:03:42,076 | So this is the very first place | So this is the very first place |
65 | 00:03:42,100 | 00:03:44,609 | where Shakespeare worked as a playwright? | where Shakespeare worked as a playwright? |
66 | 00:03:44,633 | 00:03:47,076 | Yeah, absolutely, and there's so much here. | Yeah, absolutely, and there's so much here. |
67 | 00:03:47,100 | 00:03:48,943 | There's literally meters of Tudor archaeology. | There's literally meters of Tudor archaeology. |
68 | 00:03:48,967 | 00:03:50,376 | Really? | Really? |
69 | 00:03:50,400 | 00:03:52,676 | Actually, it is the most important site | Actually, it is the most important site |
70 | 00:03:52,700 | 00:03:54,270 | I have ever done in my life. | I have ever done in my life. |
71 | 00:03:55,567 | 00:03:59,076 | The dig is a real jumble of medieval, Tudor, | The dig is a real jumble of medieval, Tudor, |
72 | 00:03:59,100 | 00:04:01,043 | and later archaeology. | and later archaeology. |
73 | 00:04:01,067 | 00:04:03,043 | A few bits of glass and pot coming out. | A few bits of glass and pot coming out. |
74 | 00:04:03,067 | 00:04:04,509 | And they think they've discovered | And they think they've discovered |
75 | 00:04:04,533 | 00:04:06,076 | the remains of a pub, | the remains of a pub, |
76 | 00:04:06,100 | 00:04:08,476 | which may have been part of the theater complex. | which may have been part of the theater complex. |
77 | 00:04:08,500 | 00:04:09,843 | Supporting the chimney... | Supporting the chimney... |
78 | 00:04:09,867 | 00:04:12,043 | But what's really exciting the archaeologists | But what's really exciting the archaeologists |
79 | 00:04:12,067 | 00:04:14,409 | lies in the far corner... | lies in the far corner... |
80 | 00:04:14,433 | 00:04:18,376 | the remains of one small but significant section | the remains of one small but significant section |
81 | 00:04:18,400 | 00:04:20,230 | of the theater's floor. | of the theater's floor. |
82 | 00:04:20,933 | 00:04:23,209 | Now were standing exactly as an audience member | Now were standing exactly as an audience member |
83 | 00:04:23,233 | 00:04:25,909 | would have stood back in the day. | would have stood back in the day. |
84 | 00:04:25,933 | 00:04:28,143 | We're standing at the back of the yard. | We're standing at the back of the yard. |
85 | 00:04:28,167 | 00:04:29,409 | You can buy a cheap ticket | You can buy a cheap ticket |
86 | 00:04:29,433 | 00:04:31,576 | and go and stand in the yard and watch the play, | and go and stand in the yard and watch the play, |
87 | 00:04:31,600 | 00:04:33,243 | or you can sit in the galleries. | or you can sit in the galleries. |
88 | 00:04:33,267 | 00:04:34,476 | And you'll see that the floor | And you'll see that the floor |
89 | 00:04:34,500 | 00:04:36,643 | slopes slightly in that direction, | slopes slightly in that direction, |
90 | 00:04:36,667 | 00:04:40,843 | and that's on purpose so that you can have a better view. | and that's on purpose so that you can have a better view. |
91 | 00:04:40,867 | 00:04:42,509 | So the people at the back can still see | So the people at the back can still see |
92 | 00:04:42,533 | 00:04:43,876 | over the heads of the people in front? | over the heads of the people in front? |
93 | 00:04:43,900 | 00:04:45,843 | And what about this wall here? | And what about this wall here? |
94 | 00:04:45,867 | 00:04:47,843 | Is this the foundations of a wall? | Is this the foundations of a wall? |
95 | 00:04:47,867 | 00:04:50,176 | So this is the edge of the galleries. | So this is the edge of the galleries. |
96 | 00:04:50,200 | 00:04:52,276 | The galleries would be coming up behind us | The galleries would be coming up behind us |
97 | 00:04:52,300 | 00:04:55,243 | off of this foundation wall, and we'd be stood at the back. | off of this foundation wall, and we'd be stood at the back. |
98 | 00:04:55,267 | 00:04:58,343 | And that means the stage would have been sort of over there, | And that means the stage would have been sort of over there, |
99 | 00:04:58,367 | 00:05:00,576 | perhaps 10 meters away from here. | perhaps 10 meters away from here. |
100 | 00:05:00,600 | 00:05:02,076 | Isn't that amazing? | Isn't that amazing? |
101 | 00:05:02,100 | 00:05:04,043 | 400 years ago, there were people | 400 years ago, there were people |
102 | 00:05:04,067 | 00:05:07,576 | standing exactly where we are watching Shakespeare. | standing exactly where we are watching Shakespeare. |
103 | 00:05:07,600 | 00:05:09,243 | Looking at a young William Shakespeare | Looking at a young William Shakespeare |
104 | 00:05:09,267 | 00:05:12,197 | performing "Romeo and Juliet." | performing "Romeo and Juliet." |
105 | 00:05:12,800 | 00:05:14,243 | You know, for me, that's amazing. | You know, for me, that's amazing. |
106 | 00:05:14,267 | 00:05:16,476 | It does send a bit of a shiver down the spine, doesn't it? | It does send a bit of a shiver down the spine, doesn't it? |
107 | 00:05:16,500 | 00:05:18,100 | Yeah, absolutely. | Yeah, absolutely. |
108 | 00:05:20,800 | 00:05:23,043 | They're discovering fragments of pottery all the time, | They're discovering fragments of pottery all the time, |
109 | 00:05:23,067 | 00:05:27,143 | but amongst them are some really interesting objects, | but amongst them are some really interesting objects, |
110 | 00:05:27,167 | 00:05:30,443 | including this almost-intact wine goblet, | including this almost-intact wine goblet, |
111 | 00:05:30,467 | 00:05:33,109 | which dates to exactly the time of the theater. | which dates to exactly the time of the theater. |
112 | 00:05:33,133 | 00:05:37,276 | That's really lovely and such a gorgeous color. | That's really lovely and such a gorgeous color. |
113 | 00:05:37,300 | 00:05:39,076 | It could perhaps have been a stage prop | It could perhaps have been a stage prop |
114 | 00:05:39,100 | 00:05:41,130 | or belonged to a theatergoer. | or belonged to a theatergoer. |
115 | 00:05:42,133 | 00:05:45,743 | Just a couple of days ago, we had this amazing find, | Just a couple of days ago, we had this amazing find, |
116 | 00:05:45,767 | 00:05:50,109 | which is an absolutely complete jug. | which is an absolutely complete jug. |
117 | 00:05:50,133 | 00:05:51,809 | There's not a flaw in it. | There's not a flaw in it. |
118 | 00:05:51,833 | 00:05:53,876 | There is no chip out of it, nothing. | There is no chip out of it, nothing. |
119 | 00:05:53,900 | 00:05:56,876 | So, they're called bellarmine or Bartmann jugs, | So, they're called bellarmine or Bartmann jugs, |
120 | 00:05:56,900 | 00:06:00,343 | and they all have this bearded male face on them. | and they all have this bearded male face on them. |
121 | 00:06:00,367 | 00:06:02,476 | It's really distinctive. | It's really distinctive. |
122 | 00:06:02,500 | 00:06:03,943 | Isn't that amazing? | Isn't that amazing? |
123 | 00:06:03,967 | 00:06:07,743 | I mean, it's just fantastic to have a piece of that intact. | I mean, it's just fantastic to have a piece of that intact. |
124 | 00:06:07,767 | 00:06:08,943 | So what would this have been used for? | So what would this have been used for? |
125 | 00:06:08,967 | 00:06:10,943 | What would have been in it, do you suspect? | What would have been in it, do you suspect? |
126 | 00:06:10,967 | 00:06:12,443 | - Beer. - Beer. | - Beer. - Beer. |
127 | 00:06:12,467 | 00:06:14,143 | So possibly someone buying their beer, | So possibly someone buying their beer, |
128 | 00:06:14,167 | 00:06:15,676 | making their way to the theater? | making their way to the theater? |
129 | 00:06:15,700 | 00:06:18,770 | Yeah, why not? It could work. | Yeah, why not? It could work. |
130 | 00:06:24,300 | 00:06:26,576 | Well, the digging that's going on all around me | Well, the digging that's going on all around me |
131 | 00:06:26,600 | 00:06:28,643 | will finish in just a few weeks' time, | will finish in just a few weeks' time, |
132 | 00:06:28,667 | 00:06:31,409 | and then the site will be handed over to the developers, | and then the site will be handed over to the developers, |
133 | 00:06:31,433 | 00:06:34,909 | and very fittingly, a new theater will be built here. | and very fittingly, a new theater will be built here. |
134 | 00:06:34,933 | 00:06:37,143 | We're just so privileged to get this glimpse | We're just so privileged to get this glimpse |
135 | 00:06:37,167 | 00:06:38,809 | into Shakespeare's world, | into Shakespeare's world, |
136 | 00:06:38,833 | 00:06:42,443 | because, despite the fact the Tudors were so influential | because, despite the fact the Tudors were so influential |
137 | 00:06:42,467 | 00:06:44,143 | in shaping modern Britain, | in shaping modern Britain, |
138 | 00:06:44,167 | 00:06:46,597 | they're not an easy bunch to track down. | they're not an easy bunch to track down. |
139 | 00:06:55,733 | 00:06:57,343 | In later centuries, | In later centuries, |
140 | 00:06:57,367 | 00:06:59,643 | many of the old Tudor buildings fell out of fashion | many of the old Tudor buildings fell out of fashion |
141 | 00:06:59,667 | 00:07:02,909 | and were either completely renovated or pulled down, | and were either completely renovated or pulled down, |
142 | 00:07:02,933 | 00:07:05,743 | erasing much of our Tudor past. | erasing much of our Tudor past. |
143 | 00:07:05,767 | 00:07:09,443 | And since Victorian times, the fashion for deep cellars | And since Victorian times, the fashion for deep cellars |
144 | 00:07:09,467 | 00:07:12,776 | has obliterated many traces from earlier periods | has obliterated many traces from earlier periods |
145 | 00:07:12,800 | 00:07:14,876 | beneath the ground, as well. | beneath the ground, as well. |
146 | 00:07:14,900 | 00:07:18,043 | So, today there are only fragments | So, today there are only fragments |
147 | 00:07:18,067 | 00:07:19,909 | of Tudor Britain left behind, | of Tudor Britain left behind, |
148 | 00:07:19,933 | 00:07:24,203 | even in this, the capital of their kingdom, London. | even in this, the capital of their kingdom, London. |
149 | 00:07:26,133 | 00:07:28,876 | The river Thames was of vital importance | The river Thames was of vital importance |
150 | 00:07:28,900 | 00:07:31,209 | to the Tudor kings and queens. | to the Tudor kings and queens. |
151 | 00:07:31,233 | 00:07:35,243 | London was firmly placed at the center of their political power, | London was firmly placed at the center of their political power, |
152 | 00:07:35,267 | 00:07:36,909 | and they ruled their kingdom | and they ruled their kingdom |
153 | 00:07:36,933 | 00:07:40,543 | from a series of palaces dotted along the river. | from a series of palaces dotted along the river. |
154 | 00:07:40,567 | 00:07:44,943 | Westminster, however, was not the real seat of Tudor power. | Westminster, however, was not the real seat of Tudor power. |
155 | 00:07:44,967 | 00:07:48,727 | That was several miles downriver at Greenwich. | That was several miles downriver at Greenwich. |
156 | 00:07:53,400 | 00:07:56,309 | This palace was located on the riverfront | This palace was located on the riverfront |
157 | 00:07:56,333 | 00:07:57,876 | at the site of what is now | at the site of what is now |
158 | 00:07:57,900 | 00:08:01,676 | Christopher Wren's iconic Old Royal Naval College. | Christopher Wren's iconic Old Royal Naval College. |
159 | 00:08:01,700 | 00:08:04,143 | If I asked you to name a Tudor palace, | If I asked you to name a Tudor palace, |
160 | 00:08:04,167 | 00:08:06,476 | chances are you'd say Hampton Court. | chances are you'd say Hampton Court. |
161 | 00:08:06,500 | 00:08:09,209 | But the palace that once stood here | But the palace that once stood here |
162 | 00:08:09,233 | 00:08:13,043 | was much more important and much more interesting. | was much more important and much more interesting. |
163 | 00:08:13,067 | 00:08:16,576 | But it's been largely erased from public consciousness. | But it's been largely erased from public consciousness. |
164 | 00:08:16,600 | 00:08:18,843 | We've only just begun to understand | We've only just begun to understand |
165 | 00:08:18,867 | 00:08:21,043 | the grand scale of the palace here, | the grand scale of the palace here, |
166 | 00:08:21,067 | 00:08:24,909 | thanks to a series of digs over the last 30 years. | thanks to a series of digs over the last 30 years. |
167 | 00:08:24,933 | 00:08:27,776 | Julian Bowsher has been closely involved | Julian Bowsher has been closely involved |
168 | 00:08:27,800 | 00:08:30,870 | with revealing this forgotten Tudor world. | with revealing this forgotten Tudor world. |
169 | 00:08:31,567 | 00:08:34,043 | The Tudor palace built by Henry VII | The Tudor palace built by Henry VII |
170 | 00:08:34,067 | 00:08:36,876 | was one of the greatest of the new palaces of the time | was one of the greatest of the new palaces of the time |
171 | 00:08:36,900 | 00:08:39,776 | because of Henry VIII himself, who was, in fact, born here. | because of Henry VIII himself, who was, in fact, born here. |
172 | 00:08:39,800 | 00:08:41,809 | He was born probably over in this corner here. | He was born probably over in this corner here. |
173 | 00:08:41,833 | 00:08:43,409 | Right. | Right. |
174 | 00:08:43,433 | 00:08:45,209 | He married his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, | He married his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, |
175 | 00:08:45,233 | 00:08:48,309 | in the church of the friary just over here. | in the church of the friary just over here. |
176 | 00:08:48,333 | 00:08:49,776 | He married Anne of Cleves | He married Anne of Cleves |
177 | 00:08:49,800 | 00:08:52,443 | right over at the other end at the private chapel. | right over at the other end at the private chapel. |
178 | 00:08:52,467 | 00:08:54,943 | His daughter Elizabeth was born over here. | His daughter Elizabeth was born over here. |
179 | 00:08:54,967 | 00:08:57,343 | It's very connected with Henry VII, | It's very connected with Henry VII, |
180 | 00:08:57,367 | 00:08:58,776 | Henry VIII, Elizabeth. | Henry VIII, Elizabeth. |
181 | 00:08:58,800 | 00:09:00,376 | They're all here. | They're all here. |
182 | 00:09:00,400 | 00:09:02,170 | You can almost feel them around you. | You can almost feel them around you. |
183 | 00:09:03,067 | 00:09:05,509 | Archaeological finds made at the palace | Archaeological finds made at the palace |
184 | 00:09:05,533 | 00:09:07,409 | can tell us more about the lives | can tell us more about the lives |
185 | 00:09:07,433 | 00:09:10,476 | of the Tudor kings and queens who lived here. | of the Tudor kings and queens who lived here. |
186 | 00:09:10,500 | 00:09:12,643 | We've got a Tudor tile here | We've got a Tudor tile here |
187 | 00:09:12,667 | 00:09:17,376 | that came from the Chapel Royal that we excavated in 2005, | that came from the Chapel Royal that we excavated in 2005, |
188 | 00:09:17,400 | 00:09:20,070 | and it's the private chapel of the palace. | and it's the private chapel of the palace. |
189 | 00:09:20,667 | 00:09:22,676 | It's on this floor, if you like, | It's on this floor, if you like, |
190 | 00:09:22,700 | 00:09:25,176 | that Henry married Anne of Cleves. | that Henry married Anne of Cleves. |
