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1 00:00:03,960 00:00:07,400 This is the River Clyde in Glasgow. This is the River Clyde in Glasgow.
2 00:00:09,880 00:00:15,280 250 years ago, this was one of Britain's great trading centres. 250 years ago, this was one of Britain's great trading centres.
3 00:00:16,400 00:00:18,360 It was the hub of a huge empire It was the hub of a huge empire
4 00:00:18,360 00:00:22,320 that stretched from the Caribbean to China. that stretched from the Caribbean to China.
5 00:00:24,240 00:00:26,160 An empire founded on trade An empire founded on trade
6 00:00:26,160 00:00:30,160 in which simple plants were transformed by human labour in which simple plants were transformed by human labour
7 00:00:30,160 00:00:33,720 to become hugely profitable global commodities. to become hugely profitable global commodities.
8 00:00:37,720 00:00:40,240 The trade in sugar... The trade in sugar...
9 00:00:40,240 00:00:43,160 tobacco... tobacco...
10 00:00:43,160 00:00:45,160 opium... opium...
11 00:00:45,160 00:00:46,400 and whisky... and whisky...
12 00:00:46,400 00:00:51,240 transformed our society, our bodies and our minds. transformed our society, our bodies and our minds.
13 00:00:53,880 00:00:56,400 Over the centuries, we've learned to love these products. Over the centuries, we've learned to love these products.
14 00:00:56,400 00:00:59,920 Their smell, their taste, the effect they've had on us. Their smell, their taste, the effect they've had on us.
15 00:00:59,920 00:01:02,480 They've become increasingly guilty pleasures... They've become increasingly guilty pleasures...
16 00:01:04,160 00:01:06,600 ..which are still with us, still part of us. ..which are still with us, still part of us.
17 00:01:08,640 00:01:12,640 Today, millions of us can't do without at least some of them. Today, millions of us can't do without at least some of them.
18 00:01:13,800 00:01:15,080 So... So...
19 00:01:15,080 00:01:17,160 how did we become so hooked? how did we become so hooked?
20 00:01:19,200 00:01:22,960 'The answer will take me on a journey across the world...' 'The answer will take me on a journey across the world...'
21 00:01:22,960 00:01:25,840 Oh, my God! That's powerful. Oh, my God! That's powerful.
22 00:01:25,840 00:01:30,120 '..and inside our minds and bodies too...' Bye! '..and inside our minds and bodies too...' Bye!
23 00:01:31,320 00:01:33,200 HE SNIFFS HE SNIFFS
24 00:01:33,200 00:01:35,200 HE LAUGHS HE LAUGHS
25 00:01:35,200 00:01:36,840 Gosh, that's good, isn't it? Gosh, that's good, isn't it?
26 00:01:37,880 00:01:41,080 ..in the pursuit of pleasure. ..in the pursuit of pleasure.
27 00:01:42,000 00:01:45,074 Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org
28 00:01:55,520 00:02:03,200
29 00:02:03,240 00:02:12,448 # Sugar that's what I'll name you You just want to dive into t I have # Sugar that's what I'll name you You just want to dive into t I have
30 00:02:12,488 00:02:16,696 been looking at it. I could shave. It's hard to imagine that sugar was been looking at it. I could shave. It's hard to imagine that sugar was
31 00:02:16,736 00:02:20,588 virtually unknown just a few hundred years ago. Its emergence virtually unknown just a few hundred years ago. Its emergence
32 00:02:20,628 00:02:25,620 led Britain into a consumer revolution, delivering us not just led Britain into a consumer revolution, delivering us not just
33 00:02:25,660 00:02:30,076 sugar for our tea and coffee, but fizzy drinks, puddings, ice-cream, sugar for our tea and coffee, but fizzy drinks, puddings, ice-cream,
34 00:02:30,116 00:02:34,400 cakes and chocolate. This Scottish biscuit factory, epitomises the cakes and chocolate. This Scottish biscuit factory, epitomises the
35 00:02:34,440 00:02:38,248 last 100 years of that revolution. The business began a century ago as last 100 years of that revolution. The business began a century ago as
36 00:02:38,288 00:02:43,544 a small family baker, producing just enough for the local community. a small family baker, producing just enough for the local community.
37 00:02:43,584 00:02:50,640 Now it makes ten million biscuits a week. We're eating them like Now it makes ten million biscuits a week. We're eating them like
38 00:02:50,680 00:02:55,120 there's no tomorrow. This is my beginnings, this is how there's no tomorrow. This is my beginnings, this is how
39 00:02:55,160 00:03:03,076 I started, broken biscuits. We used to go to the stop on the way to I started, broken biscuits. We used to go to the stop on the way to
40 00:03:03,116 00:03:08,496 school, and you would get a penny bag of broken biscuits, if it was school, and you would get a penny bag of broken biscuits, if it was
41 00:03:08,536 00:03:18,088 Tunnocks it would be more expensive. I fear we may be paying the price Tunnocks it would be more expensive. I fear we may be paying the price
42 00:03:18,128 00:03:26,232 for our indulge begins, I know I am. -- indelgynsence, I know I am. for our indulge begins, I know I am. -- indelgynsence, I know I am.
43 00:03:26,272 00:03:31,560 indulgence. I know I am. I have always had a sweet tooth, indulgence. I know I am. I have always had a sweet tooth,
44 00:03:31,600 00:03:35,856 little gems, I love liquorice. I'm a diabetic, that is my confession. little gems, I love liquorice. I'm a diabetic, that is my confession.
45 00:03:35,896 00:03:40,388 I have been a diabetic since 1988, late on set. I discovered it first I have been a diabetic since 1988, late on set. I discovered it first
46 00:03:40,428 00:03:43,700 by going to the toilet, regularly. I thought it was another problem, by going to the toilet, regularly. I thought it was another problem,
47 00:03:43,740 00:03:48,652 and I went to the doctor, he said your blood sugar is through the and I went to the doctor, he said your blood sugar is through the
48 00:03:48,692 00:03:54,496 roof. The type II diabetes I developed is roof. The type II diabetes I developed is
49 00:03:54,536 00:04:00,404 caused by the overconsumption of calories from fatty and sugary food. caused by the overconsumption of calories from fatty and sugary food.
50 00:04:00,444 00:04:04,484 I have to be careful now not to eat too much sweet stuff, as my body I have to be careful now not to eat too much sweet stuff, as my body
51 00:04:04,524 00:04:10,344 finds it much hard Tory store or process sugar. Even if I eat a finds it much hard Tory store or process sugar. Even if I eat a
52 00:04:10,384 00:04:14,528 square of chocolate it can make me feel ill, a whole bar might send me square of chocolate it can make me feel ill, a whole bar might send me
53 00:04:14,568 00:04:21,544 into a bettic coma. One -- a diabetic coma. into a bettic coma. One -- a diabetic coma.
54 00:04:21,584 00:04:26,808 One of the things I want to find out is how much, culturally, as we One of the things I want to find out is how much, culturally, as we
55 00:04:26,848 00:04:30,596 have become as a culture addicted to sugark and how much we take it have become as a culture addicted to sugark and how much we take it
56 00:04:30,636 00:04:34,160 for grant -- sugar, and how much we take it for granted in our life. for grant -- sugar, and how much we take it for granted in our life.
57 00:04:34,200 00:04:37,516 Sugar is impossible, it is in everything. I'm kind of against it, Sugar is impossible, it is in everything. I'm kind of against it,
58 00:04:37,556 00:04:42,500 but at the same time I'm for it, I'm caught in a dilemma, I do like but at the same time I'm for it, I'm caught in a dilemma, I do like
59 00:04:42,540 00:04:50,216 the taste of it. Occasionally I will say, yeah I'll just have a the taste of it. Occasionally I will say, yeah I'll just have a
60 00:04:50,256 00:04:54,236 sweet, it ain't good for me. I grew up in Dundee, and since sweet, it ain't good for me. I grew up in Dundee, and since
61 00:04:54,276 00:05:02,624 becoming diabetic, I have given a lot of thought to what might have becoming diabetic, I have given a lot of thought to what might have
62 00:05:02,664 00:05:07,316 led me to develop the disease. This must be Chester. I'm the led me to develop the disease. This must be Chester. I'm the
63 00:05:07,356 00:05:12,316 youngest of five children, four of whom developed diabetes in later youngest of five children, four of whom developed diabetes in later
64 00:05:12,356 00:05:15,520 life. I was practically brought up by my older sisters Betty and May, life. I was practically brought up by my older sisters Betty and May,
65 00:05:15,560 00:05:20,500 we have all rather different views about how healthy or otherwise we we have all rather different views about how healthy or otherwise we
66 00:05:20,540 00:05:26,064 might have been, and how much sugar we actually ate. might have been, and how much sugar we actually ate.
67 00:05:26,104 00:05:34,280 I certainly as a kid ate a lot of sweets. A lot of sweets. I also I certainly as a kid ate a lot of sweets. A lot of sweets. I also
68 00:05:34,320 00:05:39,268 used to eat. Sweets? Brian, remember. Did you not eat sweets as used to eat. Sweets? Brian, remember. Did you not eat sweets as
69 00:05:39,308 00:05:45,472 kids? We could have helped ourselves. Why are you diabetics? kids? We could have helped ourselves. Why are you diabetics?
70 00:05:45,512 00:05:49,844 You're not? I am. I'm not diabetic. There were sweets galore for us, we You're not? I am. I'm not diabetic. There were sweets galore for us, we
71 00:05:49,884 00:05:54,736 had the sweets in the shop. We were fortunate my father had a shop, had the sweets in the shop. We were fortunate my father had a shop,
72 00:05:54,776 00:05:59,036 even at that we did not eat sweets. We did eat a lot of sweet stuff, even at that we did not eat sweets. We did eat a lot of sweet stuff,
73 00:05:59,076 00:06:07,240 there was a lot of sweet stuff in the house. I remember bowls of there was a lot of sweet stuff in the house. I remember bowls of
74 00:06:07,280 00:06:11,688 biscuit as opposed to bowls of fruit. Yeah, we used today eat it. biscuit as opposed to bowls of fruit. Yeah, we used today eat it.