191 | 00:09:25,200 | 00:09:27,443 | The Tudors used a potent new symbol | The Tudors used a potent new symbol |
192 | 00:09:27,467 | 00:09:31,609 | to stamp their authority on Britain, the Tudor rose. | to stamp their authority on Britain, the Tudor rose. |
193 | 00:09:31,633 | 00:09:34,043 | That looks very Tudor to me, this rose. | That looks very Tudor to me, this rose. |
194 | 00:09:34,067 | 00:09:35,276 | What is it? | What is it? |
195 | 00:09:35,300 | 00:09:39,376 | It's lead-cast decoration Tudor rose | It's lead-cast decoration Tudor rose |
196 | 00:09:39,400 | 00:09:42,176 | with even traces of gilt around the side, | with even traces of gilt around the side, |
197 | 00:09:42,200 | 00:09:45,576 | and there would actually have been these all over the ceiling. | and there would actually have been these all over the ceiling. |
198 | 00:09:45,600 | 00:09:47,076 | So these would have been colorful? | So these would have been colorful? |
199 | 00:09:47,100 | 00:09:48,809 | Yes, yes, indeed, yes. | Yes, yes, indeed, yes. |
200 | 00:09:48,833 | 00:09:50,909 | It's a real stamp of Tudor identity, isn't it? | It's a real stamp of Tudor identity, isn't it? |
201 | 00:09:50,933 | 00:09:53,509 | Absolutely, saying, "This is our palace, | Absolutely, saying, "This is our palace, |
202 | 00:09:53,533 | 00:09:55,576 | Greenwich Palace, the center of England. | Greenwich Palace, the center of England. |
203 | 00:09:55,600 | 00:09:58,109 | We're here to stay. This is Tudor. This is us." | We're here to stay. This is Tudor. This is us." |
204 | 00:09:58,133 | 00:10:01,576 | There's nothing of those buildings remaining up here now, | There's nothing of those buildings remaining up here now, |
205 | 00:10:01,600 | 00:10:03,809 | but down amongst the shifting mud | but down amongst the shifting mud |
206 | 00:10:03,833 | 00:10:05,843 | and gravel of the Thames foreshore, | and gravel of the Thames foreshore, |
207 | 00:10:05,867 | 00:10:10,097 | there are tantalizing traces of Greenwich's Tudor past. | there are tantalizing traces of Greenwich's Tudor past. |
208 | 00:10:15,100 | 00:10:19,076 | On the foreshore, in front of where the palace once stood, | On the foreshore, in front of where the palace once stood, |
209 | 00:10:19,100 | 00:10:21,409 | a team from the Thames Discovery Programme | a team from the Thames Discovery Programme |
210 | 00:10:21,433 | 00:10:23,443 | think they may have found a structure | think they may have found a structure |
211 | 00:10:23,467 | 00:10:25,867 | that linked the palace to the river. | that linked the palace to the river. |
212 | 00:10:27,300 | 00:10:29,909 | Leading the team is Nathalie Cohen. | Leading the team is Nathalie Cohen. |
213 | 00:10:29,933 | 00:10:32,109 | - Nathalie, hi. - Hello. | - Nathalie, hi. - Hello. |
214 | 00:10:32,133 | 00:10:34,109 | - How are you doing? - Good, thank you. | - How are you doing? - Good, thank you. |
215 | 00:10:34,133 | 00:10:36,743 | So what have you got here down on the shore? | So what have you got here down on the shore? |
216 | 00:10:36,767 | 00:10:39,376 | We've picked up a whole series of timbers | We've picked up a whole series of timbers |
217 | 00:10:39,400 | 00:10:42,109 | running along the front of this wall here. | running along the front of this wall here. |
218 | 00:10:42,133 | 00:10:44,609 | We think it's part of a jetty structure | We think it's part of a jetty structure |
219 | 00:10:44,633 | 00:10:47,009 | that may have related to the Royal Palace, | that may have related to the Royal Palace, |
220 | 00:10:47,033 | 00:10:49,403 | sort of immediately behind us here. | sort of immediately behind us here. |
221 | 00:10:50,667 | 00:10:52,309 | So what would this have been in the jetty? | So what would this have been in the jetty? |
222 | 00:10:52,333 | 00:10:54,109 | It appears to have been part of the baseplate, | It appears to have been part of the baseplate, |
223 | 00:10:54,133 | 00:10:56,376 | I would think, pegged to the foreshore | I would think, pegged to the foreshore |
224 | 00:10:56,400 | 00:10:58,409 | or pegged to another piece of baseplate | or pegged to another piece of baseplate |
225 | 00:10:58,433 | 00:10:59,773 | through those peg holes there. | through those peg holes there. |
226 | 00:11:03,500 | 00:11:06,609 | You can just imagine the royal barge landing here | You can just imagine the royal barge landing here |
227 | 00:11:06,633 | 00:11:10,309 | and Henry VIII or Elizabeth disembarking with a fanfare, | and Henry VIII or Elizabeth disembarking with a fanfare, |
228 | 00:11:10,333 | 00:11:12,573 | surrounded by courtiers. | surrounded by courtiers. |
229 | 00:11:16,067 | 00:11:18,676 | This now mundane stretch of the river | This now mundane stretch of the river |
230 | 00:11:18,700 | 00:11:21,470 | was once the most exclusive in London. | was once the most exclusive in London. |
231 | 00:11:26,567 | 00:11:29,209 | It's not just structures like piers and jetties | It's not just structures like piers and jetties |
232 | 00:11:29,233 | 00:11:31,576 | that can be found here on the Thames foreshore. | that can be found here on the Thames foreshore. |
233 | 00:11:31,600 | 00:11:33,943 | There's archaeology literally everywhere you look. | There's archaeology literally everywhere you look. |
234 | 00:11:33,967 | 00:11:38,376 | There's pottery, bones, shell, fragments of clay pipe. | There's pottery, bones, shell, fragments of clay pipe. |
235 | 00:11:38,400 | 00:11:40,043 | It's probably one of the richest veins | It's probably one of the richest veins |
236 | 00:11:40,067 | 00:11:42,427 | of archaeology anywhere in Britain. | of archaeology anywhere in Britain. |
237 | 00:11:48,433 | 00:11:50,543 | There are other people looking for clues | There are other people looking for clues |
238 | 00:11:50,567 | 00:11:53,427 | here on the foreshore... the mudlarks. | here on the foreshore... the mudlarks. |
239 | 00:11:55,267 | 00:11:58,176 | They have a special license that allows them to dig | They have a special license that allows them to dig |
240 | 00:11:58,200 | 00:12:01,530 | for the historical objects that litter the Thames beaches. | for the historical objects that litter the Thames beaches. |
241 | 00:12:02,300 | 00:12:06,109 | Over the years, they've made some remarkable discoveries. | Over the years, they've made some remarkable discoveries. |
242 | 00:12:06,133 | 00:12:08,743 | You might think they'd be using metal detectors, | You might think they'd be using metal detectors, |
243 | 00:12:08,767 | 00:12:10,809 | but, in fact, they work by hand, | but, in fact, they work by hand, |
244 | 00:12:10,833 | 00:12:12,709 | because the sheer quantity of metal here | because the sheer quantity of metal here |
245 | 00:12:12,733 | 00:12:14,776 | makes detectors useless. | makes detectors useless. |
246 | 00:12:14,800 | 00:12:16,743 | We've got an Elizabethan fastener there, | We've got an Elizabethan fastener there, |
247 | 00:12:16,767 | 00:12:18,209 | and you can imagine on your jacket, | and you can imagine on your jacket, |
248 | 00:12:18,233 | 00:12:19,509 | this would actually fasten like that. | this would actually fasten like that. |
249 | 00:12:19,533 | 00:12:20,943 | Oh, like hooks and eyes? | Oh, like hooks and eyes? |
250 | 00:12:20,967 | 00:12:22,143 | Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's a fastener. | Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's a fastener. |
251 | 00:12:22,167 | 00:12:24,776 | - So that's Elizabethan. - It's Elizabethan. | - So that's Elizabethan. - It's Elizabethan. |
252 | 00:12:24,800 | 00:12:27,076 | And then on top of that, these are in abundance down here. | And then on top of that, these are in abundance down here. |
253 | 00:12:27,100 | 00:12:28,476 | These are Tudor pins. | These are Tudor pins. |
254 | 00:12:28,500 | 00:12:30,709 | A woman of distinction would have had a thousand pins on her. | A woman of distinction would have had a thousand pins on her. |
255 | 00:12:30,733 | 00:12:33,909 | I think Elizabeth I had 2,000 pins on her. | I think Elizabeth I had 2,000 pins on her. |
256 | 00:12:33,933 | 00:12:35,209 | Doing what? | Doing what? |
257 | 00:12:35,233 | 00:12:37,743 | Well, for hair, for clothing. | Well, for hair, for clothing. |
258 | 00:12:37,767 | 00:12:41,109 | An Elizabethan ruff had 150 pins-plus on it. | An Elizabethan ruff had 150 pins-plus on it. |
259 | 00:12:41,133 | 00:12:43,109 | And these are Tudor lace ties, | And these are Tudor lace ties, |
260 | 00:12:43,133 | 00:12:44,843 | so exactly the same as you get on your shoelaces. | so exactly the same as you get on your shoelaces. |
261 | 00:12:44,867 | 00:12:46,043 | Oh, yeah. | Oh, yeah. |
262 | 00:12:46,067 | 00:12:48,676 | Like on jackets, on shirts and stuff, | Like on jackets, on shirts and stuff, |
263 | 00:12:48,700 | 00:12:49,943 | where you'd have crisscrosses | where you'd have crisscrosses |
264 | 00:12:49,967 | 00:12:51,409 | of, like, leather thongs and stuff, | of, like, leather thongs and stuff, |
265 | 00:12:51,433 | 00:12:53,433 | these would be on the end so they could be treaded. | these would be on the end so they could be treaded. |
266 | 00:12:57,733 | 00:12:59,543 | Well, the tide has come in now | Well, the tide has come in now |
267 | 00:12:59,567 | 00:13:02,076 | and covered up all of that archaeology | and covered up all of that archaeology |
268 | 00:13:02,100 | 00:13:04,076 | on the Thames foreshore. | on the Thames foreshore. |
269 | 00:13:04,100 | 00:13:07,043 | It's disappeared very much like Greenwich Palace itself | It's disappeared very much like Greenwich Palace itself |
270 | 00:13:07,067 | 00:13:09,743 | has disappeared from public consciousness. | has disappeared from public consciousness. |
271 | 00:13:09,767 | 00:13:12,143 | But we know now not just from history, | But we know now not just from history, |
272 | 00:13:12,167 | 00:13:13,943 | but archaeology, too, | but archaeology, too, |
273 | 00:13:13,967 | 00:13:17,427 | that this was the spiritual home of the Tudors. | that this was the spiritual home of the Tudors. |
274 | 00:13:21,600 | 00:13:24,343 | The raising of the Mary Rose in 1982 | The raising of the Mary Rose in 1982 |
275 | 00:13:24,367 | 00:13:25,843 | was one of those rare events | was one of those rare events |
276 | 00:13:25,867 | 00:13:28,543 | that's etched into the national consciousness. | that's etched into the national consciousness. |
277 | 00:13:28,567 | 00:13:30,043 | But the recovery of the hull, | But the recovery of the hull, |
278 | 00:13:30,067 | 00:13:32,909 | along with thousands of artifacts and hundreds of bones, | along with thousands of artifacts and hundreds of bones, |
279 | 00:13:32,933 | 00:13:35,943 | was just the beginning of a 30-year project | was just the beginning of a 30-year project |
280 | 00:13:35,967 | 00:13:37,567 | that's still going on today. | that's still going on today. |
281 | 00:13:37,633 | 00:13:40,043 | Well, if you'd like to come in here, Alice, | Well, if you'd like to come in here, Alice, |
282 | 00:13:40,067 | 00:13:44,643 | this is going into our holiest of holies, our holy grail. | this is going into our holiest of holies, our holy grail. |
283 | 00:13:44,667 | 00:13:46,843 | Christopher Dobbs has been closely involved | Christopher Dobbs has been closely involved |
284 | 00:13:46,867 | 00:13:49,643 | in planning the new Mary Rose Museum, | in planning the new Mary Rose Museum, |
285 | 00:13:49,667 | 00:13:51,209 | which for the first time | which for the first time |
286 | 00:13:51,233 | 00:13:53,876 | will display the objects and the hull together. | will display the objects and the hull together. |
287 | 00:13:53,900 | 00:13:58,909 | Baskets and barrels and chests and fantastic bowls and plates, | Baskets and barrels and chests and fantastic bowls and plates, |
288 | 00:13:58,933 | 00:14:02,043 | but this one, this absolutely superb bowl here, | but this one, this absolutely superb bowl here, |
289 | 00:14:02,067 | 00:14:04,343 | I think that this is probably a mess bowl. | I think that this is probably a mess bowl. |
290 | 00:14:04,367 | 00:14:06,443 | And to actually serve individually | And to actually serve individually |
291 | 00:14:06,467 | 00:14:09,643 | into plates or bowls to 500 down in the ovens | into plates or bowls to 500 down in the ovens |
292 | 00:14:09,667 | 00:14:11,376 | would have been just too difficult. | would have been just too difficult. |
293 | 00:14:11,400 | 00:14:14,276 | So they almost certainly transferred the food | So they almost certainly transferred the food |
294 | 00:14:14,300 | 00:14:17,476 | from one whole mess into a bowl like this. | from one whole mess into a bowl like this. |
295 | 00:14:17,500 | 00:14:20,576 | And that then led us to possibly identify this. | And that then led us to possibly identify this. |
296 | 00:14:20,600 | 00:14:23,476 | I mean, it might look like a very minor object, | I mean, it might look like a very minor object, |
297 | 00:14:23,500 | 00:14:25,509 | but it could well be a mess tag, | but it could well be a mess tag, |
298 | 00:14:25,533 | 00:14:27,443 | so you'd almost have like a luggage label, | so you'd almost have like a luggage label, |
299 | 00:14:27,467 | 00:14:30,909 | because they may have cooked actually in cloth bags | because they may have cooked actually in cloth bags |
300 | 00:14:30,933 | 00:14:32,909 | in the cauldron, because that would mean | in the cauldron, because that would mean |
301 | 00:14:32,933 | 00:14:35,543 | you could keep all the food for 8 or 10 people together. | you could keep all the food for 8 or 10 people together. |
302 | 00:14:35,567 | 00:14:37,543 | And you could tie like a luggage label onto this, | And you could tie like a luggage label onto this, |
303 | 00:14:37,567 | 00:14:38,943 | and that's what they were used in later wrecks. | and that's what they were used in later wrecks. |
304 | 00:14:38,967 | 00:14:40,409 | It does look as though something's been tied onto that. | It does look as though something's been tied onto that. |
305 | 00:14:40,433 | 00:14:42,909 | Yes, it was definitely a tag of some sort. | Yes, it was definitely a tag of some sort. |
306 | 00:14:42,933 | 00:14:44,276 | Yeah. | Yeah. |
307 | 00:14:44,300 | 00:14:46,409 | It's almost overwhelming | It's almost overwhelming |
308 | 00:14:46,433 | 00:14:50,043 | being surrounded by the worldly goods of 500 men, | being surrounded by the worldly goods of 500 men, |
309 | 00:14:50,067 | 00:14:53,467 | all interred in one catastrophic moment. | all interred in one catastrophic moment. |
310 | 00:14:54,433 | 00:14:58,109 | There's everything from dice to musical instruments. | There's everything from dice to musical instruments. |
311 | 00:14:58,133 | 00:15:00,743 | Look at that one. That's absolutely perfect. | Look at that one. That's absolutely perfect. |
312 | 00:15:00,767 | 00:15:04,376 | And even the combs they used to get rid of their lice. | And even the combs they used to get rid of their lice. |
313 | 00:15:04,400 | 00:15:05,576 | I mean, look at that. | I mean, look at that. |
314 | 00:15:05,600 | 00:15:09,476 | I can't believe that's a Tudor dagger handle, | I can't believe that's a Tudor dagger handle, |
315 | 00:15:09,500 | 00:15:10,830 | knife handle. | knife handle. |
316 | 00:15:11,733 | 00:15:14,433 | It's just beautiful. | It's just beautiful. |
317 | 00:15:15,667 | 00:15:18,276 | Even mundane objects like grindstones | Even mundane objects like grindstones |
318 | 00:15:18,300 | 00:15:20,209 | used to make flour on board | used to make flour on board |
319 | 00:15:20,233 | 00:15:22,576 | have a haunting quality to them. | have a haunting quality to them. |
320 | 00:15:22,600 | 00:15:25,043 | Many people think that the Mary Rose is something... | Many people think that the Mary Rose is something... |
321 | 00:15:25,067 | 00:15:26,876 | the project is something that finished 20 years ago | the project is something that finished 20 years ago |
322 | 00:15:26,900 | 00:15:28,309 | or something, but it doesn't. | or something, but it doesn't. |
323 | 00:15:28,333 | 00:15:31,309 | Daily we're finding out new things and new stories | Daily we're finding out new things and new stories |
324 | 00:15:31,333 | 00:15:33,676 | and being able to tell things in new ways. | and being able to tell things in new ways. |
325 | 00:15:33,700 | 00:15:36,309 | There's just a phenomenal number of objects | There's just a phenomenal number of objects |
326 | 00:15:36,333 | 00:15:38,176 | recovered from the Mary Rose. | recovered from the Mary Rose. |
327 | 00:15:38,200 | 00:15:40,209 | Look at these beautiful longbows. | Look at these beautiful longbows. |
328 | 00:15:40,233 | 00:15:42,543 | There are hundreds of them. | There are hundreds of them. |
329 | 00:15:42,567 | 00:15:45,643 | And, of course, we don't just have the personal objects | And, of course, we don't just have the personal objects |
330 | 00:15:45,667 | 00:15:47,876 | that these people carried around with them. | that these people carried around with them. |
331 | 00:15:47,900 | 00:15:50,376 | We do actually have the skeletons | We do actually have the skeletons |
332 | 00:15:50,400 | 00:15:52,276 | of the people themselves. | of the people themselves. |
333 | 00:15:52,300 | 00:15:54,143 | During the excavations, | During the excavations, |
334 | 00:15:54,167 | 00:15:58,967 | the remains of 179 individuals were carefully recovered. | the remains of 179 individuals were carefully recovered. |
335 | 00:16:01,633 | 00:16:04,043 | As an anatomist, these bones provide me | As an anatomist, these bones provide me |
336 | 00:16:04,067 | 00:16:07,176 | with a unique insight into the lives of these men. | with a unique insight into the lives of these men. |
337 | 00:16:07,200 | 00:16:09,109 | I can see some interesting things. | I can see some interesting things. |
338 | 00:16:09,133 | 00:16:11,076 | I'm meeting Dr. Alex Hildred, | I'm meeting Dr. Alex Hildred, |
339 | 00:16:11,100 | 00:16:13,409 | who's a curator at the Mary Rose Trust, | who's a curator at the Mary Rose Trust, |
340 | 00:16:13,433 | 00:16:16,276 | to uncover the stories of these men. | to uncover the stories of these men. |
341 | 00:16:16,300 | 00:16:18,676 | There were particular places which must relate | There were particular places which must relate |
342 | 00:16:18,700 | 00:16:22,676 | to blocking access routes to getting off the ship, | to blocking access routes to getting off the ship, |
343 | 00:16:22,700 | 00:16:25,376 | where you've got 20 or 30 individuals | where you've got 20 or 30 individuals |
344 | 00:16:25,400 | 00:16:27,043 | and far more bones | and far more bones |
345 | 00:16:27,067 | 00:16:29,343 | than you can actually put into those individuals. | than you can actually put into those individuals. |
346 | 00:16:29,367 | 00:16:31,609 | People fighting to get off the sinking ship. | People fighting to get off the sinking ship. |
347 | 00:16:31,633 | 00:16:32,943 | Especially as there was netting | Especially as there was netting |
348 | 00:16:32,967 | 00:16:34,909 | across the only really open bits of the ship, | across the only really open bits of the ship, |
349 | 00:16:34,933 | 00:16:36,176 | had anti-boarding netting. | had anti-boarding netting. |
350 | 00:16:36,200 | 00:16:37,243 | I think it would have been horrendous | I think it would have been horrendous |
351 | 00:16:37,267 | 00:16:38,843 | trying to get off the ship. | trying to get off the ship. |
352 | 00:16:38,867 | 00:16:41,609 | The gun ports were so tightly fitted to their guns | The gun ports were so tightly fitted to their guns |
353 | 00:16:41,633 | 00:16:44,109 | that you wouldn't have been able to get through those easily. | that you wouldn't have been able to get through those easily. |
354 | 00:16:44,133 | 00:16:46,043 | Did anybody manage to get off? | Did anybody manage to get off? |
355 | 00:16:46,067 | 00:16:49,776 | About 35 survivors, but then people didn't swim naturally. | About 35 survivors, but then people didn't swim naturally. |
356 | 00:16:49,800 | 00:16:51,376 | It was quite rare to be a swimmer. | It was quite rare to be a swimmer. |
357 | 00:16:51,400 | 00:16:53,843 | So 35 survivors. | So 35 survivors. |
358 | 00:16:53,867 | 00:16:55,443 | 35 out of how many? | 35 out of how many? |
359 | 00:16:55,467 | 00:16:57,943 | 415 listed. | 415 listed. |
360 | 00:16:57,967 | 00:17:00,209 | The men on board were there to fight. | The men on board were there to fight. |
361 | 00:17:00,233 | 00:17:02,709 | And many of them would have wielded longbows, | And many of them would have wielded longbows, |
362 | 00:17:02,733 | 00:17:04,643 | which were amongst the most feared weapons | which were amongst the most feared weapons |
363 | 00:17:04,667 | 00:17:06,509 | in the medieval world. | in the medieval world. |
364 | 00:17:06,533 | 00:17:10,143 | One skeleton in particular provides a direct link | One skeleton in particular provides a direct link |
365 | 00:17:10,167 | 00:17:12,376 | to these devastating bows. | to these devastating bows. |
366 | 00:17:12,400 | 00:17:14,709 | This chap was found pretty much by himself | This chap was found pretty much by himself |
367 | 00:17:14,733 | 00:17:16,543 | in the hold of the ship in the bow, | in the hold of the ship in the bow, |
368 | 00:17:16,567 | 00:17:20,909 | but just literally above him was a wrist guard | but just literally above him was a wrist guard |
369 | 00:17:20,933 | 00:17:22,643 | with the arms of England on it. | with the arms of England on it. |
370 | 00:17:22,667 | 00:17:26,109 | So it's interesting to suggest with one of tallest individuals, | So it's interesting to suggest with one of tallest individuals, |
371 | 00:17:26,133 | 00:17:29,243 | who's very robust, that he may well have been an archer, | who's very robust, that he may well have been an archer, |
372 | 00:17:29,267 | 00:17:31,309 | and that's what's been suggested in the past. | and that's what's been suggested in the past. |
373 | 00:17:31,333 | 00:17:33,043 | He's incredibly well-built. | He's incredibly well-built. |
374 | 00:17:33,067 | 00:17:34,443 | Now, some of that's going to be genetic, | Now, some of that's going to be genetic, |
375 | 00:17:34,467 | 00:17:36,709 | but some of it might be what he's actually doing | but some of it might be what he's actually doing |
376 | 00:17:36,733 | 00:17:38,543 | with his body, as well. | with his body, as well. |
377 | 00:17:38,567 | 00:17:43,543 | But this skeleton has got this rather interesting condition | But this skeleton has got this rather interesting condition |
378 | 00:17:43,567 | 00:17:47,043 | at the shoulder where the tip of his shoulder has failed to fuse. | at the shoulder where the tip of his shoulder has failed to fuse. |
379 | 00:17:47,067 | 00:17:49,543 | I mean, what we're looking at is the end of the scapula, | I mean, what we're looking at is the end of the scapula, |
380 | 00:17:49,567 | 00:17:52,243 | which starts off as a separate little bone like this | which starts off as a separate little bone like this |
381 | 00:17:52,267 | 00:17:54,343 | but should fuse during development, | but should fuse during development, |
382 | 00:17:54,367 | 00:17:59,143 | but here in an adult skeleton, it has stayed separate. | but here in an adult skeleton, it has stayed separate. |
383 | 00:17:59,167 | 00:18:01,543 | And there's been a suggestion | And there's been a suggestion |
384 | 00:18:01,567 | 00:18:04,843 | that this is to do with heavy use of the shoulder. | that this is to do with heavy use of the shoulder. |
385 | 00:18:04,867 | 00:18:08,276 | Well, archers... Well, anybody, any male in England at the time | Well, archers... Well, anybody, any male in England at the time |
386 | 00:18:08,300 | 00:18:11,109 | would have to shoot a bow at least once a week | would have to shoot a bow at least once a week |
387 | 00:18:11,133 | 00:18:12,376 | from the age of about 7. | from the age of about 7. |
388 | 00:18:12,400 | 00:18:14,176 | So if somebody was good, | So if somebody was good, |
389 | 00:18:14,200 | 00:18:15,743 | needless to say, they probably would have been encouraged | needless to say, they probably would have been encouraged |
390 | 00:18:15,767 | 00:18:17,143 | to do it more than once a week. | to do it more than once a week. |
391 | 00:18:17,167 | 00:18:19,476 | Knowing that archery was widespread, | Knowing that archery was widespread, |
392 | 00:18:19,500 | 00:18:21,209 | I suspected other skeletons | I suspected other skeletons |
393 | 00:18:21,233 | 00:18:24,043 | might reveal a different telltale sign | might reveal a different telltale sign |
394 | 00:18:24,067 | 00:18:26,209 | of the damage archery might cause. | of the damage archery might cause. |
395 | 00:18:26,233 | 00:18:30,043 | So this here is evidence | So this here is evidence |
396 | 00:18:30,067 | 00:18:32,043 | for what we call rotator cuff disease, | for what we call rotator cuff disease, |
397 | 00:18:32,067 | 00:18:35,276 | so this frilly bone here with the little holes in it, | so this frilly bone here with the little holes in it, |
398 | 00:18:35,300 | 00:18:38,476 | the pitting in it, which looks like osteoarthritis. | the pitting in it, which looks like osteoarthritis. |
399 | 00:18:38,500 | 00:18:39,743 | Now, it's not osteoarthritis | Now, it's not osteoarthritis |
400 | 00:18:39,767 | 00:18:41,176 | because it's not happening on the joint surface, | because it's not happening on the joint surface, |
401 | 00:18:41,200 | 00:18:42,743 | but it's happening where the muscles insert | but it's happening where the muscles insert |
402 | 00:18:42,767 | 00:18:44,043 | that stabilize the shoulder. | that stabilize the shoulder. |
403 | 00:18:44,067 | 00:18:47,209 | And this is associated with stress | And this is associated with stress |
404 | 00:18:47,233 | 00:18:48,909 | and strain on those tendons. | and strain on those tendons. |
405 | 00:18:48,933 | 00:18:52,609 | We get rotator cuff disease happening in young people | We get rotator cuff disease happening in young people |
406 | 00:18:52,633 | 00:18:56,209 | when they are cricketers or baseball pitchers. | when they are cricketers or baseball pitchers. |
407 | 00:18:56,233 | 00:18:59,473 | - Or archers, maybe. - Maybe, maybe. | - Or archers, maybe. - Maybe, maybe. |
408 | 00:18:59,533 | 00:19:03,309 | It is such a privilege to look at the bones from the Mary Rose. | It is such a privilege to look at the bones from the Mary Rose. |
409 | 00:19:03,333 | 00:19:05,476 | It's something that I've wanted to be able to do | It's something that I've wanted to be able to do |
410 | 00:19:05,500 | 00:19:07,043 | for a long time. | for a long time. |
411 | 00:19:07,067 | 00:19:08,176 | And I think coming here | And I think coming here |
412 | 00:19:08,200 | 00:19:09,709 | and looking at the collection, as well, | and looking at the collection, as well, |
413 | 00:19:09,733 | 00:19:12,043 | I'm completely bowled over by it. | I'm completely bowled over by it. |
414 | 00:19:12,067 | 00:19:13,576 | There are so many objects | There are so many objects |
415 | 00:19:13,600 | 00:19:16,409 | and so well-preserved from the wreck. | and so well-preserved from the wreck. |
416 | 00:19:16,433 | 00:19:18,409 | And they really do make sense | And they really do make sense |
417 | 00:19:18,433 | 00:19:19,743 | when you look at them all together. | when you look at them all together. |
418 | 00:19:19,767 | 00:19:22,576 | When you've got the ship and all these objects within it | When you've got the ship and all these objects within it |
419 | 00:19:22,600 | 00:19:24,343 | and the people themselves, | and the people themselves, |
420 | 00:19:24,367 | 00:19:28,443 | we've got this very complete picture of the lives | we've got this very complete picture of the lives |
421 | 00:19:28,467 | 00:19:31,567 | of these mariners in the Tudor period. | of these mariners in the Tudor period. |
422 | 00:19:47,633 | 00:19:49,043 | I'm in West Wales, | I'm in West Wales, |
423 | 00:19:49,067 | 00:19:52,276 | on my way to the site of Strata Florida Abbey, | on my way to the site of Strata Florida Abbey, |
424 | 00:19:52,300 | 00:19:54,743 | which in its heyday in the medieval period | which in its heyday in the medieval period |
425 | 00:19:54,767 | 00:19:58,443 | was among the most important religious places | was among the most important religious places |
426 | 00:19:58,467 | 00:20:00,067 | in the whole of Britain. | in the whole of Britain. |
427 | 00:20:03,433 | 00:20:05,776 | Strata Florida stood in the shadow | Strata Florida stood in the shadow |
428 | 00:20:05,800 | 00:20:08,643 | of the wild and remote Cambrian Mountains, | of the wild and remote Cambrian Mountains, |
429 | 00:20:08,667 | 00:20:12,697 | far from the bustling towns and cities of Tudor Britain. | far from the bustling towns and cities of Tudor Britain. |
430 | 00:20:13,400 | 00:20:16,076 | It was founded by Cistercian monks | It was founded by Cistercian monks |
431 | 00:20:16,100 | 00:20:19,476 | striving for a life of hard work and solitude. | striving for a life of hard work and solitude. |
432 | 00:20:19,500 | 00:20:22,609 | Not much of their great abbey remains today. | Not much of their great abbey remains today. |
433 | 00:20:22,633 | 00:20:24,909 | All that can be seen are the desolate ruins | All that can be seen are the desolate ruins |
434 | 00:20:24,933 | 00:20:29,233 | of the abbey's once-grand church and its famous archway. | of the abbey's once-grand church and its famous archway. |
435 | 00:20:30,633 | 00:20:32,676 | But in a field nearby, a team | But in a field nearby, a team |
436 | 00:20:32,700 | 00:20:35,309 | from the University of Wales Trinity Saint David | from the University of Wales Trinity Saint David |
437 | 00:20:35,333 | 00:20:37,143 | have spent the last few summers | have spent the last few summers |
438 | 00:20:37,167 | 00:20:41,043 | slowly uncovering the remains of this Cistercian monastery. | slowly uncovering the remains of this Cistercian monastery. |
439 | 00:20:41,067 | 00:20:44,009 | What they've found lying hidden in the landscape | What they've found lying hidden in the landscape |
440 | 00:20:44,033 | 00:20:45,533 | is truly remarkable. | is truly remarkable. |
441 | 00:20:47,033 | 00:20:49,743 | Leading the team are Professor David Austin | Leading the team are Professor David Austin |