75 00:06:11,728 00:06:18,600 Look an ice-cream van, why do we have a photograph of an ice-cream Look an ice-cream van, why do we have a photograph of an ice-cream
76 00:06:18,640 00:06:23,004 van, that is proof, proof positive! They do have ice-cream vans in van, that is proof, proof positive! They do have ice-cream vans in
77 00:06:23,044 00:06:28,096 Dundee. We're not denying it. you never eat ice-cream? Yeah. Dundee. We're not denying it. you never eat ice-cream? Yeah.
78 00:06:28,136 00:06:31,864 There you go. Why are you making us feel guilty because we like ice- There you go. Why are you making us feel guilty because we like ice-
79 00:06:31,904 00:06:36,016 cream. I'm not trying to make you feel guilty, I'm trying to cream. I'm not trying to make you feel guilty, I'm trying to
80 00:06:36,056 00:06:40,720 establish your eating habits. I think my sisters and I are establish your eating habits. I think my sisters and I are
81 00:06:40,760 00:06:45,520 typical of the problem. We all love sugar, it clearly became embedded typical of the problem. We all love sugar, it clearly became embedded
82 00:06:45,560 00:06:48,568 in our diet very early on. As well as my sisters and I, there in our diet very early on. As well as my sisters and I, there
83 00:06:48,608 00:06:53,252 are three million other diabetes sufferers in Britain. This figure are three million other diabetes sufferers in Britain. This figure
84 00:06:53,292 00:06:57,600 is set to double in the next 20 years, as a result of the sugar- is set to double in the next 20 years, as a result of the sugar-
85 00:06:57,640 00:07:03,784 rich diet we are eating, and the rise of obesity. rich diet we are eating, and the rise of obesity.
86 00:07:03,824 00:07:13,784 The Scottish diet in particular is notoriously unhealthy. Sugar The Scottish diet in particular is notoriously unhealthy. Sugar
87 00:07:13,824 00:07:15,600
88 00:07:15,640 00:07:19,084 sandwiches, a wee biscuit, sugary tea, simply steeped in sugar. sandwiches, a wee biscuit, sugary tea, simply steeped in sugar.
89 00:07:19,124 00:07:24,944 Back in the Middle Ages, sugar was only available to our ancestors Back in the Middle Ages, sugar was only available to our ancestors
90 00:07:24,984 00:07:31,756 part of the year, as fruit or honey. Sweetness was in short supply, so part of the year, as fruit or honey. Sweetness was in short supply, so
91 00:07:31,796 00:07:36,428 where did sugar, as we know it, come from? Well, it originated where did sugar, as we know it, come from? Well, it originated
92 00:07:36,468 00:07:41,972 centuries before as a giant wild grass in the South Pacific. Where centuries before as a giant wild grass in the South Pacific. Where
93 00:07:42,012 00:07:47,912 its value was so recognised. Legends from there twelve a story its value was so recognised. Legends from there twelve a story
94 00:07:47,952 00:07:53,320 of how sugar cane sprouted a man and a woman, who founded the human of how sugar cane sprouted a man and a woman, who founded the human
95 00:07:53,360 00:07:57,304 race. Wild cane was first tamed and farmed in new Guinea, and over time, race. Wild cane was first tamed and farmed in new Guinea, and over time,
96 00:07:57,344 00:08:00,880 spread by travellers, across the globe. By the 13th century, it had spread by travellers, across the globe. By the 13th century, it had
97 00:08:00,920 00:08:06,556 migrated to the Middle East, where traders discovered it, and carried migrated to the Middle East, where traders discovered it, and carried
98 00:08:06,596 00:08:16,556 it to Europe. A commodity so rare, sugar's value equaled that of it to Europe. A commodity so rare, sugar's value equaled that of
99 00:08:16,596 00:08:21,916
100 00:08:21,956 00:08:27,728 What about its first appearance in Britain? My journey begins in What about its first appearance in Britain? My journey begins in
101 00:08:27,768 00:08:33,024 Cumbria, where I'm going to meet a sugar historian, whom I'm told has Cumbria, where I'm going to meet a sugar historian, whom I'm told has
102 00:08:33,064 00:08:38,196 a rather hands-on approach to his subject. All the sugar we imported a rather hands-on approach to his subject. All the sugar we imported
103 00:08:38,236 00:08:40,928 into this country came from the Arab world, via the Venetian, they into this country came from the Arab world, via the Venetian, they
104 00:08:40,968 00:08:44,148 were the sugar controllers, they bought it from the Middle East, and were the sugar controllers, they bought it from the Middle East, and
105 00:08:44,188 00:08:48,992 shipped it out to every other European nation. They put a huge shipped it out to every other European nation. They put a huge
106 00:08:49,032 00:08:53,600 premium on it. If we go back into the 13th century, small quantities premium on it. If we go back into the 13th century, small quantities
107 00:08:53,640 00:08:57,636 of it are coming to this country, but they are only being purchased of it are coming to this country, but they are only being purchased
108 00:08:57,676 00:09:03,804 by royal palaces. It was quite expensive? It was very expensive, by royal palaces. It was quite expensive? It was very expensive,
109 00:09:03,844 00:09:10,600 and it was rare. Sugar in the early modern period is very much a symbol and it was rare. Sugar in the early modern period is very much a symbol
110 00:09:10,640 00:09:17,712 of status. But it was used as a plastic medium, as an art form. of status. But it was used as a plastic medium, as an art form.
111 00:09:17,752 00:09:22,820 We have some marvellously detailed images of these sugar sculptures. We have some marvellously detailed images of these sugar sculptures.
112 00:09:22,860 00:09:27,840 My gosh. There is one piece of sculpture that was six-feet high, My gosh. There is one piece of sculpture that was six-feet high,
113 00:09:27,880 00:09:34,524 entirely made out of sugar. Six- feet high. So it is standing like entirely made out of sugar. Six- feet high. So it is standing like
114 00:09:34,564 00:09:42,400 that on the table. This would be consumed, it wouldn't be that on the table. This would be consumed, it wouldn't be
115 00:09:42,440 00:09:45,664 ornamental? It was totally ornamental. You are talking about a ornamental? It was totally ornamental. You are talking about a
116 00:09:45,704 00:09:51,964 kind of decadence. Ordinary people eat food just to sustain themselves, kind of decadence. Ordinary people eat food just to sustain themselves,
117 00:09:52,004 00:09:57,368 but the very wealthy use it to show off. Having a sugar sculpture, six- but the very wealthy use it to show off. Having a sugar sculpture, six-
118 00:09:57,408 00:10:02,464 foot high, on your table, is the equivalent of having a Maserati foot high, on your table, is the equivalent of having a Maserati
119 00:10:02,504 00:10:06,104 nowadays. All we have is this evidence of it. The only evidence nowadays. All we have is this evidence of it. The only evidence
120 00:10:06,144 00:10:10,308 we have is the images we have of them. The other bit of evidence, we have is the images we have of them. The other bit of evidence,
121 00:10:10,348 00:10:18,560 that is not really obvious, we also have some of the tools we used to that is not really obvious, we also have some of the tools we used to
122 00:10:18,600 00:10:24,152 create it. So, for instance, this lovely wooden mould has got these create it. So, for instance, this lovely wooden mould has got these
123 00:10:24,192 00:10:33,996 four -- little godesses on it. I will get you to have a go at making four -- little godesses on it. I will get you to have a go at making
124 00:10:34,036 00:10:37,980 it. If you drop it on to the surface, you have your perfect it. If you drop it on to the surface, you have your perfect
125 00:10:38,020 00:10:44,840 grinning gibbons. One of the first recorded royal grinning gibbons. One of the first recorded royal
126 00:10:44,880 00:10:54,840 requests for sugar was Henry III in the 13th century, if ordered three requests for sugar was Henry III in the 13th century, if ordered three
127 00:10:54,880 00:10:55,056
128 00:10:55,096 00:11:00,248 pounds of if -- it if it was to be had. So three bags of sugar from a pounds of if -- it if it was to be had. So three bags of sugar from a
129 00:11:00,288 00:11:07,796 supermarket might be all there was across the kingdom. You have supermarket might be all there was across the kingdom. You have
130 00:11:07,836 00:11:12,608 created your own little thing. you impressed? I am, I'm normally created your own little thing. you impressed? I am, I'm normally
131 00:11:12,648 00:11:17,184 kak-handed. Over the 14th and 15th century, sugar was still too rare kak-handed. Over the 14th and 15th century, sugar was still too rare
132 00:11:17,224 00:11:21,056 and expensive to eat. Its primary use was pharmaceutical, a spoonful and expensive to eat. Its primary use was pharmaceutical, a spoonful
133 00:11:21,096 00:11:26,184 of sugar really did help the medicine go down, especially when of sugar really did help the medicine go down, especially when
134 00:11:26,224 00:11:33,728 ailments were commonly cured using minced worm, burnt snakeskin, or ailments were commonly cured using minced worm, burnt snakeskin, or
135 00:11:33,768 00:11:43,168 animal faeces. We need a couple of birds to come. animal faeces. We need a couple of birds to come.
136 00:11:43,208 00:11:48,312 Maybe we could make the gold finchs. I have a bird mould somewhere. Maybe we could make the gold finchs. I have a bird mould somewhere.