442 | 00:20:49,767 | 00:20:51,527 | and Dr. Jemma Bezant. | and Dr. Jemma Bezant. |
443 | 00:20:52,933 | 00:20:55,743 | They've undertaken a geophysical survey, | They've undertaken a geophysical survey, |
444 | 00:20:55,767 | 00:20:59,209 | which has revealed evidence of the buried abbey site. | which has revealed evidence of the buried abbey site. |
445 | 00:20:59,233 | 00:21:00,743 | So is that where we are just there? | So is that where we are just there? |
446 | 00:21:00,767 | 00:21:02,943 | This is where we are here, in this corner. | This is where we are here, in this corner. |
447 | 00:21:02,967 | 00:21:04,843 | You've got the church... | You've got the church... |
448 | 00:21:04,867 | 00:21:07,309 | The abbey church is over there. | The abbey church is over there. |
449 | 00:21:07,333 | 00:21:09,609 | But also, I mean, there's an enormous building complex | But also, I mean, there's an enormous building complex |
450 | 00:21:09,633 | 00:21:10,876 | just behind you | just behind you |
451 | 00:21:10,900 | 00:21:14,643 | and another really large complex over by the river there. | and another really large complex over by the river there. |
452 | 00:21:14,667 | 00:21:16,476 | And huge industrial activity down here. | And huge industrial activity down here. |
453 | 00:21:16,500 | 00:21:18,776 | See these enormous signals there? | See these enormous signals there? |
454 | 00:21:18,800 | 00:21:20,143 | So what do you think this is? | So what do you think this is? |
455 | 00:21:20,167 | 00:21:21,509 | Well, we think it's iron workings, | Well, we think it's iron workings, |
456 | 00:21:21,533 | 00:21:24,776 | 'cause we've excavated an iron forge over here, | 'cause we've excavated an iron forge over here, |
457 | 00:21:24,800 | 00:21:27,076 | so it's the whole of this southern area. | so it's the whole of this southern area. |
458 | 00:21:27,100 | 00:21:29,576 | At some point is processing metal, | At some point is processing metal, |
459 | 00:21:29,600 | 00:21:31,043 | coming out of their mines, | coming out of their mines, |
460 | 00:21:31,067 | 00:21:33,809 | and their mines are just up on the hillslope over here. | and their mines are just up on the hillslope over here. |
461 | 00:21:33,833 | 00:21:37,309 | It's amazing to think that this agricultural landscape | It's amazing to think that this agricultural landscape |
462 | 00:21:37,333 | 00:21:39,343 | - was so busy... - Yeah. | - was so busy... - Yeah. |
463 | 00:21:39,367 | 00:21:41,443 | ...full of industry, full of people. | ...full of industry, full of people. |
464 | 00:21:41,467 | 00:21:44,597 | Exactly, this would have been a really busy place. | Exactly, this would have been a really busy place. |
465 | 00:21:46,200 | 00:21:47,776 | This summer, the team are hoping | This summer, the team are hoping |
466 | 00:21:47,800 | 00:21:50,176 | to reveal the full scale of the abbey | to reveal the full scale of the abbey |
467 | 00:21:50,200 | 00:21:51,709 | and also to find evidence | and also to find evidence |
468 | 00:21:51,733 | 00:21:54,333 | of the great events it bore witness to. | of the great events it bore witness to. |
469 | 00:21:56,200 | 00:21:59,176 | I hadn't realized how important Strata Florida was, | I hadn't realized how important Strata Florida was, |
470 | 00:21:59,200 | 00:22:01,609 | but the whole of this valley | but the whole of this valley |
471 | 00:22:01,633 | 00:22:05,343 | would have been home to a massive monastic community, | would have been home to a massive monastic community, |
472 | 00:22:05,367 | 00:22:08,809 | and we're just starting to get a real feeling | and we're just starting to get a real feeling |
473 | 00:22:08,833 | 00:22:12,473 | for the extent of that from the excavations here. | for the extent of that from the excavations here. |
474 | 00:22:14,967 | 00:22:17,843 | The excavations have uncovered the foundations | The excavations have uncovered the foundations |
475 | 00:22:17,867 | 00:22:20,043 | of a huge stone building, | of a huge stone building, |
476 | 00:22:20,067 | 00:22:22,676 | which the team believe is the great gatehouse | which the team believe is the great gatehouse |
477 | 00:22:22,700 | 00:22:25,343 | guarding the entrance to the abbey. | guarding the entrance to the abbey. |
478 | 00:22:25,367 | 00:22:29,827 | Gradually the dig has begun to reveal its original layout. | Gradually the dig has begun to reveal its original layout. |
479 | 00:22:32,067 | 00:22:34,276 | You can just make out the plan of the building | You can just make out the plan of the building |
480 | 00:22:34,300 | 00:22:36,500 | from the remaining walls. | from the remaining walls. |
481 | 00:22:37,533 | 00:22:39,209 | The gatehouse would have dominated | The gatehouse would have dominated |
482 | 00:22:39,233 | 00:22:41,533 | this flat valley floor. | this flat valley floor. |
483 | 00:22:42,633 | 00:22:46,043 | And the road the gatehouse guarded would have stretched | And the road the gatehouse guarded would have stretched |
484 | 00:22:46,067 | 00:22:48,327 | to the abbey church in the distance. | to the abbey church in the distance. |
485 | 00:22:51,800 | 00:22:53,109 | You really get a sense | You really get a sense |
486 | 00:22:53,133 | 00:22:55,743 | of how visiting dignitaries would have felt, | of how visiting dignitaries would have felt, |
487 | 00:22:55,767 | 00:22:59,076 | confronted by this imposing structure. | confronted by this imposing structure. |
488 | 00:22:59,100 | 00:23:02,509 | The gatehouse dig has yielded some evocative finds | The gatehouse dig has yielded some evocative finds |
489 | 00:23:02,533 | 00:23:04,709 | which hint at the piety of the monks | which hint at the piety of the monks |
490 | 00:23:04,733 | 00:23:08,043 | who once called this place home. | who once called this place home. |
491 | 00:23:08,067 | 00:23:13,043 | We've got a nice find from inside the gatehouse. | We've got a nice find from inside the gatehouse. |
492 | 00:23:13,067 | 00:23:14,476 | This piece of Bath stone | This piece of Bath stone |
493 | 00:23:14,500 | 00:23:17,643 | that probably would have lined the archway, | that probably would have lined the archway, |
494 | 00:23:17,667 | 00:23:19,676 | and you can see here, if you look very carefully, | and you can see here, if you look very carefully, |
495 | 00:23:19,700 | 00:23:21,876 | - an incised cross. - Yeah, yeah. | - an incised cross. - Yeah, yeah. |
496 | 00:23:21,900 | 00:23:23,709 | And it's almost like a good-luck talisman. | And it's almost like a good-luck talisman. |
497 | 00:23:23,733 | 00:23:25,243 | We think people would have just touched that | We think people would have just touched that |
498 | 00:23:25,267 | 00:23:26,943 | as they passed through the gateway | as they passed through the gateway |
499 | 00:23:26,967 | 00:23:29,343 | on their way into the abbey church. | on their way into the abbey church. |
500 | 00:23:29,367 | 00:23:32,843 | Other finds remind us of the great wealth the monks enjoyed, | Other finds remind us of the great wealth the monks enjoyed, |
501 | 00:23:32,867 | 00:23:35,576 | which they lavished on their grand buildings. | which they lavished on their grand buildings. |
502 | 00:23:35,600 | 00:23:36,843 | Are these floor tiles here? | Are these floor tiles here? |
503 | 00:23:36,867 | 00:23:38,409 | These are floor tiles here, yes. | These are floor tiles here, yes. |
504 | 00:23:38,433 | 00:23:41,043 | You can see this nice one shaped like a griffin | You can see this nice one shaped like a griffin |
505 | 00:23:41,067 | 00:23:42,209 | or a dragon, if you like. | or a dragon, if you like. |
506 | 00:23:42,233 | 00:23:43,843 | You can see the wings and the head. | You can see the wings and the head. |
507 | 00:23:43,867 | 00:23:46,376 | And we know it was an impressive building. | And we know it was an impressive building. |
508 | 00:23:46,400 | 00:23:47,643 | It was a large building, | It was a large building, |
509 | 00:23:47,667 | 00:23:50,397 | so maybe it had this large impressive floor. | so maybe it had this large impressive floor. |
510 | 00:23:54,933 | 00:23:59,243 | You tend to think of Cistercian monks seeing out solitude, | You tend to think of Cistercian monks seeing out solitude, |
511 | 00:23:59,267 | 00:24:02,276 | finding some remote corner of the Welsh countryside. | finding some remote corner of the Welsh countryside. |
512 | 00:24:02,300 | 00:24:03,709 | Now, it certainly is that today, | Now, it certainly is that today, |
513 | 00:24:03,733 | 00:24:06,543 | but it wouldn't have been like that in the medieval period. | but it wouldn't have been like that in the medieval period. |
514 | 00:24:06,567 | 00:24:10,043 | And those monks were incredibly wealthy landowners, | And those monks were incredibly wealthy landowners, |
515 | 00:24:10,067 | 00:24:13,476 | controlling all the agricultural land around here, | controlling all the agricultural land around here, |
516 | 00:24:13,500 | 00:24:15,443 | as well as the lead mines. | as well as the lead mines. |
517 | 00:24:15,467 | 00:24:19,543 | And the wealth they accumulated would be their downfall. | And the wealth they accumulated would be their downfall. |
518 | 00:24:19,567 | 00:24:22,909 | After divorcing his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, | After divorcing his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, |
519 | 00:24:22,933 | 00:24:25,109 | Henry had set himself on a collision course | Henry had set himself on a collision course |
520 | 00:24:25,133 | 00:24:26,809 | with the Catholic Church. | with the Catholic Church. |
521 | 00:24:26,833 | 00:24:29,176 | The Pope excommunicated the king, | The Pope excommunicated the king, |
522 | 00:24:29,200 | 00:24:30,809 | and Henry responded | and Henry responded |
523 | 00:24:30,833 | 00:24:34,143 | by declaring himself the head of his own church. | by declaring himself the head of his own church. |
524 | 00:24:34,167 | 00:24:37,043 | The break with Rome was final. | The break with Rome was final. |
525 | 00:24:37,067 | 00:24:40,676 | After Henry's schism with Rome in 1534, | After Henry's schism with Rome in 1534, |
526 | 00:24:40,700 | 00:24:43,943 | the time had come to finally crush the abbeys, | the time had come to finally crush the abbeys, |
527 | 00:24:43,967 | 00:24:46,043 | which Henry's ministers had described | which Henry's ministers had described |
528 | 00:24:46,067 | 00:24:50,076 | as bastions of corruption and papal power. | as bastions of corruption and papal power. |
529 | 00:24:50,100 | 00:24:51,809 | And rather conveniently, | And rather conveniently, |
530 | 00:24:51,833 | 00:24:55,833 | the king could seize the monasteries' wealth for himself. | the king could seize the monasteries' wealth for himself. |
531 | 00:24:58,967 | 00:25:02,176 | Here at Strata Florida and across the country, | Here at Strata Florida and across the country, |
532 | 00:25:02,200 | 00:25:06,109 | the crown seized the monks' wealth and land. | the crown seized the monks' wealth and land. |
533 | 00:25:06,133 | 00:25:09,243 | The king then sold off the monasteries' assets quickly | The king then sold off the monasteries' assets quickly |
534 | 00:25:09,267 | 00:25:11,927 | to free up much needed revenue. | to free up much needed revenue. |
535 | 00:25:13,300 | 00:25:15,876 | The greatest beneficiaries of this process | The greatest beneficiaries of this process |
536 | 00:25:15,900 | 00:25:17,576 | were the middling gentry, | were the middling gentry, |
537 | 00:25:17,600 | 00:25:21,176 | who now had the lands to create new estates. | who now had the lands to create new estates. |
538 | 00:25:21,200 | 00:25:25,876 | Evidence for this lies just beside the abbey ruins. | Evidence for this lies just beside the abbey ruins. |
539 | 00:25:25,900 | 00:25:28,043 | So what have we got here? | So what have we got here? |
540 | 00:25:28,067 | 00:25:32,043 | Well, this if part of the arrangement of the gentry house, | Well, this if part of the arrangement of the gentry house, |
541 | 00:25:32,067 | 00:25:34,143 | which lies behind us here. | which lies behind us here. |
542 | 00:25:34,167 | 00:25:35,909 | It's now a farmhouse. | It's now a farmhouse. |
543 | 00:25:35,933 | 00:25:37,743 | But it was a gentry house, | But it was a gentry house, |
544 | 00:25:37,767 | 00:25:39,709 | probably originally built around 1600. | probably originally built around 1600. |
545 | 00:25:39,733 | 00:25:42,209 | When you say a gentry house, who were these gentry? | When you say a gentry house, who were these gentry? |
546 | 00:25:42,233 | 00:25:43,909 | Who would have been living in that house? | Who would have been living in that house? |
547 | 00:25:43,933 | 00:25:46,643 | It would have been a member of the Steadman family. | It would have been a member of the Steadman family. |
548 | 00:25:46,667 | 00:25:49,709 | They come with the Earls of Essex | They come with the Earls of Essex |
549 | 00:25:49,733 | 00:25:51,676 | here in the early part of the 16th century, | here in the early part of the 16th century, |
550 | 00:25:51,700 | 00:25:54,876 | and the Earls of Essex acquire the lands of the abbey | and the Earls of Essex acquire the lands of the abbey |
551 | 00:25:54,900 | 00:25:56,176 | cheap off the crown, | cheap off the crown, |
552 | 00:25:56,200 | 00:26:00,276 | and then the aristocrats sell on to the local gentries, | and then the aristocrats sell on to the local gentries, |
553 | 00:26:00,300 | 00:26:03,376 | and so this money filters down through the system. | and so this money filters down through the system. |
554 | 00:26:03,400 | 00:26:05,643 | And indeed a lot of the houses in the surrounding area | And indeed a lot of the houses in the surrounding area |
555 | 00:26:05,667 | 00:26:08,709 | used the abbey as a quarry and took stone from here. | used the abbey as a quarry and took stone from here. |
556 | 00:26:08,733 | 00:26:11,209 | So it's not surprising that, in fact, | So it's not surprising that, in fact, |
557 | 00:26:11,233 | 00:26:12,909 | the abbey is in such a ruin | the abbey is in such a ruin |
558 | 00:26:12,933 | 00:26:15,109 | and there's not much of it surviving. | and there's not much of it surviving. |
559 | 00:26:15,133 | 00:26:18,043 | It is surviving, but it's not there, it's here. | It is surviving, but it's not there, it's here. |
560 | 00:26:18,067 | 00:26:20,443 | It's a quarry. It's an asset. | It's a quarry. It's an asset. |
561 | 00:26:20,467 | 00:26:22,543 | We're in the early stages of capitalism. | We're in the early stages of capitalism. |
562 | 00:26:22,567 | 00:26:23,676 | You don't leave assets | You don't leave assets |
563 | 00:26:23,700 | 00:26:25,309 | lying around the landscape doing nothing. | lying around the landscape doing nothing. |
564 | 00:26:25,333 | 00:26:26,973 | You strip them. | You strip them. |
565 | 00:26:29,567 | 00:26:31,843 | Due to the actions of Henry VIII | Due to the actions of Henry VIII |
566 | 00:26:31,867 | 00:26:36,227 | the landscape and belief system of Britain had changed forever. | the landscape and belief system of Britain had changed forever. |