137 00:11:48,352 00:11:56,528 By the 16th century sugar was still exceptionally rare. But, it was now By the 16th century sugar was still exceptionally rare. But, it was now
138 00:11:56,568 00:12:00,232 eaten as well as carved. Elizabeth I was so notoriously sweet-toothed, eaten as well as carved. Elizabeth I was so notoriously sweet-toothed,
139 00:12:00,272 00:12:04,480 that her own became blackened and decayed. Black teeth were, that her own became blackened and decayed. Black teeth were,
140 00:12:04,520 00:12:11,292 therefore, trendy, several fashionable ladies at court had therefore, trendy, several fashionable ladies at court had
141 00:12:11,332 00:12:16,952 their's blackened too. So if sugar was still so rare by their's blackened too. So if sugar was still so rare by
142 00:12:16,992 00:12:20,060 the time of Elizabeth i, when exactly did it reach the tables -- the time of Elizabeth i, when exactly did it reach the tables --
143 00:12:20,100 00:12:30,060 Elizabeth I, when exactly did it reach the tables of us ordinary Elizabeth I, when exactly did it reach the tables of us ordinary
144 00:12:30,100 00:12:42,312
145 00:12:42,352 00:12:46,656 The answer lies here, on a coral spit, only 20 miles long, in the The answer lies here, on a coral spit, only 20 miles long, in the
146 00:12:46,696 00:12:52,920 heart of the Caribbean. I have come to discover exactly how heart of the Caribbean. I have come to discover exactly how
147 00:12:52,960 00:12:59,012 it is that this tiny island came to be so inextricably linked to our it is that this tiny island came to be so inextricably linked to our
148 00:12:59,052 00:13:04,344 love affair with sugar. At the start of the 1600s, Barbados was an love affair with sugar. At the start of the 1600s, Barbados was an
149 00:13:04,384 00:13:08,236 insignificant and far-flung British colony, in the early days of an insignificant and far-flung British colony, in the early days of an
150 00:13:08,276 00:13:12,608 expanding empire. A handful of British settlers were working out expanding empire. A handful of British settlers were working out
151 00:13:12,648 00:13:17,452 how to make a living here as farmers. Cotton and tobacco had how to make a living here as farmers. Cotton and tobacco had
152 00:13:17,492 00:13:22,452 already failed, they needed a crop that suited the stoney soil and already failed, they needed a crop that suited the stoney soil and
153 00:13:22,492 00:13:28,956 tropical climate. Turns out it was this. tropical climate. Turns out it was this.
154 00:13:28,996 00:13:33,828 Oh my God. Takes you back to my days as a teenager. When we would Oh my God. Takes you back to my days as a teenager. When we would
155 00:13:33,868 00:13:40,376 be driving and stop by a country field and break some cane, be driving and stop by a country field and break some cane,
156 00:13:40,416 00:13:45,688 illegally, and suck away merrily. Very nice. Very nice. People must illegally, and suck away merrily. Very nice. Very nice. People must
157 00:13:45,728 00:13:50,888 have just sat in the fields and chewed on this all day! Of course. have just sat in the fields and chewed on this all day! Of course.
158 00:13:50,928 00:13:54,956 It is amazingly juicy. Very, very juicy. It is amazingly juicy. Very, very juicy.
159 00:13:54,996 00:14:00,812 This is one of the original plantations on the island, and This is one of the original plantations on the island, and
160 00:14:00,852 00:14:06,016 dates back to 1658. The estate produced sugar for more than three dates back to 1658. The estate produced sugar for more than three
161 00:14:06,056 00:14:10,316 centuries, in its very early years, must have witnessed the whirlwind centuries, in its very early years, must have witnessed the whirlwind
162 00:14:10,356 00:14:18,172 of change, as cane was introduced for the very first time. This is a of change, as cane was introduced for the very first time. This is a
163 00:14:18,212 00:14:24,440 fascinating book, it is Ligon's History of Bar days could, fascinating book, it is Ligon's History of Bar days could,
164 00:14:24,480 00:14:30,924 published in 1647, an original first edition. He produces a map of published in 1647, an original first edition. He produces a map of
165 00:14:30,964 00:14:35,160 Barbados. If you hold that there, I will open it up. This is very old Barbados. If you hold that there, I will open it up. This is very old
166 00:14:35,200 00:14:39,268 this book! We have to handle it delicately. If you want a visual this book! We have to handle it delicately. If you want a visual
167 00:14:39,308 00:14:44,048 explanation of what we call the sugar ref will you, this was drawn explanation of what we call the sugar ref will you, this was drawn
168 00:14:44,088 00:14:50,144 in 1635. It shows the island being settled along the coastline. These in 1635. It shows the island being settled along the coastline. These
169 00:14:50,184 00:14:55,240 names, these are names of settlers? Fledgling planters who had come in. names, these are names of settlers? Fledgling planters who had come in.
170 00:14:55,280 00:15:00,568 This is seven years after settlement. Most of the island is This is seven years after settlement. Most of the island is
171 00:15:00,608 00:15:09,192 vacant. This is the island 1635, before sugar. And if we compare vacant. This is the island 1635, before sugar. And if we compare
172 00:15:09,232 00:15:14,960 this following map, which was drawn in 1727. This shows how the island this following map, which was drawn in 1727. This shows how the island
173 00:15:15,000 00:15:19,724 was completely transformed. Every single square inch of soil is taken was completely transformed. Every single square inch of soil is taken
174 00:15:19,764 00:15:24,176 up. This, all these names indicate the mass of sugar plantations. up. This, all these names indicate the mass of sugar plantations.
175 00:15:24,216 00:15:32,084 There are over 7,000 functioning sugar plantations. Every single There are over 7,000 functioning sugar plantations. Every single
176 00:15:32,124 00:15:35,552 square inch. In fact, bar bay doss was the only -- Barbados was the square inch. In fact, bar bay doss was the only -- Barbados was the
177 00:15:35,592 00:15:39,768 only English-speaking island in the Caribbean that had no vacant land. only English-speaking island in the Caribbean that had no vacant land.
178 00:15:39,808 00:15:44,196 There is so many names? We were the most densely-populated place on There is so many names? We were the most densely-populated place on
179 00:15:44,236 00:15:52,664 earth. Did people come thinking it was a goldrush, the sugar earth. Did people come thinking it was a goldrush, the sugar
180 00:15:52,704 00:15:56,536 equivalent of a goldrush? That is A brilliant way of putting it. It was equivalent of a goldrush? That is A brilliant way of putting it. It was
181 00:15:56,576 00:16:02,196 a goldrush, people came with a desire to become as wealthy as they a goldrush, people came with a desire to become as wealthy as they
182 00:16:02,236 00:16:06,960 possibly could. And sugar cane would make them rich. It gave the possibly could. And sugar cane would make them rich. It gave the
183 00:16:07,000 00:16:15,380 farmers three harvests ay, and its juice was packed with more energy - farmers three harvests ay, and its juice was packed with more energy -
184 00:16:15,420 00:16:20,836 - a year, and the juice was packed with more energy than anything on - a year, and the juice was packed with more energy than anything on
185 00:16:20,876 00:16:23,740 earth. The cane came off though, so creating sugar was a race against earth. The cane came off though, so creating sugar was a race against
186 00:16:23,780 00:16:30,536 time. This is fresh, raw sugar cane juice, straight from the mill, time. This is fresh, raw sugar cane juice, straight from the mill,
187 00:16:30,576 00:16:37,568 where the cane has been crushed. Keith Laurie is a retired sugar where the cane has been crushed. Keith Laurie is a retired sugar
188 00:16:37,608 00:16:41,524 technologyist, he will show me how to transform cane juice into a technologyist, he will show me how to transform cane juice into a
189 00:16:41,564 00:16:51,524 product with an almost indefinite shelf life. Once it goes into the product with an almost indefinite shelf life. Once it goes into the
190 00:16:51,564 00:16:52,224
191 00:16:52,264 00:17:01,664 pan it cools rapidly, and theoretically, it will crystalise. pan it cools rapidly, and theoretically, it will crystalise.
192 00:17:01,704 00:17:05,960 The cooling helps the syrup to solidify quickly. It is The cooling helps the syrup to solidify quickly. It is
193 00:17:06,000 00:17:10,568 crystalising. What does it actually mean when it is crystalising, apart crystalising. What does it actually mean when it is crystalising, apart
194 00:17:10,608 00:17:14,600 from it going hard, what is the process, or is that the process? from it going hard, what is the process, or is that the process?
195 00:17:14,640 00:17:19,288 Very fine crystals are growing rapidly. Creating sugar is not as Very fine crystals are growing rapidly. Creating sugar is not as
196 00:17:19,328 00:17:25,276 easy as it looks, and despite being an expert, Keith is not happy with easy as it looks, and despite being an expert, Keith is not happy with
197 00:17:25,316 00:17:29,480 the way things are going. Come on, thing. the way things are going. Come on, thing.
198 00:17:29,520 00:17:36,120 I would have preferred it to have gone absolutely solid. It's on its I would have preferred it to have gone absolutely solid. It's on its
199 00:17:36,160 00:17:43,152 way, you can see there is some bits here which are really quite ...what way, you can see there is some bits here which are really quite ...what
200 00:17:43,192 00:17:48,336 do you think? Ha ha. This is supposed to go to a powder. It is do you think? Ha ha. This is supposed to go to a powder. It is
201 00:17:48,376 00:17:55,208 still sticky, but I see what you mean, we could call this a semi- still sticky, but I see what you mean, we could call this a semi-
202 00:17:55,248 00:18:02,772 triumph. Absolutely. Let us call this a semi-triumph, look, sugar. triumph. Absolutely. Let us call this a semi-triumph, look, sugar.