567 | 00:26:37,333 | 00:26:41,176 | Strata Florida represents this change in microcosm. | Strata Florida represents this change in microcosm. |
568 | 00:26:41,200 | 00:26:42,809 | A new Protestant church | A new Protestant church |
569 | 00:26:42,833 | 00:26:46,576 | was built right next to the ruins of the Catholic abbey. | was built right next to the ruins of the Catholic abbey. |
570 | 00:26:46,600 | 00:26:47,876 | It's a sweet little church. | It's a sweet little church. |
571 | 00:26:47,900 | 00:26:49,076 | It's a bit of a contrast | It's a bit of a contrast |
572 | 00:26:49,100 | 00:26:51,176 | to what the abbey church would have been like. | to what the abbey church would have been like. |
573 | 00:26:51,200 | 00:26:55,043 | Yeah, abbey church, massive, hugely ornate, | Yeah, abbey church, massive, hugely ornate, |
574 | 00:26:55,067 | 00:26:57,576 | full of sculpture, full of vivid paint. | full of sculpture, full of vivid paint. |
575 | 00:26:57,600 | 00:27:00,443 | And you come in here, and this plainness | And you come in here, and this plainness |
576 | 00:27:00,467 | 00:27:04,909 | and the simplicity is a wonderful counterfoil | and the simplicity is a wonderful counterfoil |
577 | 00:27:04,933 | 00:27:06,843 | to all that glory and magnificence | to all that glory and magnificence |
578 | 00:27:06,867 | 00:27:10,043 | that lay in that church on the other side of the wall. | that lay in that church on the other side of the wall. |
579 | 00:27:10,067 | 00:27:12,343 | It's very much a secular power, | It's very much a secular power, |
580 | 00:27:12,367 | 00:27:15,409 | and that's one of the great marks of Protestantism. | and that's one of the great marks of Protestantism. |
581 | 00:27:15,433 | 00:27:18,076 | There is an organized church, but it's a state church, | There is an organized church, but it's a state church, |
582 | 00:27:18,100 | 00:27:21,243 | and the head of that church now is a secular authority, | and the head of that church now is a secular authority, |
583 | 00:27:21,267 | 00:27:22,709 | is a secular king. | is a secular king. |
584 | 00:27:22,733 | 00:27:25,973 | That's what Henry VIII delivers. | That's what Henry VIII delivers. |
585 | 00:27:27,167 | 00:27:29,043 | We can only guess at what the monks | We can only guess at what the monks |
586 | 00:27:29,067 | 00:27:30,543 | who once lived and worked here | who once lived and worked here |
587 | 00:27:30,567 | 00:27:32,709 | must have made of the dissolution. | must have made of the dissolution. |
588 | 00:27:32,733 | 00:27:37,303 | Their lives were torn apart and their world turned upside down. | Their lives were torn apart and their world turned upside down. |
589 | 00:27:38,067 | 00:27:39,309 | The ruined monasteries | The ruined monasteries |
590 | 00:27:39,333 | 00:27:41,709 | that lie scattered across the British landscape | that lie scattered across the British landscape |
591 | 00:27:41,733 | 00:27:45,376 | provide a lasting reminder of the dissolution. | provide a lasting reminder of the dissolution. |
592 | 00:27:45,400 | 00:27:49,409 | It marked the beginning of a new chapter in British history. | It marked the beginning of a new chapter in British history. |
593 | 00:27:49,433 | 00:27:51,143 | Not only did ordinary people | Not only did ordinary people |
594 | 00:27:51,167 | 00:27:54,543 | find themselves living in a Protestant country, | find themselves living in a Protestant country, |
595 | 00:27:54,567 | 00:27:58,076 | they also witnessed an unprecedented redistribution | they also witnessed an unprecedented redistribution |
596 | 00:27:58,100 | 00:28:00,143 | of wealth and land | of wealth and land |
597 | 00:28:00,167 | 00:28:02,643 | that would have far-reaching consequences | that would have far-reaching consequences |
598 | 00:28:02,667 | 00:28:04,397 | for our island nation. | for our island nation. |
599 | 00:28:08,367 | 00:28:10,309 | It was during the Tudor Age | It was during the Tudor Age |
600 | 00:28:10,333 | 00:28:14,276 | that we began to look beyond our own shores to the New World. | that we began to look beyond our own shores to the New World. |
601 | 00:28:14,300 | 00:28:17,743 | After Columbus discovered America in 1492, | After Columbus discovered America in 1492, |
602 | 00:28:17,767 | 00:28:20,443 | waves of daring merchant adventurers | waves of daring merchant adventurers |
603 | 00:28:20,467 | 00:28:23,143 | set out on voyages of discovery | set out on voyages of discovery |
604 | 00:28:23,167 | 00:28:26,543 | to find new lands and boundless wealth. | to find new lands and boundless wealth. |
605 | 00:28:26,567 | 00:28:28,909 | And those voyages are all the more remarkable | And those voyages are all the more remarkable |
606 | 00:28:28,933 | 00:28:30,609 | when you consider that those men | when you consider that those men |
607 | 00:28:30,633 | 00:28:34,673 | were traveling to the very edges of the known world. | were traveling to the very edges of the known world. |
608 | 00:28:40,633 | 00:28:43,043 | The remains of one of these merchant ships | The remains of one of these merchant ships |
609 | 00:28:43,067 | 00:28:47,497 | is now being preserved at a saltwater lake in Portsmouth. | is now being preserved at a saltwater lake in Portsmouth. |
610 | 00:28:48,333 | 00:28:51,076 | Today, a team of divers is going to inspect it | Today, a team of divers is going to inspect it |
611 | 00:28:51,100 | 00:28:53,076 | for signs of decay. | for signs of decay. |
612 | 00:28:53,100 | 00:28:56,543 | Well, this is what we've got to do today, guys. | Well, this is what we've got to do today, guys. |
613 | 00:28:56,567 | 00:29:00,676 | Gustav Milne has played a key role in researching this ship. | Gustav Milne has played a key role in researching this ship. |
614 | 00:29:00,700 | 00:29:03,470 | Time waits for no man. What are you waiting for? | Time waits for no man. What are you waiting for? |
615 | 00:29:10,867 | 00:29:13,243 | The ship was originally discovered in a channel | The ship was originally discovered in a channel |
616 | 00:29:13,267 | 00:29:15,643 | in the Thames Estuary during dredging | in the Thames Estuary during dredging |
617 | 00:29:15,667 | 00:29:17,927 | and then moved here for safekeeping. | and then moved here for safekeeping. |
618 | 00:29:19,900 | 00:29:22,443 | If the ship was simply brought to the surface, | If the ship was simply brought to the surface, |
619 | 00:29:22,467 | 00:29:25,727 | it would soon begin to rot away. | it would soon begin to rot away. |
620 | 00:29:27,067 | 00:29:29,476 | By studying the remaining timbers, | By studying the remaining timbers, |
621 | 00:29:29,500 | 00:29:32,709 | it's been estimated it was a sizable merchant vessel | it's been estimated it was a sizable merchant vessel |
622 | 00:29:32,733 | 00:29:36,533 | of up to 300 tons and 80 feet in length. | of up to 300 tons and 80 feet in length. |
623 | 00:29:38,300 | 00:29:40,843 | Perhaps surprisingly for a merchant vessel, | Perhaps surprisingly for a merchant vessel, |
624 | 00:29:40,867 | 00:29:44,109 | they discovered four cannon at the wreck site. | they discovered four cannon at the wreck site. |
625 | 00:29:44,133 | 00:29:47,503 | You can just make out one of the surviving gun ports. | You can just make out one of the surviving gun ports. |
626 | 00:29:48,767 | 00:29:52,509 | These ships carried merchant adventurers across the globe | These ships carried merchant adventurers across the globe |
627 | 00:29:52,533 | 00:29:56,103 | and needed protection in uncharted waters. | and needed protection in uncharted waters. |
628 | 00:29:58,067 | 00:30:00,276 | Despite all we know about this wreck, | Despite all we know about this wreck, |
629 | 00:30:00,300 | 00:30:03,600 | its precise identity remains a mystery. | its precise identity remains a mystery. |
630 | 00:30:10,033 | 00:30:12,643 | However, a vital clue was found | However, a vital clue was found |
631 | 00:30:12,667 | 00:30:15,027 | on one of the recovered cannons. | on one of the recovered cannons. |
632 | 00:30:17,000 | 00:30:18,776 | A team from the Royal Armouries, | A team from the Royal Armouries, |
633 | 00:30:18,800 | 00:30:22,276 | led by Phil McGrath, discovered an intriguing link | led by Phil McGrath, discovered an intriguing link |
634 | 00:30:22,300 | 00:30:25,643 | with the most powerful financier of the Tudor Age, | with the most powerful financier of the Tudor Age, |
635 | 00:30:25,667 | 00:30:27,467 | Sir Thomas Gresham. | Sir Thomas Gresham. |
636 | 00:30:30,633 | 00:30:35,209 | The first thing that struck us was, on the surface, | The first thing that struck us was, on the surface, |
637 | 00:30:35,233 | 00:30:39,409 | quite clearly we have the "T" and the "G" | quite clearly we have the "T" and the "G" |
638 | 00:30:39,433 | 00:30:41,176 | for "Thomas Gresham," | for "Thomas Gresham," |
639 | 00:30:41,200 | 00:30:44,776 | and then above that, we have the family crest | and then above that, we have the family crest |
640 | 00:30:44,800 | 00:30:48,000 | in the form of a grasshopper. | in the form of a grasshopper. |
641 | 00:30:50,600 | 00:30:53,209 | Gresham's legacy can still be seen | Gresham's legacy can still be seen |
642 | 00:30:53,233 | 00:30:55,873 | in London's financial heart. | in London's financial heart. |
643 | 00:30:57,633 | 00:30:59,476 | The dissolution of the monasteries | The dissolution of the monasteries |
644 | 00:30:59,500 | 00:31:01,476 | released a huge amount of capital | released a huge amount of capital |
645 | 00:31:01,500 | 00:31:03,076 | into the British economy, | into the British economy, |
646 | 00:31:03,100 | 00:31:05,476 | and that money eventually filtered down | and that money eventually filtered down |
647 | 00:31:05,500 | 00:31:08,043 | to entrepreneurs like Sir Thomas Gresham. | to entrepreneurs like Sir Thomas Gresham. |
648 | 00:31:08,067 | 00:31:11,043 | It was men like Gresham who would help create | It was men like Gresham who would help create |
649 | 00:31:11,067 | 00:31:13,867 | the City of London that we know today. | the City of London that we know today. |
650 | 00:31:17,233 | 00:31:19,776 | He founded the Royal Exchange, | He founded the Royal Exchange, |
651 | 00:31:19,800 | 00:31:22,800 | which was the forerunner of today's Stock Exchange. | which was the forerunner of today's Stock Exchange. |
652 | 00:31:26,067 | 00:31:28,376 | Sir Thomas Gresham worked directly | Sir Thomas Gresham worked directly |
653 | 00:31:28,400 | 00:31:30,376 | for the Tudor kings and queens | for the Tudor kings and queens |
654 | 00:31:30,400 | 00:31:32,743 | and even helped save Britain from bankruptcy | and even helped save Britain from bankruptcy |
655 | 00:31:32,767 | 00:31:36,176 | by manipulating the foreign exchange markets. | by manipulating the foreign exchange markets. |
656 | 00:31:36,200 | 00:31:39,843 | So the Gresham ship provides us with a tangible link | So the Gresham ship provides us with a tangible link |
657 | 00:31:39,867 | 00:31:42,967 | back to the beginnings of modern capitalism. | back to the beginnings of modern capitalism. |
658 | 00:31:46,133 | 00:31:48,709 | In the labs of University College London, | In the labs of University College London, |
659 | 00:31:48,733 | 00:31:51,543 | they're working to discover more about the ship's role | they're working to discover more about the ship's role |
660 | 00:31:51,567 | 00:31:53,197 | and her crew. | and her crew. |
661 | 00:31:55,433 | 00:31:58,343 | Many of the artifacts recovered are metallic, | Many of the artifacts recovered are metallic, |
662 | 00:31:58,367 | 00:32:00,276 | and during a reaction with salt water, | and during a reaction with salt water, |
663 | 00:32:00,300 | 00:32:02,243 | some of these objects have become encased | some of these objects have become encased |
664 | 00:32:02,267 | 00:32:05,097 | by what archaeologists call concretions. | by what archaeologists call concretions. |
665 | 00:32:05,800 | 00:32:07,909 | By removing these concretions, | By removing these concretions, |
666 | 00:32:07,933 | 00:32:12,109 | the team hope to reveal the secrets of the Gresham ship. | the team hope to reveal the secrets of the Gresham ship. |
667 | 00:32:12,133 | 00:32:16,043 | Processing this work is dirty, messy, heavy work. | Processing this work is dirty, messy, heavy work. |
668 | 00:32:16,067 | 00:32:20,509 | We're using large tools, not delicate scalpels, | We're using large tools, not delicate scalpels, |
669 | 00:32:20,533 | 00:32:23,043 | and we're creating a lot of mess. | and we're creating a lot of mess. |
670 | 00:32:23,067 | 00:32:25,543 | A huge variety of objects | A huge variety of objects |
671 | 00:32:25,567 | 00:32:28,809 | have emerged from within the concretions. | have emerged from within the concretions. |
672 | 00:32:28,833 | 00:32:32,209 | Now, this, I think, is the most exciting find | Now, this, I think, is the most exciting find |
673 | 00:32:32,233 | 00:32:34,043 | that we discovered from the concretions, | that we discovered from the concretions, |
674 | 00:32:34,067 | 00:32:36,643 | and what we have here, we have an additional cannon, | and what we have here, we have an additional cannon, |
675 | 00:32:36,667 | 00:32:38,809 | which is represented by this powder chamber. | which is represented by this powder chamber. |
676 | 00:32:38,833 | 00:32:40,376 | That is fantastic. | That is fantastic. |
677 | 00:32:40,400 | 00:32:43,676 | That really is a find and a half, worth all that bashing. | That really is a find and a half, worth all that bashing. |
678 | 00:32:43,700 | 00:32:45,276 | We thought we had four cannons. | We thought we had four cannons. |
679 | 00:32:45,300 | 00:32:47,043 | We have an additional powder chamber now, | We have an additional powder chamber now, |
680 | 00:32:47,067 | 00:32:49,497 | which suggest that there was another cannon on board. | which suggest that there was another cannon on board. |
681 | 00:32:50,400 | 00:32:52,043 | Their research has shown | Their research has shown |
682 | 00:32:52,067 | 00:32:54,809 | just how heavily armed this ship was, | just how heavily armed this ship was, |
683 | 00:32:54,833 | 00:32:57,309 | and it's also revealed the cargo | and it's also revealed the cargo |
684 | 00:32:57,333 | 00:33:00,609 | which needed such formidable protection. | which needed such formidable protection. |
685 | 00:33:00,633 | 00:33:02,943 | They've discovered numerous metal ingots, | They've discovered numerous metal ingots, |
686 | 00:33:02,967 | 00:33:05,267 | some of which are solid lead. | some of which are solid lead. |
687 | 00:33:06,467 | 00:33:08,176 | These would have been very valuable | These would have been very valuable |
688 | 00:33:08,200 | 00:33:11,300 | and vital for industry and warfare. | and vital for industry and warfare. |
689 | 00:33:12,133 | 00:33:15,343 | This is the first time I've seen these ingots, | This is the first time I've seen these ingots, |
690 | 00:33:15,367 | 00:33:19,343 | and these are, one, extremely heavy. | and these are, one, extremely heavy. |
691 | 00:33:19,367 | 00:33:21,876 | Just get a load of that. | Just get a load of that. |
692 | 00:33:21,900 | 00:33:23,576 | - No I can't. Sorry. - I can't lift that. | - No I can't. Sorry. - I can't lift that. |
693 | 00:33:23,600 | 00:33:25,376 | We've got three of a cargo | We've got three of a cargo |
694 | 00:33:25,400 | 00:33:30,376 | of potentially 2,000 of these ingots. | of potentially 2,000 of these ingots. |
695 | 00:33:30,400 | 00:33:32,243 | Imagine 2,000 of those in a ship. | Imagine 2,000 of those in a ship. |
696 | 00:33:32,267 | 00:33:34,843 | That is a robust vessel. | That is a robust vessel. |
697 | 00:33:34,867 | 00:33:37,109 | But some of the most moving objects | But some of the most moving objects |
698 | 00:33:37,133 | 00:33:39,833 | are those that tell us about the ship's crew. | are those that tell us about the ship's crew. |
699 | 00:33:41,100 | 00:33:44,676 | The small metal finds associated with the concretions | The small metal finds associated with the concretions |
700 | 00:33:44,700 | 00:33:46,676 | I think have been particularly exciting. | I think have been particularly exciting. |
701 | 00:33:46,700 | 00:33:50,043 | We have a couple of spoons, silver spoons, tableware, | We have a couple of spoons, silver spoons, tableware, |
702 | 00:33:50,067 | 00:33:51,676 | possibly from the captain's table. | possibly from the captain's table. |
703 | 00:33:51,700 | 00:33:53,709 | They're fairly high-status objects. | They're fairly high-status objects. |
704 | 00:33:53,733 | 00:33:55,873 | So what do you make of this? | So what do you make of this? |
705 | 00:33:56,667 | 00:34:00,443 | Wow, is this a candleholder? | Wow, is this a candleholder? |
706 | 00:34:00,467 | 00:34:03,267 | The other possibility is a salt holder. | The other possibility is a salt holder. |
707 | 00:34:04,300 | 00:34:07,409 | The intriguing finds which the team at UCL | The intriguing finds which the team at UCL |
708 | 00:34:07,433 | 00:34:10,343 | carefully smashed out of those concretions | carefully smashed out of those concretions |
709 | 00:34:10,367 | 00:34:14,643 | provide us with a snapshot into bustling Tudor London. | provide us with a snapshot into bustling Tudor London. |
710 | 00:34:14,667 | 00:34:17,043 | You can just imagine the Gresham ship | You can just imagine the Gresham ship |
711 | 00:34:17,067 | 00:34:21,809 | sailing up the Thames laden down with iron, tin, and lead. | sailing up the Thames laden down with iron, tin, and lead. |
712 | 00:34:21,833 | 00:34:25,043 | These ships brought prosperity to the city, | These ships brought prosperity to the city, |
713 | 00:34:25,067 | 00:34:28,043 | and they fueled whole new sectors of the economy, | and they fueled whole new sectors of the economy, |
714 | 00:34:28,067 | 00:34:31,676 | like entertainment, which sprang up in a big way | like entertainment, which sprang up in a big way |
715 | 00:34:31,700 | 00:34:35,170 | to help Londoners spend their hard-earned cash. | to help Londoners spend their hard-earned cash. |
716 | 00:34:39,733 | 00:34:43,643 | This is Stratford-upon-Avon, the birthplace of a man | This is Stratford-upon-Avon, the birthplace of a man |
717 | 00:34:43,667 | 00:34:47,243 | who would directly benefit from London's new prosperity, | who would directly benefit from London's new prosperity, |
718 | 00:34:47,267 | 00:34:51,943 | our most celebrated playwright, William Shakespeare. | our most celebrated playwright, William Shakespeare. |
719 | 00:34:51,967 | 00:34:55,143 | His plays and poems are the most well-known | His plays and poems are the most well-known |
720 | 00:34:55,167 | 00:34:58,643 | and widely studied works of literature ever produced, | and widely studied works of literature ever produced, |
721 | 00:34:58,667 | 00:35:00,509 | and his legacy is immense. | and his legacy is immense. |
722 | 00:35:00,533 | 00:35:03,543 | Our everyday language is peppered with words | Our everyday language is peppered with words |
723 | 00:35:03,567 | 00:35:06,376 | and phrases from his writing. | and phrases from his writing. |
724 | 00:35:06,400 | 00:35:09,376 | But despite all that fame and influence, | But despite all that fame and influence, |
725 | 00:35:09,400 | 00:35:13,543 | the man himself remains an enigma. | the man himself remains an enigma. |
726 | 00:35:13,567 | 00:35:17,967 | Only a few fragments of evidence survive from his lifetime. | Only a few fragments of evidence survive from his lifetime. |
727 | 00:35:22,867 | 00:35:25,609 | This summer, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust | This summer, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust |
728 | 00:35:25,633 | 00:35:29,309 | are hoping that archaeology can shed some new light | are hoping that archaeology can shed some new light |
729 | 00:35:29,333 | 00:35:31,076 | on this remarkable man. | on this remarkable man. |
730 | 00:35:31,100 | 00:35:35,330 | They're digging at the site of his last home, New Place. | They're digging at the site of his last home, New Place. |
731 | 00:35:36,767 | 00:35:39,376 | We're nearly at the first stage. | We're nearly at the first stage. |
732 | 00:35:39,400 | 00:35:42,176 | Richard Kemp was involved in organizing the dig | Richard Kemp was involved in organizing the dig |
733 | 00:35:42,200 | 00:35:45,409 | and has brought me to the city's Guild Chapel. | and has brought me to the city's Guild Chapel. |
734 | 00:35:45,433 | 00:35:48,043 | This medieval church would have stood right next door | This medieval church would have stood right next door |
735 | 00:35:48,067 | 00:35:50,843 | to Shakespeare's house and today provides us | to Shakespeare's house and today provides us |
736 | 00:35:50,867 | 00:35:53,476 | with a fantastic bird's-eye view of the dig. | with a fantastic bird's-eye view of the dig. |
737 | 00:35:53,500 | 00:35:58,076 | Now, Shakespeare's house basically occupied this space. | Now, Shakespeare's house basically occupied this space. |
738 | 00:35:58,100 | 00:36:00,176 | So what would the house have been like? | So what would the house have been like? |
739 | 00:36:00,200 | 00:36:03,276 | Well, according to the historic sources that we've got, | Well, according to the historic sources that we've got, |
740 | 00:36:03,300 | 00:36:06,343 | we've got a C-shaped house around an open courtyard. | we've got a C-shaped house around an open courtyard. |
741 | 00:36:06,367 | 00:36:07,476 | But there's not much evidence | But there's not much evidence |
742 | 00:36:07,500 | 00:36:09,176 | of this C-shaped house at the moment. | of this C-shaped house at the moment. |
743 | 00:36:09,200 | 00:36:10,843 | No, there isn't because | No, there isn't because |
744 | 00:36:10,867 | 00:36:13,876 | the whole thing was knocked down in 1702 | the whole thing was knocked down in 1702 |
745 | 00:36:13,900 | 00:36:16,470 | by the construction of a Georgian mansion. | by the construction of a Georgian mansion. |
746 | 00:36:17,533 | 00:36:19,443 | The area at the back of the site | The area at the back of the site |
747 | 00:36:19,467 | 00:36:21,843 | is exciting the archaeologists because it's here | is exciting the archaeologists because it's here |
748 | 00:36:21,867 | 00:36:24,397 | that the house's rubbish would have been buried. | that the house's rubbish would have been buried. |
749 | 00:36:25,500 | 00:36:27,409 | There's a real mix or archaeology here, | There's a real mix or archaeology here, |
750 | 00:36:27,433 | 00:36:30,409 | and the team have found 14th-century pottery | and the team have found 14th-century pottery |
751 | 00:36:30,433 | 00:36:33,473 | right next to 18th-century rubbish. | right next to 18th-century rubbish. |
752 | 00:36:34,067 | 00:36:36,343 | An intriguing feature has emerged, | An intriguing feature has emerged, |
753 | 00:36:36,367 | 00:36:39,267 | a large mysterious pit. | a large mysterious pit. |
754 | 00:36:40,067 | 00:36:42,443 | Kevin Colls, the lead archaeologist on site, | Kevin Colls, the lead archaeologist on site, |
755 | 00:36:42,467 | 00:36:46,567 | and Richard have conflicting theories as to what this is. | and Richard have conflicting theories as to what this is. |
756 | 00:36:47,433 | 00:36:48,709 | I think it's a pit | I think it's a pit |
757 | 00:36:48,733 | 00:36:50,643 | that's obviously been used to burn something, | that's obviously been used to burn something, |
758 | 00:36:50,667 | 00:36:53,776 | and we're digging it out now to see if we can find the bottom, | and we're digging it out now to see if we can find the bottom, |
759 | 00:36:53,800 | 00:36:55,443 | where hopefully there's charcoal | where hopefully there's charcoal |
760 | 00:36:55,467 | 00:36:59,076 | and lots and lots of burning that we can find evidence for. | and lots and lots of burning that we can find evidence for. |
761 | 00:36:59,100 | 00:37:01,643 | Richard has a more intriguing theory. | Richard has a more intriguing theory. |
762 | 00:37:01,667 | 00:37:04,043 | He thinks it's a filled-in well. | He thinks it's a filled-in well. |
763 | 00:37:04,067 | 00:37:08,343 | If it is a well, it goes deeper, and the stuff's waterlogged. | If it is a well, it goes deeper, and the stuff's waterlogged. |
764 | 00:37:08,367 | 00:37:11,209 | When it's waterlogged, you get even more evidence preserved, | When it's waterlogged, you get even more evidence preserved, |
765 | 00:37:11,233 | 00:37:13,743 | all the organics like socks. | all the organics like socks. |
766 | 00:37:13,767 | 00:37:15,209 | I want to find Shakespeare's sock. | I want to find Shakespeare's sock. |
767 | 00:37:15,233 | 00:37:18,043 | I so want to find Shakespeare's socks and shoes | I so want to find Shakespeare's socks and shoes |
768 | 00:37:18,067 | 00:37:22,243 | and stuff that gets thrown away and normally rots down. | and stuff that gets thrown away and normally rots down. |
769 | 00:37:22,267 | 00:37:24,143 | Yeah, I suppose we're familiar with the idea | Yeah, I suppose we're familiar with the idea |
770 | 00:37:24,167 | 00:37:25,676 | that things survive in peat bogs, | that things survive in peat bogs, |
771 | 00:37:25,700 | 00:37:27,943 | but equally well, things might survive in the bottom of a well. | but equally well, things might survive in the bottom of a well. |
772 | 00:37:27,967 | 00:37:29,376 | Exactly, exactly. | Exactly, exactly. |
773 | 00:37:29,400 | 00:37:32,409 | Now, maybe this is just a pit, but if it is a well, | Now, maybe this is just a pit, but if it is a well, |
774 | 00:37:32,433 | 00:37:33,643 | it will take the team a while | it will take the team a while |
775 | 00:37:33,667 | 00:37:35,409 | to get down to the waterlogged levels, | to get down to the waterlogged levels, |
776 | 00:37:35,433 | 00:37:38,573 | where there could be surviving Tudor rubbish. | where there could be surviving Tudor rubbish. |
777 | 00:37:39,367 | 00:37:40,943 | Have you ever done any archaeology before? | Have you ever done any archaeology before? |
778 | 00:37:40,967 | 00:37:42,609 | - No. - Are you enjoying it? | - No. - Are you enjoying it? |
779 | 00:37:42,633 | 00:37:45,303 | Oh, I love it, I love it. It's absolutely wonderful. | Oh, I love it, I love it. It's absolutely wonderful. |
780 | 00:37:46,400 | 00:37:48,276 | Just being here, you really get a sense | Just being here, you really get a sense |
781 | 00:37:48,300 | 00:37:51,509 | of the excitement and passion of everyone on site, | of the excitement and passion of everyone on site, |
782 | 00:37:51,533 | 00:37:54,676 | all hoping to find something Shakespearean. | all hoping to find something Shakespearean. |
783 | 00:37:54,700 | 00:37:56,909 | We don't do pot washing all the time. | We don't do pot washing all the time. |
784 | 00:37:56,933 | 00:37:58,743 | We do trowling, as well. | We do trowling, as well. |
785 | 00:37:58,767 | 00:38:01,176 | But you can say "finds processing." | But you can say "finds processing." |
786 | 00:38:01,200 | 00:38:05,043 | That always sounds better than washing pots with toothbrushes. | That always sounds better than washing pots with toothbrushes. |
787 | 00:38:05,067 | 00:38:07,067 | Yes, yes, yes, it certainly does. | Yes, yes, yes, it certainly does. |
788 | 00:38:08,467 | 00:38:10,909 | It pretty much gets no better than this, really. | It pretty much gets no better than this, really. |
789 | 00:38:10,933 | 00:38:13,576 | You normally dig sites which are Roman or Iron Age, | You normally dig sites which are Roman or Iron Age, |
790 | 00:38:13,600 | 00:38:16,409 | and you can't really put yourself into the shoes | and you can't really put yourself into the shoes |
791 | 00:38:16,433 | 00:38:19,209 | of the people who lived and worked on that site. | of the people who lived and worked on that site. |
792 | 00:38:19,233 | 00:38:21,076 | But the archaeology of this particular site | But the archaeology of this particular site |
793 | 00:38:21,100 | 00:38:24,576 | is just all about one man, and it's his life and times, | is just all about one man, and it's his life and times, |
794 | 00:38:24,600 | 00:38:27,643 | and you can really begin to feel you're linking to the person | and you can really begin to feel you're linking to the person |
795 | 00:38:27,667 | 00:38:29,643 | as we're excavating down through material | as we're excavating down through material |
796 | 00:38:29,667 | 00:38:32,443 | which he would have walked on or threw away. | which he would have walked on or threw away. |
797 | 00:38:32,467 | 00:38:33,143 | Yeah. | Yeah. |
798 | 00:38:33,167 | 00:38:34,543 | Kevin and the team | Kevin and the team |
799 | 00:38:34,567 | 00:38:37,076 | have already made some fascinating discoveries. | have already made some fascinating discoveries. |
800 | 00:38:37,100 | 00:38:39,909 | We've got this stone roof tile here | We've got this stone roof tile here |
801 | 00:38:39,933 | 00:38:42,043 | with the hole where the nail would have been | with the hole where the nail would have been |
802 | 00:38:42,067 | 00:38:43,643 | to hold it in place. | to hold it in place. |
803 | 00:38:43,667 | 00:38:44,843 | And that begins to build a picture | And that begins to build a picture |
804 | 00:38:44,867 | 00:38:46,543 | of what the building may have looked like, | of what the building may have looked like, |
805 | 00:38:46,567 | 00:38:50,276 | so you've got fantastic yellow stone tiles on the top. | so you've got fantastic yellow stone tiles on the top. |
806 | 00:38:50,300 | 00:38:53,809 | We're also finding more sort of domestic household objects. | We're also finding more sort of domestic household objects. |
807 | 00:38:53,833 | 00:38:55,176 | - Is that a plug? - It is a plug. | - Is that a plug? - It is a plug. |
808 | 00:38:55,200 | 00:38:57,609 | It is indeed, a copper plug. | It is indeed, a copper plug. |
809 | 00:38:57,633 | 00:39:00,643 | Then we move on to more Tudor pottery now, | Then we move on to more Tudor pottery now, |
810 | 00:39:00,667 | 00:39:04,409 | so you've got this green-glaze Tudor cooking pot | so you've got this green-glaze Tudor cooking pot |
811 | 00:39:04,433 | 00:39:06,809 | with burning on the bottom. | with burning on the bottom. |
812 | 00:39:06,833 | 00:39:09,709 | So this was... this pot was put over heat. | So this was... this pot was put over heat. |