203 00:18:02,812 00:18:06,384 Crystal sugar. Wow-wee! Keith showed me some of the industrial- Crystal sugar. Wow-wee! Keith showed me some of the industrial-
204 00:18:06,424 00:18:10,540 scale kitchens that were built to meet the growing demand for scale kitchens that were built to meet the growing demand for
205 00:18:10,580 00:18:17,528 crystalised sugar. Here, the cane juice was boiled and reduced to a crystalised sugar. Here, the cane juice was boiled and reduced to a
206 00:18:17,568 00:18:22,040 syrup, and shaken into crystals. This was the eureka moment, their syrup, and shaken into crystals. This was the eureka moment, their
207 00:18:22,080 00:18:26,040 gem-like precious product was now brown sugar. Of course, none of gem-like precious product was now brown sugar. Of course, none of
208 00:18:26,080 00:18:31,132 this could have been achieved without a plentiful supply of this could have been achieved without a plentiful supply of
209 00:18:31,172 00:18:35,368 labour. Although some of the first indentureed servants had been white labour. Although some of the first indentureed servants had been white
210 00:18:35,408 00:18:41,436 Scots and Irishmen, they were soon replaced by a cheaper option. The Scots and Irishmen, they were soon replaced by a cheaper option. The
211 00:18:41,476 00:18:48,640 cane came to be planted and cut and the cauldrons boiling syrup sweated cane came to be planted and cut and the cauldrons boiling syrup sweated
212 00:18:48,680 00:18:54,008 over, by an army of black slaves from Africa's west coast. By the over, by an army of black slaves from Africa's west coast. By the
213 00:18:54,048 00:18:58,648 time of emancipation 200 years later, Manufactures and Tradersers time of emancipation 200 years later, Manufactures and Tradersers
214 00:18:58,688 00:19:02,168 had traffiked some 40,40,20 million souls worldwide, and the sugar had traffiked some 40,40,20 million souls worldwide, and the sugar
215 00:19:02,208 00:19:11,512 industry had been one of the major customers. industry had been one of the major customers.
216 00:19:11,552 00:19:20,168 I have come to the -- Manufacturers and traders had traffiked some 40 I have come to the -- Manufacturers and traders had traffiked some 40
217 00:19:20,208 00:19:24,168 million souls worldwide, and the sugar industry had been one of the million souls worldwide, and the sugar industry had been one of the
218 00:19:24,208 00:19:28,572 majority customers. With enslavement the child took its majority customers. With enslavement the child took its
219 00:19:28,612 00:19:34,136 status from its mother, from the maternal, not the paternal line. A status from its mother, from the maternal, not the paternal line. A
220 00:19:34,176 00:19:39,088 child born of any enslaved woman was enslaved, for life. And that is child born of any enslaved woman was enslaved, for life. And that is
221 00:19:39,128 00:19:43,292 the system on which, not only sugar plantations, you talk about the system on which, not only sugar plantations, you talk about
222 00:19:43,332 00:19:48,840 Barbados, but plantations around the region, wherever they were Barbados, but plantations around the region, wherever they were
223 00:19:48,880 00:19:52,920 growing coffee, rice, or even those engaged in mining for salt. It is, growing coffee, rice, or even those engaged in mining for salt. It is,
224 00:19:52,960 00:19:59,088 in fact, the traumatic side, the side that people don't want to talk in fact, the traumatic side, the side that people don't want to talk
225 00:19:59,128 00:20:04,360 about, the quiet, silent side. But a side without which sugar would about, the quiet, silent side. But a side without which sugar would
226 00:20:04,400 00:20:11,000 not have become the major mass consumption product that it did not have become the major mass consumption product that it did
227 00:20:11,040 00:20:16,544 become, by the 18th century. In Europe. become, by the 18th century. In Europe.
228 00:20:16,584 00:20:21,496 And there it was, the birth of an industry that made the mass And there it was, the birth of an industry that made the mass
229 00:20:21,536 00:20:24,328 production of sugar possible. Windmills like this one were built production of sugar possible. Windmills like this one were built
230 00:20:24,368 00:20:28,236 using technology from half way around the world. Enabling the using technology from half way around the world. Enabling the
231 00:20:28,276 00:20:31,920 farmers to crush the cane faster and in greater volumes. Greater farmers to crush the cane faster and in greater volumes. Greater
232 00:20:31,960 00:20:36,448 volumes meant cheaper price, sugar had become a commodity, available, volumes meant cheaper price, sugar had become a commodity, available,
233 00:20:36,488 00:20:40,404 for the first time, on the tables of at least some, if not all for the first time, on the tables of at least some, if not all
234 00:20:40,444 00:20:49,652 British households. It was our first taste of things to come. British households. It was our first taste of things to come.
235 00:20:49,692 00:20:54,516 Slaves from Africa, technology from Holland, cranks and shafts from Slaves from Africa, technology from Holland, cranks and shafts from
236 00:20:54,556 00:21:04,516 Derby, further cranks from Glasgow, and who says that globalisation is Derby, further cranks from Glasgow, and who says that globalisation is
237 00:21:04,556 00:21:04,984
238 00:21:05,024 00:21:08,080 a new thing? It seems to be as old as this island. All this effort, it a new thing? It seems to be as old as this island. All this effort, it
239 00:21:08,120 00:21:18,080 is unbelievable. All this effort for a cup of tea, some sugar in is unbelievable. All this effort for a cup of tea, some sugar in
240 00:21:18,120 00:21:27,048
241 00:21:27,088 00:21:31,112 As the very landscape and population were transformed in As the very landscape and population were transformed in
242 00:21:31,152 00:21:35,248 Barbados, Scotland was also undergoing radical, visible change. Barbados, Scotland was also undergoing radical, visible change.
243 00:21:35,288 00:21:39,500 Walking around Glasgow you can see the way the city flourished and Walking around Glasgow you can see the way the city flourished and
244 00:21:39,540 00:21:44,452 expanded in the 18th century. Individual buildings are a expanded in the 18th century. Individual buildings are a
245 00:21:44,492 00:21:52,284 testament to the eye-watering profits from sugar. The modern art testament to the eye-watering profits from sugar. The modern art
246 00:21:52,324 00:21:57,036 gallery was built as the family home of a single sugar merchant. gallery was built as the family home of a single sugar merchant.
247 00:21:57,076 00:22:04,800 Driving down through Ayrshire, every 18th century big house tells Driving down through Ayrshire, every 18th century big house tells
248 00:22:04,840 00:22:14,800 the same story. In Ayrshire there were dozens of houses, built by the same story. In Ayrshire there were dozens of houses, built by
249 00:22:14,840 00:22:16,284
250 00:22:16,324 00:22:21,472 some of the best architects of the age. Rosell, Bellisle, a role call some of the best architects of the age. Rosell, Bellisle, a role call
251 00:22:21,512 00:22:26,520 of showy new estates, reinventing the landscape with this inflation of showy new estates, reinventing the landscape with this inflation
252 00:22:26,560 00:22:34,608 of sugar millions. As you pass, you might glimpse a Robert Adams summer of sugar millions. As you pass, you might glimpse a Robert Adams summer
253 00:22:34,648 00:22:44,128 house, here, a games Gibb wing there, -- a James Gibb wing there, house, here, a games Gibb wing there, -- a James Gibb wing there,
254 00:22:44,168 00:22:54,128 boasting of the owner's fast-track to gentcation. Osgoods may have boasting of the owner's fast-track to gentcation. Osgoods may have
255 00:22:54,168 00:22:57,240
256 00:22:57,280 00:23:03,396 been the most aspirational of them all. They would eventually own been the most aspirational of them all. They would eventually own
257 00:23:03,436 00:23:08,176 100,000 acres in Ayrshire. They got �10,000 a year from the Jamaican 100,000 acres in Ayrshire. They got �10,000 a year from the Jamaican
258 00:23:08,216 00:23:13,080 plantation, a million a year just for that. When he died, Richard plantation, a million a year just for that. When he died, Richard
259 00:23:13,120 00:23:16,048 Osgood's estate was valued at �50 million in modern terms. Funded not Osgood's estate was valued at �50 million in modern terms. Funded not
260 00:23:16,088 00:23:19,832 only from sugar, but another lucrative business, selling on only from sugar, but another lucrative business, selling on
261 00:23:19,872 00:23:24,644 slaves to other planters, from a small fortified island he bought slaves to other planters, from a small fortified island he bought
262 00:23:24,684 00:23:30,456 off the coast of Africa. It was there he can be credited as the off the coast of Africa. It was there he can be credited as the
263 00:23:30,496 00:23:34,408 inventor of corporate hospitality. The only private slaving fortress inventor of corporate hospitality. The only private slaving fortress
264 00:23:34,448 00:23:43,304 in the British Empire belongs to them. They even have a little golf in the British Empire belongs to them. They even have a little golf
265 00:23:43,344 00:23:47,972 course, two holes, where the slaves wear tartan loin cloths as your course, two holes, where the slaves wear tartan loin cloths as your
266 00:23:48,012 00:23:51,304 caddies. Yet not a word when you get back to Ayrshire. Was there any caddies. Yet not a word when you get back to Ayrshire. Was there any
267 00:23:51,344 00:23:56,708 record of how many slaves they traffiked in? Yeah, we know that record of how many slaves they traffiked in? Yeah, we know that
268 00:23:56,748 00:24:01,196 from their records. What was it? They got up to 13,000 slaves. from their records. What was it? They got up to 13,000 slaves.
269 00:24:01,236 00:24:06,788 don't know, I just find it disgusting, I really do. I just don't know, I just find it disgusting, I really do. I just
270 00:24:06,828 00:24:11,096 find it, all this, I think people should be ashamed of themselves. find it, all this, I think people should be ashamed of themselves.