813 | 00:39:09,733 | 00:39:12,309 | This was used, yes, exactly, exactly. | This was used, yes, exactly, exactly. |
814 | 00:39:12,333 | 00:39:13,609 | You can see it's... Yeah, you can see the edge | You can see it's... Yeah, you can see the edge |
815 | 00:39:13,633 | 00:39:15,143 | coming up there almost like a skillet. | coming up there almost like a skillet. |
816 | 00:39:15,167 | 00:39:16,443 | Exactly, like a frying pan, | Exactly, like a frying pan, |
817 | 00:39:16,467 | 00:39:18,209 | and that's perfectly in line | and that's perfectly in line |
818 | 00:39:18,233 | 00:39:20,276 | with the sort of 16th-century date | with the sort of 16th-century date |
819 | 00:39:20,300 | 00:39:21,376 | that we're looking for, really. | that we're looking for, really. |
820 | 00:39:21,400 | 00:39:22,676 | Could have been used by Shakespeare. | Could have been used by Shakespeare. |
821 | 00:39:22,700 | 00:39:24,176 | You could be holding something that's been touched | You could be holding something that's been touched |
822 | 00:39:24,200 | 00:39:25,700 | by William Shakespeare, yeah. | by William Shakespeare, yeah. |
823 | 00:39:30,933 | 00:39:32,843 | Shakespeare only lived here at New Place | Shakespeare only lived here at New Place |
824 | 00:39:32,867 | 00:39:34,409 | for around 20 years. | for around 20 years. |
825 | 00:39:34,433 | 00:39:37,643 | Archaeologically speaking, finding traces of him | Archaeologically speaking, finding traces of him |
826 | 00:39:37,667 | 00:39:40,276 | is going to be like looking for a needle in a haystack. | is going to be like looking for a needle in a haystack. |
827 | 00:39:40,300 | 00:39:45,543 | But nevertheless, it's so exciting to be able dig here, | But nevertheless, it's so exciting to be able dig here, |
828 | 00:39:45,567 | 00:39:47,709 | where we know he lived | where we know he lived |
829 | 00:39:47,733 | 00:39:51,376 | and where we imagine we might be able to get a closer glimpse | and where we imagine we might be able to get a closer glimpse |
830 | 00:39:51,400 | 00:39:53,230 | of the Bard himself. | of the Bard himself. |
831 | 00:39:56,667 | 00:39:59,709 | This site was first dug by the Victorians | This site was first dug by the Victorians |
832 | 00:39:59,733 | 00:40:01,509 | in a time before archaeology | in a time before archaeology |
833 | 00:40:01,533 | 00:40:03,833 | was a rigorous modern discipline. | was a rigorous modern discipline. |
834 | 00:40:04,567 | 00:40:08,376 | Rather intriguingly, they built a number of puzzling walls | Rather intriguingly, they built a number of puzzling walls |
835 | 00:40:08,400 | 00:40:12,330 | and sealed brick boxes to preserve what they found. | and sealed brick boxes to preserve what they found. |
836 | 00:40:15,467 | 00:40:17,709 | You can feel the buzz of anticipation | You can feel the buzz of anticipation |
837 | 00:40:17,733 | 00:40:20,533 | as the team prepare to open one of these boxes. | as the team prepare to open one of these boxes. |
838 | 00:40:22,467 | 00:40:25,009 | Here we are basically excavating the cellar area. | Here we are basically excavating the cellar area. |
839 | 00:40:25,033 | 00:40:27,709 | There's all these almost brick boxes, | There's all these almost brick boxes, |
840 | 00:40:27,733 | 00:40:30,143 | so we're just about to open the last one of them | so we're just about to open the last one of them |
841 | 00:40:30,167 | 00:40:32,609 | and see what we can find. | and see what we can find. |
842 | 00:40:32,633 | 00:40:34,103 | It's really exciting! | It's really exciting! |
843 | 00:40:36,167 | 00:40:38,209 | So it's like the opening of Tutankhamen's tomb. | So it's like the opening of Tutankhamen's tomb. |
844 | 00:40:38,233 | 00:40:39,676 | Almost. Almost. | Almost. Almost. |
845 | 00:40:39,700 | 00:40:41,509 | I know how Howard Carter felt. | I know how Howard Carter felt. |
846 | 00:40:41,533 | 00:40:43,376 | That's the side, I should think. | That's the side, I should think. |
847 | 00:40:43,400 | 00:40:46,309 | It's thrilling to think that after 150 years | It's thrilling to think that after 150 years |
848 | 00:40:46,333 | 00:40:48,976 | its contents will be revealed. | its contents will be revealed. |
849 | 00:40:49,000 | 00:40:51,409 | Ah. | Ah. |
850 | 00:40:51,433 | 00:40:52,976 | Snails have got in there. | Snails have got in there. |
851 | 00:40:53,000 | 00:40:54,309 | Snails. | Snails. |
852 | 00:40:54,333 | 00:40:57,509 | Well, not exactly like Tutankhamen's tomb, | Well, not exactly like Tutankhamen's tomb, |
853 | 00:40:57,533 | 00:40:59,573 | but there is something else in here. | but there is something else in here. |
854 | 00:41:01,067 | 00:41:02,876 | That's interesting. | That's interesting. |
855 | 00:41:02,900 | 00:41:06,143 | So, Kevin, what do you think we've got here? | So, Kevin, what do you think we've got here? |
856 | 00:41:06,167 | 00:41:09,676 | What I think we've got here is 1702 cellar walls | What I think we've got here is 1702 cellar walls |
857 | 00:41:09,700 | 00:41:12,043 | of the property that replaced Shakespeare's house | of the property that replaced Shakespeare's house |
858 | 00:41:12,067 | 00:41:13,043 | on this site. | on this site. |
859 | 00:41:13,067 | 00:41:14,509 | Whether any of these bricks | Whether any of these bricks |
860 | 00:41:14,533 | 00:41:17,609 | are reused from Shakespeare's house, we'll have to look at. | are reused from Shakespeare's house, we'll have to look at. |
861 | 00:41:17,633 | 00:41:20,409 | So these could be Tudor bricks, but they've been reused? | So these could be Tudor bricks, but they've been reused? |
862 | 00:41:20,433 | 00:41:23,209 | Yes, basically the thinness of these bricks | Yes, basically the thinness of these bricks |
863 | 00:41:23,233 | 00:41:25,309 | seem to suggest that these are quite old, | seem to suggest that these are quite old, |
864 | 00:41:25,333 | 00:41:28,309 | so these might be 16th-century bricks, Tudor bricks. | so these might be 16th-century bricks, Tudor bricks. |
865 | 00:41:28,333 | 00:41:30,943 | It definitely feels like we're getting closer, | It definitely feels like we're getting closer, |
866 | 00:41:30,967 | 00:41:33,809 | but Shakespeare seems to be just out of reach | but Shakespeare seems to be just out of reach |
867 | 00:41:33,833 | 00:41:34,873 | here at the dig. | here at the dig. |
868 | 00:41:39,700 | 00:41:43,709 | Shakespeare didn't leave much evidence behind for historians. | Shakespeare didn't leave much evidence behind for historians. |
869 | 00:41:43,733 | 00:41:46,043 | So the few documents that survive | So the few documents that survive |
870 | 00:41:46,067 | 00:41:48,476 | have proved vital in piecing together | have proved vital in piecing together |
871 | 00:41:48,500 | 00:41:51,530 | what little we do actually know about his life. | what little we do actually know about his life. |
872 | 00:41:52,400 | 00:41:55,609 | I've come to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust archives | I've come to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust archives |
873 | 00:41:55,633 | 00:41:57,476 | to see a key piece of evidence | to see a key piece of evidence |
874 | 00:41:57,500 | 00:42:01,370 | that tells us both about New Place and the man himself. | that tells us both about New Place and the man himself. |
875 | 00:42:02,167 | 00:42:04,676 | Dr. Paul Edmondson is a leading authority | Dr. Paul Edmondson is a leading authority |
876 | 00:42:04,700 | 00:42:07,743 | on Shakespeare's life and works. | on Shakespeare's life and works. |
877 | 00:42:07,767 | 00:42:09,876 | This is known as the New Place fine, | This is known as the New Place fine, |
878 | 00:42:09,900 | 00:42:11,076 | and it established | and it established |
879 | 00:42:11,100 | 00:42:14,309 | Shakespeare's legal entitlement to the property, | Shakespeare's legal entitlement to the property, |
880 | 00:42:14,333 | 00:42:16,909 | which Shakespeare paid £60 for. | which Shakespeare paid £60 for. |
881 | 00:42:16,933 | 00:42:20,843 | And because the purchase deed was usually half the cost | And because the purchase deed was usually half the cost |
882 | 00:42:20,867 | 00:42:23,676 | of the overall property, | of the overall property, |
883 | 00:42:23,700 | 00:42:27,276 | we suspect that therefore Shakespeare paid £120 | we suspect that therefore Shakespeare paid £120 |
884 | 00:42:27,300 | 00:42:29,043 | - for New Place. - That must have been | - for New Place. - That must have been |
885 | 00:42:29,067 | 00:42:30,443 | a decent amount of money back then. | a decent amount of money back then. |
886 | 00:42:30,467 | 00:42:32,043 | Quite a lot in those days. | Quite a lot in those days. |
887 | 00:42:32,067 | 00:42:36,076 | Just remember that a schoolmaster at that time | Just remember that a schoolmaster at that time |
888 | 00:42:36,100 | 00:42:38,709 | earned £20 a year. | earned £20 a year. |
889 | 00:42:38,733 | 00:42:42,143 | It just kind of gives you the scale of the investment. | It just kind of gives you the scale of the investment. |
890 | 00:42:42,167 | 00:42:46,243 | And a kind of juicy fact about this particular purchase | And a kind of juicy fact about this particular purchase |
891 | 00:42:46,267 | 00:42:50,143 | is that the person who lived there before Shakespeare | is that the person who lived there before Shakespeare |
892 | 00:42:50,167 | 00:42:53,243 | was murdered by his son Fulke Underhill, | was murdered by his son Fulke Underhill, |
893 | 00:42:53,267 | 00:42:54,676 | - who was executed at Warwick. - Really? | - who was executed at Warwick. - Really? |
894 | 00:42:54,700 | 00:42:59,376 | Yeah, and the surviving son, Hercules Underhill... | Yeah, and the surviving son, Hercules Underhill... |
895 | 00:42:59,400 | 00:43:01,376 | - Fantastic name. - Isn't that fantastic? | - Fantastic name. - Isn't that fantastic? |
896 | 00:43:01,400 | 00:43:04,809 | ...is the one who's involved in this purchase deed. | ...is the one who's involved in this purchase deed. |
897 | 00:43:04,833 | 00:43:08,143 | It's the biggest privately owned residence in Stratford. | It's the biggest privately owned residence in Stratford. |
898 | 00:43:08,167 | 00:43:11,376 | Yeah, and, Paul, even though this isn't a document | Yeah, and, Paul, even though this isn't a document |
899 | 00:43:11,400 | 00:43:13,643 | that Shakespeare wrote himself, | that Shakespeare wrote himself, |
900 | 00:43:13,667 | 00:43:16,643 | we can imagine that he would have held it in his hand. | we can imagine that he would have held it in his hand. |
901 | 00:43:16,667 | 00:43:18,076 | Oh, absolutely. | Oh, absolutely. |
902 | 00:43:18,100 | 00:43:20,043 | He saved money on it, too, | He saved money on it, too, |
903 | 00:43:20,067 | 00:43:22,076 | because you'll notice that there's a space here | because you'll notice that there's a space here |
904 | 00:43:22,100 | 00:43:25,109 | for a grand capital letter which has never been filled in, | for a grand capital letter which has never been filled in, |
905 | 00:43:25,133 | 00:43:27,809 | 'cause it would have been more money, which is good to know. | 'cause it would have been more money, which is good to know. |
906 | 00:43:27,833 | 00:43:30,533 | "Paid my 60 quid. That's enough. Thanks very much." | "Paid my 60 quid. That's enough. Thanks very much." |
907 | 00:43:32,067 | 00:43:34,043 | Well, the team haven't found anything | Well, the team haven't found anything |
908 | 00:43:34,067 | 00:43:35,643 | that can change our understanding of Shakespeare | that can change our understanding of Shakespeare |
909 | 00:43:35,667 | 00:43:37,209 | just yet. | just yet. |
910 | 00:43:37,233 | 00:43:40,276 | But I do feel I've got a sense of this man, | But I do feel I've got a sense of this man, |
911 | 00:43:40,300 | 00:43:42,930 | his wealth, and his thriftiness. | his wealth, and his thriftiness. |
912 | 00:43:51,900 | 00:43:53,476 | And there's another place | And there's another place |
913 | 00:43:53,500 | 00:43:56,570 | where clues about his life can be found. | where clues about his life can be found. |
914 | 00:44:02,867 | 00:44:04,676 | Like many young men of his time, | Like many young men of his time, |
915 | 00:44:04,700 | 00:44:06,876 | Shakespeare left his home in the provinces | Shakespeare left his home in the provinces |
916 | 00:44:06,900 | 00:44:09,876 | and came here to London to seek his fortune. | and came here to London to seek his fortune. |
917 | 00:44:09,900 | 00:44:12,543 | The streets weren't exactly paved with gold, | The streets weren't exactly paved with gold, |
918 | 00:44:12,567 | 00:44:16,209 | but nevertheless, it was here in the thriving city | but nevertheless, it was here in the thriving city |
919 | 00:44:16,233 | 00:44:18,073 | that he made his name. | that he made his name. |
920 | 00:44:19,567 | 00:44:22,443 | We've already seen Shakespeare's earliest theater | We've already seen Shakespeare's earliest theater |
921 | 00:44:22,467 | 00:44:23,809 | being excavated. | being excavated. |
922 | 00:44:23,833 | 00:44:25,243 | But discoveries at the Rose | But discoveries at the Rose |
923 | 00:44:25,267 | 00:44:28,543 | and the Globe playhouses in the late 1980s, | and the Globe playhouses in the late 1980s, |
924 | 00:44:28,567 | 00:44:30,543 | have helped build a picture of the world | have helped build a picture of the world |
925 | 00:44:30,567 | 00:44:32,697 | in which he lived and worked. | in which he lived and worked. |
926 | 00:44:34,367 | 00:44:36,709 | This very ordinary-looking building | This very ordinary-looking building |
927 | 00:44:36,733 | 00:44:40,343 | contains an extraordinary archaeological collection. | contains an extraordinary archaeological collection. |
928 | 00:44:40,367 | 00:44:43,376 | It's the Museum of London's archives, | It's the Museum of London's archives, |
929 | 00:44:43,400 | 00:44:46,043 | and it's the largest stores of its kind in Europe, | and it's the largest stores of its kind in Europe, |
930 | 00:44:46,067 | 00:44:50,443 | housing over 750,000 individual objects, | housing over 750,000 individual objects, |
931 | 00:44:50,467 | 00:44:55,543 | including those found at the Rose and the Globe playhouses. | including those found at the Rose and the Globe playhouses. |
932 | 00:44:55,567 | 00:44:57,576 | I'm here to see Julian Bowsher, | I'm here to see Julian Bowsher, |
933 | 00:44:57,600 | 00:45:00,600 | who has led the research into these playhouses. | who has led the research into these playhouses. |
934 | 00:45:01,700 | 00:45:03,876 | Julian, we meet again. | Julian, we meet again. |
935 | 00:45:03,900 | 00:45:05,043 | - Alice, how are you? - Hello. | - Alice, how are you? - Hello. |
936 | 00:45:05,067 | 00:45:06,067 | Good to see you again. | Good to see you again. |
937 | 00:45:06,733 | 00:45:09,109 | Through this labyrinthine area. | Through this labyrinthine area. |
938 | 00:45:09,133 | 00:45:12,709 | Here, finds from across London are brought to be washed, | Here, finds from across London are brought to be washed, |
939 | 00:45:12,733 | 00:45:15,176 | dried, and cataloged. | dried, and cataloged. |