271 00:24:11,136 00:24:18,272 Are people not ashamed of their ancestry? It is not mentioned, in Are people not ashamed of their ancestry? It is not mentioned, in
272 00:24:18,312 00:24:22,476 the Scottish curriculum, not word, but every house around here has the the Scottish curriculum, not word, but every house around here has the
273 00:24:22,516 00:24:26,848 saifpl example. If you have a big house in the 18th century, what saifpl example. If you have a big house in the 18th century, what
274 00:24:26,888 00:24:30,632 paid for it. The more I know about history, the more I feel that human paid for it. The more I know about history, the more I feel that human
275 00:24:30,672 00:24:40,632 beings are ultimately very disappointing? I would agree with beings are ultimately very disappointing? I would agree with
276 00:24:40,672 00:24:40,836
277 00:24:40,876 00:24:44,760 that. As Glasgow and Ayrshire flourished with the Midas touch of that. As Glasgow and Ayrshire flourished with the Midas touch of
278 00:24:44,800 00:24:52,836 sugar, so would the ports, and what was known as the white gold would sugar, so would the ports, and what was known as the white gold would
279 00:24:52,876 00:24:56,428 be landed there. Grenoch, just north of Glasgow was the most be landed there. Grenoch, just north of Glasgow was the most
280 00:24:56,468 00:25:03,600 important sugar refiner outside of London. There were 12 refineries important sugar refiner outside of London. There were 12 refineries
281 00:25:03,640 00:25:08,368 here, it was known as Sugar Opolus. The refining process wasn't here, it was known as Sugar Opolus. The refining process wasn't
282 00:25:08,408 00:25:13,008 strictlinessry, removing the last vestiges of molasses and brown strictlinessry, removing the last vestiges of molasses and brown
283 00:25:13,048 00:25:18,584 sugar, created the tryer product with a longer shelf life -- dryer sugar, created the tryer product with a longer shelf life -- dryer
284 00:25:18,624 00:25:23,448 product, and a longer shelf life, and made receipt finers rich. It product, and a longer shelf life, and made receipt finers rich. It
285 00:25:23,488 00:25:33,448 squeezed out any vitamins and mineral, leaving Snow White grains squeezed out any vitamins and mineral, leaving Snow White grains
286 00:25:33,488 00:25:39,840
287 00:25:39,880 00:25:48,944 ready to deliver a rush of energy and pleasure. I'm here in a lab in ready to deliver a rush of energy and pleasure. I'm here in a lab in
288 00:25:48,984 00:25:54,884 enough field Hospital -- the Nuffield Hospital, to measure why enough field Hospital -- the Nuffield Hospital, to measure why
289 00:25:54,924 00:25:58,256 sugar was the hit in the 17th century. This doctor is researching sugar was the hit in the 17th century. This doctor is researching
290 00:25:58,296 00:26:02,884 sugar's effects on the brain, he has been experimenting with all sugar's effects on the brain, he has been experimenting with all
291 00:26:02,924 00:26:09,792 kinds of food. He has found that sugar creates a lot of activity in kinds of food. He has found that sugar creates a lot of activity in
292 00:26:09,832 00:26:13,132 certain parts of the brain, known as pleasure zones, or hidonic hot certain parts of the brain, known as pleasure zones, or hidonic hot
293 00:26:13,172 00:26:19,568 spots. These areas of the brain are responsible for making us feel good spots. These areas of the brain are responsible for making us feel good
294 00:26:19,608 00:26:23,480 in response to our actions. I know I shouldn't be drinking a in response to our actions. I know I shouldn't be drinking a
295 00:26:23,520 00:26:28,384 chocolate milkshake, but it is only a small amount, and I'm in the best chocolate milkshake, but it is only a small amount, and I'm in the best
296 00:26:28,424 00:26:32,680 possible place if anything goes wrong. Now, if you look at that, possible place if anything goes wrong. Now, if you look at that,
297 00:26:32,720 00:26:38,808 with the MRI scanner, you find this part of the brain, just over the with the MRI scanner, you find this part of the brain, just over the
298 00:26:38,848 00:26:42,900 eyeball, just about two centimeters in over your eyeball, is the part eyeball, just about two centimeters in over your eyeball, is the part
299 00:26:42,940 00:26:46,544 of the brain that seems to encode how pleasant something is. That of the brain that seems to encode how pleasant something is. That
300 00:26:46,584 00:26:50,716 seems in humans to be the most important part that allows us to seems in humans to be the most important part that allows us to
301 00:26:50,756 00:26:53,824 feel whether something is nice or nasty. Throughout human history, feel whether something is nice or nasty. Throughout human history,
302 00:26:53,864 00:26:58,728 you would find anything you could eat could potentially kill you. We you would find anything you could eat could potentially kill you. We
303 00:26:58,768 00:27:03,008 have to have ways of controlling what it is that we put in our mouth. have to have ways of controlling what it is that we put in our mouth.
304 00:27:03,048 00:27:07,400 Only five or six receptors on the tongue. Only one of them is really Only five or six receptors on the tongue. Only one of them is really
305 00:27:07,440 00:27:11,808 nice. That is the sweet receptor. It is about making sure that what nice. That is the sweet receptor. It is about making sure that what
306 00:27:11,848 00:27:21,528 we do is something that not only will provide us pleasure, but is we do is something that not only will provide us pleasure, but is
307 00:27:21,568 00:27:27,308 also safe. This was all very well when we were cavemen pick up also safe. This was all very well when we were cavemen pick up
308 00:27:27,348 00:27:30,008 berries, thanks to our own ingenuity, we had sugar in a berries, thanks to our own ingenuity, we had sugar in a
309 00:27:30,048 00:27:35,776 calorie-ridden form, not as safe as our minds were leading us to calorie-ridden form, not as safe as our minds were leading us to
310 00:27:35,816 00:27:41,264 believe. By the mid-1600s, sugar began to believe. By the mid-1600s, sugar began to
311 00:27:41,304 00:27:46,684 take hold in many new dishes. Cook books teaching the arts of take hold in many new dishes. Cook books teaching the arts of
312 00:27:46,724 00:27:51,360 syllabubs and plum duff, were published for the first time. Some syllabubs and plum duff, were published for the first time. Some
313 00:27:51,400 00:27:55,060 so popular they sold more than the Bible. A new use was soon so popular they sold more than the Bible. A new use was soon
314 00:27:55,100 00:27:59,576 discovered, even more popular than pudding, the sweetening of tea, discovered, even more popular than pudding, the sweetening of tea,
315 00:27:59,616 00:28:09,576 coffee and chocolate, led to the invention of the coffee house. The coffee and chocolate, led to the invention of the coffee house. The
316 00:28:09,616 00:28:10,124
317 00:28:10,164 00:28:15,156 first in Scotland opened in 1673, in the centre of Glasgow. By 1675, first in Scotland opened in 1673, in the centre of Glasgow. By 1675,
318 00:28:15,196 00:28:19,344 there were 3,000 coffee houses across England alone, and every one there were 3,000 coffee houses across England alone, and every one
319 00:28:19,384 00:28:23,200 was a Trojan horse pushing pleasure into the centre of our lives, was a Trojan horse pushing pleasure into the centre of our lives,
320 00:28:23,240 00:28:32,624 almost unnoticed. Releasing a huge rush of sugar into our diet, that almost unnoticed. Releasing a huge rush of sugar into our diet, that
321 00:28:32,664 00:28:36,876 had simply not existed before. It became places frequented by the had simply not existed before. It became places frequented by the
322 00:28:36,916 00:28:40,528 merchants and traders, they could discuss business, and remain sober, merchants and traders, they could discuss business, and remain sober,
323 00:28:40,568 00:28:46,672 with their brains supercharged with caffeine, so they were sharp. with their brains supercharged with caffeine, so they were sharp.
324 00:28:46,712 00:28:52,280 Rather than being bruank on ale. So -- drunk on ale. The coffee house Rather than being bruank on ale. So -- drunk on ale. The coffee house
325 00:28:52,320 00:28:57,000 becomes an alternative to the ale house, underlying all this is sugar, becomes an alternative to the ale house, underlying all this is sugar,
326 00:28:57,040 00:29:01,956 because without the sugar, they are unpalatable, and it means you sell because without the sugar, they are unpalatable, and it means you sell
327 00:29:01,996 00:29:05,236 more sugar. As the drinking habits sort of become more widespread, and more sugar. As the drinking habits sort of become more widespread, and
328 00:29:05,276 00:29:08,312 eventually, at least tea drinking goes out to the order wry people of eventually, at least tea drinking goes out to the order wry people of
329 00:29:08,352 00:29:12,048 the country, the sugar con-- ordinary people of the country, the the country, the sugar con-- ordinary people of the country, the
330 00:29:12,088 00:29:16,280 sugar consumption is going up and up. We move from being a nation sugar consumption is going up and up. We move from being a nation
331 00:29:16,320 00:29:22,124 whose main drink at breakfast is beer, to a nation whose main drink whose main drink at breakfast is beer, to a nation whose main drink
332 00:29:22,164 00:29:26,528 at breakfast is tea. Or coffee. Or in some cases at breakfast is tea. Or coffee. Or in some cases
333 00:29:26,568 00:29:31,016 chocolate. It means, at that one meal your sugar consumption has chocolate. It means, at that one meal your sugar consumption has
334 00:29:31,056 00:29:35,372 rocketed. I remember as a child, people would have six spoonfuls of rocketed. I remember as a child, people would have six spoonfuls of
335 00:29:35,412 00:29:42,360 sugar, five, four. I used to have four spoonfuls when I was a kid. Of sugar, five, four. I used to have four spoonfuls when I was a kid. Of
336 00:29:42,400 00:29:52,360 course, the idea of that now is an and the ma to me now. course, the idea of that now is an and the ma to me now.
337 00:29:52,400 00:29:53,608
338 00:29:53,648 00:30:00,280 -- an anathema to me. Sugar was great, but was it good for us As -- an anathema to me. Sugar was great, but was it good for us As
339 00:30:00,320 00:30:06,520 early as 1864 there were signs that it might not be A doctor found a early as 1864 there were signs that it might not be A doctor found a
340 00:30:06,560 00:30:10,128 sweetish taste in urine and blamed excessive sugar consumption. sweetish taste in urine and blamed excessive sugar consumption.