940 | 00:45:15,200 | 00:45:18,276 | The same system was used for the thousands of finds | The same system was used for the thousands of finds |
941 | 00:45:18,300 | 00:45:19,843 | from the Rose and Globe digs. | from the Rose and Globe digs. |
942 | 00:45:19,867 | 00:45:22,809 | ...come in here, where it'll get dried out. | ...come in here, where it'll get dried out. |
943 | 00:45:22,833 | 00:45:25,676 | After 20 years' work, Julian and his team | After 20 years' work, Julian and his team |
944 | 00:45:25,700 | 00:45:27,576 | have just published their findings. | have just published their findings. |
945 | 00:45:27,600 | 00:45:30,643 | The artifacts recovered offer us fascinating clues | The artifacts recovered offer us fascinating clues |
946 | 00:45:30,667 | 00:45:32,827 | about life in Shakespeare's theaters. | about life in Shakespeare's theaters. |
947 | 00:45:33,700 | 00:45:35,643 | Well, the interesting thing, really, about the playhouse | Well, the interesting thing, really, about the playhouse |
948 | 00:45:35,667 | 00:45:37,809 | is that it's the beginning of modern theater. | is that it's the beginning of modern theater. |
949 | 00:45:37,833 | 00:45:40,109 | These are purpose-built venues, | These are purpose-built venues, |
950 | 00:45:40,133 | 00:45:41,809 | and you had to go through a door and pay money. | and you had to go through a door and pay money. |
951 | 00:45:41,833 | 00:45:43,443 | And this is what you paid. | And this is what you paid. |
952 | 00:45:43,467 | 00:45:45,709 | You paid a penny to get in to the main door | You paid a penny to get in to the main door |
953 | 00:45:45,733 | 00:45:47,576 | so you could stand in the center. | so you could stand in the center. |
954 | 00:45:47,600 | 00:45:48,876 | Or you could pay another penny | Or you could pay another penny |
955 | 00:45:48,900 | 00:45:51,043 | to get into the galleries around the edge | to get into the galleries around the edge |
956 | 00:45:51,067 | 00:45:52,609 | and a third one to sit at the top, | and a third one to sit at the top, |
957 | 00:45:52,633 | 00:45:53,943 | where you get the best view. | where you get the best view. |
958 | 00:45:53,967 | 00:45:58,309 | So they all went into one of these ceramic money boxes, | So they all went into one of these ceramic money boxes, |
959 | 00:45:58,333 | 00:46:00,176 | of which we've just got the lid. | of which we've just got the lid. |
960 | 00:46:00,200 | 00:46:02,109 | So this would have been a completely sealed pot? | So this would have been a completely sealed pot? |
961 | 00:46:02,133 | 00:46:04,776 | Oh, yes, like piggy banks, so you've got a little slot | Oh, yes, like piggy banks, so you've got a little slot |
962 | 00:46:04,800 | 00:46:08,243 | in the side there where the coin's going to go, | in the side there where the coin's going to go, |
963 | 00:46:08,267 | 00:46:09,609 | and at the end of the day, | and at the end of the day, |
964 | 00:46:09,633 | 00:46:12,043 | they would have gone back to the sort of management area, | they would have gone back to the sort of management area, |
965 | 00:46:12,067 | 00:46:14,609 | if you like, which is where they were smashed. | if you like, which is where they were smashed. |
966 | 00:46:14,633 | 00:46:15,943 | That's why we have the pieces. | That's why we have the pieces. |
967 | 00:46:15,967 | 00:46:17,643 | And the whole lot, all the money, | And the whole lot, all the money, |
968 | 00:46:17,667 | 00:46:20,409 | emptied into a box, and that's the box office. | emptied into a box, and that's the box office. |
969 | 00:46:20,433 | 00:46:22,576 | And is that where we get the term "box office" from, then? | And is that where we get the term "box office" from, then? |
970 | 00:46:22,600 | 00:46:25,209 | Absolutely. Yes, yes. Yes. | Absolutely. Yes, yes. Yes. |
971 | 00:46:25,233 | 00:46:27,509 | So a lot of the other evidence we're looking for | So a lot of the other evidence we're looking for |
972 | 00:46:27,533 | 00:46:30,243 | is what people are consuming inside the building. | is what people are consuming inside the building. |
973 | 00:46:30,267 | 00:46:34,109 | We know about people who'd have the kind of usherette's tray | We know about people who'd have the kind of usherette's tray |
974 | 00:46:34,133 | 00:46:37,409 | of pints of beer, even, bottled beer. | of pints of beer, even, bottled beer. |
975 | 00:46:37,433 | 00:46:41,509 | And here we've got one of the most common comestibles | And here we've got one of the most common comestibles |
976 | 00:46:41,533 | 00:46:43,309 | that they've got, hazelnuts, | that they've got, hazelnuts, |
977 | 00:46:43,333 | 00:46:46,343 | found underneath the galleries 'round the edge. | found underneath the galleries 'round the edge. |
978 | 00:46:46,367 | 00:46:48,676 | So these hazelnuts are the popcorn | So these hazelnuts are the popcorn |
979 | 00:46:48,700 | 00:46:50,643 | and peanuts of the Tudor era? | and peanuts of the Tudor era? |
980 | 00:46:50,667 | 00:46:52,443 | It's the Tudor popcorn. | It's the Tudor popcorn. |
981 | 00:46:52,467 | 00:46:54,909 | And, of course, the other new comestible | And, of course, the other new comestible |
982 | 00:46:54,933 | 00:46:58,603 | that we find in the theaters is the evil weed. | that we find in the theaters is the evil weed. |
983 | 00:46:59,433 | 00:47:01,709 | Tobacco, that'd only been brought to Britain | Tobacco, that'd only been brought to Britain |
984 | 00:47:01,733 | 00:47:05,076 | about 30 years before in the 1550s or so. | about 30 years before in the 1550s or so. |
985 | 00:47:05,100 | 00:47:09,276 | And these very typical Tudor pipes. | And these very typical Tudor pipes. |
986 | 00:47:09,300 | 00:47:10,743 | They're all very tiny | They're all very tiny |
987 | 00:47:10,767 | 00:47:13,209 | because I think it's probably related to the price of tobacco. | because I think it's probably related to the price of tobacco. |
988 | 00:47:13,233 | 00:47:15,309 | - Right. - You can't fit much in there. | - Right. - You can't fit much in there. |
989 | 00:47:15,333 | 00:47:17,443 | So this is the new fad? | So this is the new fad? |
990 | 00:47:17,467 | 00:47:19,776 | It is, and certainly quite popular. | It is, and certainly quite popular. |
991 | 00:47:19,800 | 00:47:22,576 | As well as objects associated with the audience, | As well as objects associated with the audience, |
992 | 00:47:22,600 | 00:47:26,543 | some of the finds might relate to the actors themselves. | some of the finds might relate to the actors themselves. |
993 | 00:47:26,567 | 00:47:28,343 | This is a brush. | This is a brush. |
994 | 00:47:28,367 | 00:47:32,176 | A very tiny, delicate brush made of bone, | A very tiny, delicate brush made of bone, |
995 | 00:47:32,200 | 00:47:33,909 | a nice little bone handle, | a nice little bone handle, |
996 | 00:47:33,933 | 00:47:37,309 | with just a fragment of its bristles left. | with just a fragment of its bristles left. |
997 | 00:47:37,333 | 00:47:39,909 | The exciting thing about this is it's just the sort of brush | The exciting thing about this is it's just the sort of brush |
998 | 00:47:39,933 | 00:47:42,709 | that actors would use for makeup, | that actors would use for makeup, |
999 | 00:47:42,733 | 00:47:44,176 | and don't forget that Shakespeare | and don't forget that Shakespeare |
1000 | 00:47:44,200 | 00:47:45,876 | was an actor, as well. | was an actor, as well. |
1001 | 00:47:45,900 | 00:47:49,209 | So we're looking at Shakespeare and his fellows | So we're looking at Shakespeare and his fellows |
1002 | 00:47:49,233 | 00:47:52,209 | probably rushing off to do the final bit of makeup | probably rushing off to do the final bit of makeup |
1003 | 00:47:52,233 | 00:47:53,773 | before walking onto the stage. | before walking onto the stage. |
1004 | 00:47:54,633 | 00:47:56,109 | Which is really rather nice. | Which is really rather nice. |
1005 | 00:47:56,133 | 00:47:57,943 | Isn't that lovely? | Isn't that lovely? |
1006 | 00:47:57,967 | 00:48:00,276 | But these stores also contain evidence | But these stores also contain evidence |
1007 | 00:48:00,300 | 00:48:03,076 | of Elizabethan London's darker side. | of Elizabethan London's darker side. |
1008 | 00:48:03,100 | 00:48:05,743 | Outside the city walls, prostitution, gambling, | Outside the city walls, prostitution, gambling, |
1009 | 00:48:05,767 | 00:48:09,176 | and brutal blood sports were commonplace. | and brutal blood sports were commonplace. |
1010 | 00:48:09,200 | 00:48:12,409 | Next to the playhouses on Bankside, | Next to the playhouses on Bankside, |
1011 | 00:48:12,433 | 00:48:13,876 | there were animal-baiting pits. | there were animal-baiting pits. |
1012 | 00:48:13,900 | 00:48:15,343 | So right alongside the playhouses? | So right alongside the playhouses? |
1013 | 00:48:15,367 | 00:48:16,709 | Yeah, next to the playhouses. | Yeah, next to the playhouses. |
1014 | 00:48:16,733 | 00:48:19,709 | And they had bears, horses that were being baited | And they had bears, horses that were being baited |
1015 | 00:48:19,733 | 00:48:23,343 | by very powerful mastiff dogs like this. | by very powerful mastiff dogs like this. |
1016 | 00:48:23,367 | 00:48:26,609 | This was found in one of the bearbaiting rings | This was found in one of the bearbaiting rings |
1017 | 00:48:26,633 | 00:48:28,643 | next door to The Rose. | next door to The Rose. |
1018 | 00:48:28,667 | 00:48:31,909 | So do you think it would have been a different class of person | So do you think it would have been a different class of person |
1019 | 00:48:31,933 | 00:48:35,776 | that was going to the bearbaiting and the theater? | that was going to the bearbaiting and the theater? |
1020 | 00:48:35,800 | 00:48:37,309 | I'm afraid not. | I'm afraid not. |
1021 | 00:48:37,333 | 00:48:42,176 | They regarded it all as part of an afternoon's entertainment. | They regarded it all as part of an afternoon's entertainment. |
1022 | 00:48:42,200 | 00:48:45,643 | One of the interesting pieces we've found is a bone. | One of the interesting pieces we've found is a bone. |
1023 | 00:48:45,667 | 00:48:50,943 | It's a femur, the upper thigh bone of a European brown bear. | It's a femur, the upper thigh bone of a European brown bear. |
1024 | 00:48:50,967 | 00:48:55,343 | In fact, we've found teeth marks here | In fact, we've found teeth marks here |
1025 | 00:48:55,367 | 00:48:57,876 | which our four osteologists have identified | which our four osteologists have identified |
1026 | 00:48:57,900 | 00:49:00,643 | as precisely the sort of teeth made by a mastiff. | as precisely the sort of teeth made by a mastiff. |
1027 | 00:49:00,667 | 00:49:03,909 | And playhouses and the bearbaiting arenas | And playhouses and the bearbaiting arenas |
1028 | 00:49:03,933 | 00:49:06,043 | were outside the city. | were outside the city. |
1029 | 00:49:06,067 | 00:49:07,309 | The city was becoming | The city was becoming |
1030 | 00:49:07,333 | 00:49:11,443 | under increasingly puritanical jurisdiction, | under increasingly puritanical jurisdiction, |
1031 | 00:49:11,467 | 00:49:14,109 | and these sorts of activities were slightly frowned upon | and these sorts of activities were slightly frowned upon |
1032 | 00:49:14,133 | 00:49:15,776 | by the city fathers. | by the city fathers. |
1033 | 00:49:15,800 | 00:49:18,409 | So they're very much situated outside the city, | So they're very much situated outside the city, |
1034 | 00:49:18,433 | 00:49:20,376 | particularly in areas like Bankside. | particularly in areas like Bankside. |
1035 | 00:49:20,400 | 00:49:24,509 | The plays, the blood sports, the brothels, the drinking dens, | The plays, the blood sports, the brothels, the drinking dens, |
1036 | 00:49:24,533 | 00:49:26,209 | the gambling dens. | the gambling dens. |
1037 | 00:49:26,233 | 00:49:29,233 | - The seamier side of Tudor life. - Absolutely, yes. | - The seamier side of Tudor life. - Absolutely, yes. |
1038 | 00:49:34,267 | 00:49:35,643 | The archaeology of Tudor London | The archaeology of Tudor London |
1039 | 00:49:35,667 | 00:49:39,076 | gives us a real insight into the city during this period | gives us a real insight into the city during this period |
1040 | 00:49:39,100 | 00:49:41,243 | and allows us to peer more closely | and allows us to peer more closely |
1041 | 00:49:41,267 | 00:49:43,043 | at all levels of society, | at all levels of society, |
1042 | 00:49:43,067 | 00:49:45,909 | from kings and queens down to the ordinary people. | from kings and queens down to the ordinary people. |
1043 | 00:49:45,933 | 00:49:48,543 | It's like Shakespeare's plays in that respect. | It's like Shakespeare's plays in that respect. |
1044 | 00:49:48,567 | 00:49:51,209 | We get to peer inside the royal palaces | We get to peer inside the royal palaces |
1045 | 00:49:51,233 | 00:49:52,676 | and look at the rabble | and look at the rabble |
1046 | 00:49:52,700 | 00:49:56,300 | who attended the bearbaiting arenas and the playhouses. | who attended the bearbaiting arenas and the playhouses. |
1047 | 00:50:09,567 | 00:50:13,443 | The digs and dives I've visited across Britain this year | The digs and dives I've visited across Britain this year |
1048 | 00:50:13,467 | 00:50:16,743 | have allowed me to reach out and touch the men and women | have allowed me to reach out and touch the men and women |
1049 | 00:50:16,767 | 00:50:18,697 | who lived during the Tudor Age... | who lived during the Tudor Age... |
1050 | 00:50:19,600 | 00:50:21,976 | ...the wealthy monks, who once thrived | ...the wealthy monks, who once thrived |
1051 | 00:50:22,000 | 00:50:25,209 | in the now-desolate ruins of Strata Florida | in the now-desolate ruins of Strata Florida |
1052 | 00:50:25,233 | 00:50:28,303 | and suffered the full fury of Henry VIII... | and suffered the full fury of Henry VIII... |
1053 | 00:50:30,333 | 00:50:33,109 | ...the newly rich merchants and financiers | ...the newly rich merchants and financiers |
1054 | 00:50:33,133 | 00:50:35,009 | who sent ships and crews | who sent ships and crews |
1055 | 00:50:35,033 | 00:50:38,173 | to trade at the edges of the known world... | to trade at the edges of the known world... |
1056 | 00:50:39,467 | 00:50:43,009 | ...and the men who fought and died for their king, | ...and the men who fought and died for their king, |
1057 | 00:50:43,033 | 00:50:46,133 | as the Mary Rose went to the bottom of the sea... | as the Mary Rose went to the bottom of the sea... |
1058 | 00:50:49,000 | 00:50:51,743 | ...and, most thrillingly of all, | ...and, most thrillingly of all, |
1059 | 00:50:51,767 | 00:50:53,409 | Shakespeare himself. | Shakespeare himself. |
1060 | 00:50:53,433 | 00:50:56,133 | It does send a bit of a shiver down the spine, doesn't it? | It does send a bit of a shiver down the spine, doesn't it? |
1061 | 00:50:57,567 | 00:51:00,576 | But as always, archaeology has unearthed | But as always, archaeology has unearthed |
1062 | 00:51:00,600 | 00:51:03,409 | just as many questions as answers, | just as many questions as answers, |
1063 | 00:51:03,433 | 00:51:06,773 | and so the digging for Tudor Britain continues. | and so the digging for Tudor Britain continues. |