341 00:30:10,168 00:30:16,860 Diabetes had been known about for centuries, but this link to sugar Diabetes had been known about for centuries, but this link to sugar
342 00:30:16,900 00:30:21,440 was new, as was the label for it "the pissing evil". was new, as was the label for it "the pissing evil".
343 00:30:21,480 00:30:25,396 My own type II pissing evil, means I have to go for regular check-ups, My own type II pissing evil, means I have to go for regular check-ups,
344 00:30:25,436 00:30:28,864 which I dread. Because diabetes, as well as making me more vulnerable which I dread. Because diabetes, as well as making me more vulnerable
345 00:30:28,904 00:30:38,864 to the more serious life- threatening health problems, can to the more serious life- threatening health problems, can
346 00:30:38,904 00:30:38,968
347 00:30:39,008 00:30:43,800 have some really nasty side-effects. Shall we have a look at your feet have some really nasty side-effects. Shall we have a look at your feet
348 00:30:43,840 00:30:49,048 and see what it's like. Let's check the pulses. You have good pulses, and see what it's like. Let's check the pulses. You have good pulses,
349 00:30:49,088 00:30:52,720 that is good news. The key thing with feet, is if you can avoid an that is good news. The key thing with feet, is if you can avoid an
350 00:30:52,760 00:30:57,800 ulcer, if you develop ulcer, it is more difficult for them to heal, ulcer, if you develop ulcer, it is more difficult for them to heal,
351 00:30:57,840 00:31:03,348 and puts you at risk of amputation. Your eyes can reveal a lot about and puts you at risk of amputation. Your eyes can reveal a lot about
352 00:31:03,388 00:31:09,252 how your diabetes is progressing. A retinal scan measures the blood how your diabetes is progressing. A retinal scan measures the blood
353 00:31:09,292 00:31:13,720 vessels at the back of the eye for the danger signs. So, can you tell vessels at the back of the eye for the danger signs. So, can you tell
354 00:31:13,760 00:31:18,612 us what my eye is showing up, if anything? Yes, the eye looks very us what my eye is showing up, if anything? Yes, the eye looks very
355 00:31:18,652 00:31:26,736 good. There is really no signs of any diabetes-related change here, good. There is really no signs of any diabetes-related change here,
356 00:31:26,776 00:31:31,240 that is good news. That's normal. Going through what I went through that is good news. That's normal. Going through what I went through
357 00:31:31,280 00:31:36,288 now, always makes you nervous, especially with the retinal scan, now, always makes you nervous, especially with the retinal scan,
358 00:31:36,328 00:31:39,944 if they do discover something there. The doctor will show me the results if they do discover something there. The doctor will show me the results
359 00:31:39,984 00:31:43,912 any diabetic would dread. Fortunately, today at least, it is any diabetic would dread. Fortunately, today at least, it is
360 00:31:43,952 00:31:46,960 not my eye we are looking at. Sometimes a whole eye might fill not my eye we are looking at. Sometimes a whole eye might fill
361 00:31:47,000 00:31:56,768 with blood and they totally lose their vision. That can happen in with blood and they totally lose their vision. That can happen in
362 00:31:56,808 00:32:00,536 just a matter of second. This is all sugar-induced? It is. just a matter of second. This is all sugar-induced? It is.
363 00:32:00,576 00:32:06,240 So, even though I'm conscious, that I could go blind, or risk So, even though I'm conscious, that I could go blind, or risk
364 00:32:06,280 00:32:10,836 amputation, I admit that I don't manage my diet as well as I could. amputation, I admit that I don't manage my diet as well as I could.
365 00:32:10,876 00:32:14,692 This has been plaguing me all my life, my own sugar addict is the This has been plaguing me all my life, my own sugar addict is the
366 00:32:14,732 00:32:20,240 fact I like sugar and sweeties, I still do, I'm not supposed to. And fact I like sugar and sweeties, I still do, I'm not supposed to. And
367 00:32:20,280 00:32:27,488 I take my pills. I feel guilty about doing it. But, it is the I take my pills. I feel guilty about doing it. But, it is the
368 00:32:27,528 00:32:32,196 habit of a lifetime, that is very hard to break. habit of a lifetime, that is very hard to break.
369 00:32:32,236 00:32:37,164 There is some cutting-edge science being done at the Hammersmith There is some cutting-edge science being done at the Hammersmith
370 00:32:37,204 00:32:39,836 Hospital in London, that might help me understand my predicament. Tony Hospital in London, that might help me understand my predicament. Tony
371 00:32:39,876 00:32:43,648 Goldstone is carrying out a research product into why we find Goldstone is carrying out a research product into why we find
372 00:32:43,688 00:32:53,648 it so hard to control what we eat. I'm going to be one of his Guinea it so hard to control what we eat. I'm going to be one of his Guinea
373 00:32:53,688 00:33:02,632
374 00:33:02,672 00:33:06,584 pigs. This is his brain, it is all the 44 pigs. This is his brain, it is all the 44
375 00:33:06,624 00:33:12,524 slices. While a scanner monitors my brain activity, Tony is making me slices. While a scanner monitors my brain activity, Tony is making me
376 00:33:12,564 00:33:17,556 look at pictures of all sorts of mouth-watering food. It is torture, look at pictures of all sorts of mouth-watering food. It is torture,
377 00:33:17,596 00:33:23,276 particularly as he has forbidden me from eating breakfast beforehand. particularly as he has forbidden me from eating breakfast beforehand.
378 00:33:23,316 00:33:27,616 From what you observed from me, what were my responses? You found From what you observed from me, what were my responses? You found
379 00:33:27,656 00:33:31,848 the high-calorie food appealing when you were fasting, we bias our the high-calorie food appealing when you were fasting, we bias our
380 00:33:31,888 00:33:36,200 brain towards the high-calorie sweet foods, particularly when we brain towards the high-calorie sweet foods, particularly when we
381 00:33:36,240 00:33:41,412 are fasted. The vast majority of us are incline today like sugary foods, are fasted. The vast majority of us are incline today like sugary foods,
382 00:33:41,452 00:33:46,120 most of us do, we have evolved that way. There is no point einvolveing most of us do, we have evolved that way. There is no point einvolveing
383 00:33:46,160 00:33:50,200 a brain that went after lettuce the whole time, we wouldn't have a brain that went after lettuce the whole time, we wouldn't have
384 00:33:50,240 00:33:54,132 survived. We would have embraced the sugar rush, and thought, there survived. We would have embraced the sugar rush, and thought, there
385 00:33:54,172 00:33:58,384 it is t heaven. We are living with the consequences of that, as a it is t heaven. We are living with the consequences of that, as a
386 00:33:58,424 00:34:02,928 result. The trouble is now we are in a toxic environment, where the result. The trouble is now we are in a toxic environment, where the
387 00:34:02,968 00:34:06,120 sweet, high-calorie foods are all around us, we are hard-wired to sweet, high-calorie foods are all around us, we are hard-wired to
388 00:34:06,160 00:34:10,840 like them, they are more readily available, they are cheap, and we like them, they are more readily available, they are cheap, and we
389 00:34:10,880 00:34:15,040 are consume them in ever-increasing quantities. Are our bodies working are consume them in ever-increasing quantities. Are our bodies working
390 00:34:15,080 00:34:19,288 against us? They are, our bodies are trying to defend our body against us? They are, our bodies are trying to defend our body
391 00:34:19,328 00:34:23,664 weight. So we are hard-wired to like the sugary foods, and our weight. So we are hard-wired to like the sugary foods, and our
392 00:34:23,704 00:34:27,920 bodies will do everything it can to keep our body weight where it is at, bodies will do everything it can to keep our body weight where it is at,
393 00:34:27,960 00:34:32,852 and it will do that by making us want and like the high-calorie and it will do that by making us want and like the high-calorie
394 00:34:32,892 00:34:38,432 sugary foods more. So every time we try to cut down on those foods, as sugary foods more. So every time we try to cut down on those foods, as
395 00:34:38,472 00:34:41,824 we need to to lose weight or treat diabetes, our bodies are conspiring we need to to lose weight or treat diabetes, our bodies are conspiring
396 00:34:41,864 00:34:47,544 against us, not necessarily consciously, we may not be Ayew against us, not necessarily consciously, we may not be Ayew
397 00:34:47,584 00:34:54,792 ware of it. Where is the alarm -- Aware of it. Where is the alarm ware of it. Where is the alarm -- Aware of it. Where is the alarm
398 00:34:54,832 00:34:59,464 system? We maybe don't. We maybe don't have it. We have no system? We maybe don't. We maybe don't have it. We have no
399 00:34:59,504 00:35:05,588 control mechanism to lose weight. It is a one-way trade. I can't stop, control mechanism to lose weight. It is a one-way trade. I can't stop,
400 00:35:05,628 00:35:10,588 and it's not my fault! What a catastrophic bit of evolutionary and it's not my fault! What a catastrophic bit of evolutionary
401 00:35:10,628 00:35:14,648 hard-wiring, from the survival of the fit he isest to the survival of hard-wiring, from the survival of the fit he isest to the survival of
402 00:35:14,688 00:35:19,400 the fattest. It meant as soon as we had more calories available to us the fattest. It meant as soon as we had more calories available to us
403 00:35:19,440 00:35:29,400 than we needed, we were doomed. In the 19th century, that balance was than we needed, we were doomed. In the 19th century, that balance was
404 00:35:29,440 00:35:30,400
405 00:35:30,440 00:35:36,028 about to be tipped. At the start of the 19th century, about to be tipped. At the start of the 19th century,
406 00:35:36,068 00:35:41,008 Britain had a monoply on sugar, having jealously guarded her Britain had a monoply on sugar, having jealously guarded her
407 00:35:41,048 00:35:44,932 Caribbean supply for over a century. But as a result of the Napoleonic Caribbean supply for over a century. But as a result of the Napoleonic
408 00:35:44,972 00:35:50,248 wars, French trade lines to the Caribbean were being blockaded by wars, French trade lines to the Caribbean were being blockaded by
409 00:35:50,288 00:35:56,528 the British Navy, and France was desperately short of sugar. But the British Navy, and France was desperately short of sugar. But
410 00:35:56,568 00:36:04,968 then, scientists presented Napoleon with two loaves of sugar, made, not then, scientists presented Napoleon with two loaves of sugar, made, not
411 00:36:05,008 00:36:09,436 from sugar cane, but this, sugar beet. Napoleon was so impressed, he from sugar cane, but this, sugar beet. Napoleon was so impressed, he
412 00:36:09,476 00:36:13,184 decreed that sugar beet should be mass planted, and provided the cash decreed that sugar beet should be mass planted, and provided the cash
413 00:36:13,224 00:36:18,156 to get the farms and factories up and running. Within a few more to get the farms and factories up and running. Within a few more
414 00:36:18,196 00:36:23,156 years, more than 40 sugar beet factories were established. Mostly years, more than 40 sugar beet factories were established. Mostly
415 00:36:23,196 00:36:29,952 in northern France. In a two- fringeered gesture to the British, in northern France. In a two- fringeered gesture to the British,
416 00:36:29,992 00:36:33,776 Napoleon embargoed the sale of sugar beet to Britain. Napoleon embargoed the sale of sugar beet to Britain.
417 00:36:33,816 00:36:38,328 The stand-off didn't last, however, and within a matter of decades, the The stand-off didn't last, however, and within a matter of decades, the
418 00:36:38,368 00:36:44,608 forces of the free market prevailed. Sugar beet flooded the British forces of the free market prevailed. Sugar beet flooded the British
419 00:36:44,648 00:36:52,344 market, and the price dropped. By 1850, it was a commodity that market, and the price dropped. By 1850, it was a commodity that
420 00:36:52,384 00:36:56,720 everyone could afford. And this was the result, teatime. This very everyone could afford. And this was the result, teatime. This very
421 00:36:56,760 00:37:00,968 British institution was how working people got through the day. British institution was how working people got through the day.
422 00:37:01,008 00:37:05,672 Jealousy guarded tea breaks at the factory, with tea loaded with sugar, Jealousy guarded tea breaks at the factory, with tea loaded with sugar,
423 00:37:05,712 00:37:10,344 it was a consolation, a reward for dull and difficult days. Sugar it was a consolation, a reward for dull and difficult days. Sugar
424 00:37:10,384 00:37:16,808 became the fuel which drove the Industrial Revolution. Sugar became the fuel which drove the Industrial Revolution. Sugar
425 00:37:16,848 00:37:20,936 changed, not just what we drank, but what we ate. If you look at the changed, not just what we drank, but what we ate. If you look at the
426 00:37:20,976 00:37:24,596 diet of the working-class, at the beginning of the 19th century, we diet of the working-class, at the beginning of the 19th century, we
427 00:37:24,636 00:37:32,608 are pretty much looking at bread, potato, cheese, butter if you are are pretty much looking at bread, potato, cheese, butter if you are
428 00:37:32,648 00:37:38,908 lucky, maybe a bit of bacon fat, by the end you are looking at bread, lucky, maybe a bit of bacon fat, by the end you are looking at bread,
429 00:37:38,948 00:37:42,520 butter or margarine, jam or cake. One of the big things the butter or margarine, jam or cake. One of the big things the
430 00:37:42,560 00:37:50,828 Victorians were good at leftover recipes. This is a sponge cake, you Victorians were good at leftover recipes. This is a sponge cake, you
431 00:37:50,868 00:37:56,484 take a steal sponge cake, cut it in slice, and cover it in jam and mask take a steal sponge cake, cut it in slice, and cover it in jam and mask
432 00:37:56,524 00:38:06,484 it with meringue. High tea became an essential for the working-class. it with meringue. High tea became an essential for the working-class.
433 00:38:06,524 00:38:06,624
434 00:38:06,664 00:38:11,240 It was an echo of the aristocratic shadow. High tea was a meal, its It was an echo of the aristocratic shadow. High tea was a meal, its
435 00:38:11,280 00:38:16,580 signature ingredient was jam. An avalanche of it, with pound-for- signature ingredient was jam. An avalanche of it, with pound-for-
436 00:38:16,620 00:38:20,564 pound as much sugar as fruit. It was still there a century later, in pound as much sugar as fruit. It was still there a century later, in
437 00:38:20,604 00:38:26,080 my own working-class Dundee childhood, where it rolled off a my own working-class Dundee childhood, where it rolled off a
438 00:38:26,120 00:38:30,376 production line, a mile from my house. production line, a mile from my house.
439 00:38:30,416 00:38:34,768 What was this thing you were putting on, this apricot, it looked What was this thing you were putting on, this apricot, it looked
440 00:38:34,808 00:38:41,864 like apricot jam? That was carrot jam. What? It is jam made with like apricot jam? That was carrot jam. What? It is jam made with
441 00:38:41,904 00:38:47,752 carrots to look like apricot jam. shouldn't do this, but carrot jam? carrots to look like apricot jam. shouldn't do this, but carrot jam?
442 00:38:47,792 00:38:52,456 Get out of here! It tastes like almonds, and I would have said Get out of here! It tastes like almonds, and I would have said
443 00:38:52,496 00:38:57,160 apricots? If you don't know what it is, nearly everybody says apricots. apricots? If you don't know what it is, nearly everybody says apricots.
444 00:38:57,200 00:39:01,488 It is rather nice. I think it is lovely, there is bitter almonds in It is rather nice. I think it is lovely, there is bitter almonds in
445 00:39:01,528 00:39:05,036 there. It is gorgeous, but it is deadly as far as sugar is concerned. there. It is gorgeous, but it is deadly as far as sugar is concerned.
446 00:39:05,076 00:39:08,532 There must have been old wives who said, get the carrot jam, that There must have been old wives who said, get the carrot jam, that
447 00:39:08,572 00:39:13,816 really gives the baiorns lots of energy, and they get a lot of really gives the baiorns lots of energy, and they get a lot of
448 00:39:13,856 00:39:16,988 bounce and tough. There must have probably been that kind of chat? bounce and tough. There must have probably been that kind of chat?
449 00:39:17,028 00:39:20,756 think there was. There is a question of are your children going think there was. There is a question of are your children going
450 00:39:20,796 00:39:25,240 to eat that dry bread, no, if you spread it with a bit of jam, can to eat that dry bread, no, if you spread it with a bit of jam, can
451 00:39:25,280 00:39:28,612 you get them to eat it. So they will eat a lot more and bread, and you get them to eat it. So they will eat a lot more and bread, and
452 00:39:28,652 00:39:36,532 they will take more food if they have a little bit of jam. For the they will take more food if they have a little bit of jam. For the
453 00:39:36,572 00:39:39,736 poor in the 19th century, a lot of their kal rific intake came from poor in the 19th century, a lot of their kal rific intake came from
454 00:39:39,776 00:39:44,768 sugar dcalorific intake came from sugar, they could have taken it sugar dcalorific intake came from sugar, they could have taken it
455 00:39:44,808 00:39:48,240 from other nutrients, but they were eating sugar, there is no vitamins, from other nutrients, but they were eating sugar, there is no vitamins,
456 00:39:48,280 00:39:52,892 good fats, or protein. It is just sugar. They are getting the buzz good fats, or protein. It is just sugar. They are getting the buzz
457 00:39:52,932 00:39:57,552 they want or need, but they are not getting the nutrients they need. they want or need, but they are not getting the nutrients they need.
458 00:39:57,592 00:40:03,020 And malnutrition among the poorer classes in the 19th century, it was And malnutrition among the poorer classes in the 19th century, it was
459 00:40:03,060 00:40:08,504 awful. By the beginning of the 19th century how many pounds of sugar awful. By the beginning of the 19th century how many pounds of sugar
460 00:40:08,544 00:40:13,096 are we consuming? 12 pound a head. By the end of the 19th century? are we consuming? 12 pound a head. By the end of the 19th century?
461 00:40:13,136 00:40:16,692 pound a head. A huge increase? Massive increase. The arguments we pound a head. A huge increase? Massive increase. The arguments we
462 00:40:16,732 00:40:20,332 have that the poor are spending money on the wrong things, busy have that the poor are spending money on the wrong things, busy
463 00:40:20,372 00:40:25,740 drinking and spending their money on chocolates and take-out food, drinking and spending their money on chocolates and take-out food,
464 00:40:25,780 00:40:30,052 are exactly the same arguments in the 19th century. People say the are exactly the same arguments in the 19th century. People say the
465 00:40:30,092 00:40:35,068 working-classes should be eating boiled sheep heads, and they forget working-classes should be eating boiled sheep heads, and they forget
466 00:40:35,108 00:40:40,584 about the cost of fuel and the time to cook meals that are long to about the cost of fuel and the time to cook meals that are long to
467 00:40:40,624 00:40:45,320 process. They fall back on what is cheap and easy. 1886 was the year process. They fall back on what is cheap and easy. 1886 was the year
468 00:40:45,360 00:40:49,100 the Swiss invented milk chocolate, that was bold, new and very popular. the Swiss invented milk chocolate, that was bold, new and very popular.
469 00:40:49,140 00:40:54,632 With a recipe that consisted of huge amounts of sugar, sweetened With a recipe that consisted of huge amounts of sugar, sweetened
470 00:40:54,672 00:41:00,100 milk. Britain's confexers competed to milk. Britain's confexers competed to
471 00:41:00,140 00:41:05,148 make their own. But for almost 20 years the secret elueted them. make their own. But for almost 20 years the secret elueted them.
472 00:41:05,188 00:41:12,508 Rumour has it, that George Cadbury became so obsessed with the pursuit Rumour has it, that George Cadbury became so obsessed with the pursuit
473 00:41:12,548 00:41:15,600 of milk chocolate, that he became a sleepwalker, and one night he of milk chocolate, that he became a sleepwalker, and one night he
474 00:41:15,640 00:41:25,600 rolled his wife around the bedroom under the impression she was a milk rolled his wife around the bedroom under the impression she was a milk
475 00:41:25,640 00:41:30,304
476 00:41:30,344 00:41:40,304 chuorn. I have come to discover the secrets chuorn. I have come to discover the secrets
477 00:41:40,344 00:41:42,072
478 00:41:42,112 00:41:46,928 of making chocolate for myself. What am I doing, surrounding myself of making chocolate for myself. What am I doing, surrounding myself
479 00:41:46,968 00:41:52,804 with more temptation. Take that bag and I will fill it up. It took with more temptation. Take that bag and I will fill it up. It took
480 00:41:52,844 00:41:59,464 George Cadbury to create Britain's first milk chocolate. In 1905, George Cadbury to create Britain's first milk chocolate. In 1905,
481 00:41:59,504 00:42:08,744 Cadbury's Dairy Milk was released to an eager market. It was a bar of Cadbury's Dairy Milk was released to an eager market. It was a bar of
482 00:42:08,784 00:42:12,696 sugar, in a brown disguise. Do you I think I might have a job sugar, in a brown disguise. Do you I think I might have a job
483 00:42:12,736 00:42:17,824 here, with this career of mine is fading by the hour. Milk chocolate here, with this career of mine is fading by the hour. Milk chocolate
484 00:42:17,864 00:42:21,024 fell into a market gluted with sweetness. Britain was already the fell into a market gluted with sweetness. Britain was already the
485 00:42:21,064 00:42:30,852 largest consumer of sugar in the world. Yet there was still no sense largest consumer of sugar in the world. Yet there was still no sense
486 00:42:30,892 00:42:33,636 that it might be bad for you. isn't that amazing. that it might be bad for you. isn't that amazing.
487 00:42:33,676 00:42:38,568 Very nerve racking all of this, you know. Very nerve racking all of this, you know.
488 00:42:38,608 00:42:43,492 In this country we have a taste for milk chocolate, and I remember as a In this country we have a taste for milk chocolate, and I remember as a
489 00:42:43,532 00:42:46,964 child, only eating milk chocolate. It makes a delicious recipe, if you child, only eating milk chocolate. It makes a delicious recipe, if you
490 00:42:47,004 00:42:51,696 are making something very, very sweet, it is appealing to the are making something very, very sweet, it is appealing to the
491 00:42:51,736 00:42:56,336 caveman instinct in us all. We all crave for sweet things. caveman instinct in us all. We all crave for sweet things.
492 00:42:56,376 00:43:00,872 subsequently not very healthy? indeed. If you get a bar of milk subsequently not very healthy? indeed. If you get a bar of milk
493 00:43:00,912 00:43:06,136 chocolate, now, and you read the wrapper, I think you would be lucky chocolate, now, and you read the wrapper, I think you would be lucky
494 00:43:06,176 00:43:09,872 to get about 22% cocoa solids, and all the rest, which is almost 80%, to get about 22% cocoa solids, and all the rest, which is almost 80%,
495 00:43:09,912 00:43:13,640 would be milk and sugar. And sometimes some other fats as well. would be milk and sugar. And sometimes some other fats as well.
496 00:43:13,680 00:43:20,980 I would say that milk chocolate is not very healthy, not only because I would say that milk chocolate is not very healthy, not only because
497 00:43:21,020 00:43:25,620 it has a lot of sugar, but it is also interestingly, the milk bonds it has a lot of sugar, but it is also interestingly, the milk bonds
498 00:43:25,660 00:43:30,948 with all of the vitamins and the minerals in the chocolate, and you with all of the vitamins and the minerals in the chocolate, and you
499 00:43:30,988 00:43:35,904 can't actually digest them. Really? It is really true, if you want to can't actually digest them. Really? It is really true, if you want to
500 00:43:35,944 00:43:38,980 eat healthy chocolate, it has to be dark. eat healthy chocolate, it has to be dark.
501 00:43:39,020 00:43:45,136 Of course, as the chocolate manufacturers might tell you, milk Of course, as the chocolate manufacturers might tell you, milk
502 00:43:45,176 00:43:53,212 chocolate isn't unhealthy in itself. As long as it is eaten as an chocolate isn't unhealthy in itself. As long as it is eaten as an
503 00:43:53,252 00:43:57,560 occasional treat. But there lies the problem. occasional treat. But there lies the problem.
504 00:43:57,600 00:44:00,888 Oh my goodness. That is good. This is dark chocolate. It really is Oh my goodness. That is good. This is dark chocolate. It really is
505 00:44:00,928 00:44:05,436 good. That is very little sugar in there. good. That is very little sugar in there.
506 00:44:05,476 00:44:09,748 The figures speak for themselves, the invention of Dairy Milk made The figures speak for themselves, the invention of Dairy Milk made
507 00:44:09,788 00:44:17,012 Cadburys the wealthiest chocolate company in Britain. With a turnover Cadburys the wealthiest chocolate company in Britain. With a turnover
508 00:44:17,052 00:44:22,592 in today's money of �120 million. In 1914, at the beginning of the in today's money of �120 million. In 1914, at the beginning of the
509 00:44:22,632 00:44:28,436 First World War, the British Government placed massive orders First World War, the British Government placed massive orders
510 00:44:28,476 00:44:37,328 for bornville cocoa and Dairy Milk. Cadburys streamlined their for bornville cocoa and Dairy Milk. Cadburys streamlined their
511 00:44:37,368 00:44:43,236 production to accommodate demand. German standard rations were plain production to accommodate demand. German standard rations were plain
512 00:44:43,276 00:44:46,264 fare by example, bread, potatoes, but the standard rations of the fare by example, bread, potatoes, but the standard rations of the
513 00:44:46,304 00:44:50,796 Britain contained Dairy Milk Chocolate, and good Caribbean rum, Britain contained Dairy Milk Chocolate, and good Caribbean rum,
514 00:44:50,836 00:44:55,032 mooded food. Bravery, afterall, doesn't need to last. Reckoned in mooded food. Bravery, afterall, doesn't need to last. Reckoned in
515 00:44:55,072 00:44:58,888 the span of a lifetime, it can be the merest blink, more than long the span of a lifetime, it can be the merest blink, more than long
516 00:44:58,928 00:45:08,888 enough for the dopamine surge, delivered by sweetened chocolate, enough for the dopamine surge, delivered by sweetened chocolate,
517 00:45:08,928 00:45:10,344
518 00:45:10,384 00:45:17,496 or the brief intokation, following a tot of rum, chemical courage. or the brief intokation, following a tot of rum, chemical courage.
519 00:45:17,536 00:45:23,160 After the war, the shelves of grocers continued to fill with what After the war, the shelves of grocers continued to fill with what
520 00:45:23,200 00:45:29,528 can be described as old friends, brands like Rowntree's Kit Kat from can be described as old friends, brands like Rowntree's Kit Kat from
521 00:45:29,568 00:45:33,936 1905, and Smarties from 1927, brands still unchanged today. The 1905, and Smarties from 1927, brands still unchanged today. The
522 00:45:33,976 00:45:40,140 mass production of food had just begun, and the jockeying for mass production of food had just begun, and the jockeying for
523 00:45:40,180 00:45:46,236 position to sell each new product was fierce. The philosopher Claude position to sell each new product was fierce. The philosopher Claude
524 00:45:46,276 00:45:51,828 Levi straws, had raised the idea that food -- straus, had raised the Levi straws, had raised the idea that food -- straus, had raised the
525 00:45:51,868 00:45:55,392 idea that food needed to appeal to the mind as well as the mouth. His idea that food needed to appeal to the mind as well as the mouth. His
526 00:45:55,432 00:46:03,188 philosophy of messing with our minds, and making the slide towards philosophy of messing with our minds, and making the slide towards
527 00:46:03,228 00:46:08,768 sugar more inevitable. There was an explosion of the brands at the sugar more inevitable. There was an explosion of the brands at the
528 00:46:08,808 00:46:15,880 beginning of the century, when these appeared, 1920s, 1930s, a beginning of the century, when these appeared, 1920s, 1930s, a
529 00:46:15,920 00:46:21,328 chap was working called Edward Bernase, he used the phrase, the chap was working called Edward Bernase, he used the phrase, the
530 00:46:21,368 00:46:25,532 idea mind marketing and branding was to "engineer consent", to idea mind marketing and branding was to "engineer consent", to
531 00:46:25,572 00:46:30,240 create brand loyalty and addictions. In the case of chocolate and sweets, create brand loyalty and addictions. In the case of chocolate and sweets,
532 00:46:30,280 00:46:33,784 what is interesting to me, and I'm thinking about my own response, I what is interesting to me, and I'm thinking about my own response, I
533 00:46:33,824 00:46:39,892 consume nearly everything here. But it seems to me that it goes back to consume nearly everything here. But it seems to me that it goes back to
534 00:46:39,932 00:46:43,644 a very, very early point in my life, almost at the very begin of my a very, very early point in my life, almost at the very begin of my
535 00:46:43,684 00:46:47,036 conscious life. This has been with me. It is a bit like the Jesuits conscious life. This has been with me. It is a bit like the Jesuits
536 00:46:47,076 00:46:50,812 used to say about children, give me the boy until he's seven and I will used to say about children, give me the boy until he's seven and I will
537 00:46:50,852 00:46:55,328 give you the man. That is how the brands work. You give me the child, give you the man. That is how the brands work. You give me the child,
538 00:46:55,368 00:46:59,284 at pre-school age, and I will give you the adult, I will deliver you at pre-school age, and I will give you the adult, I will deliver you
539 00:46:59,324 00:47:04,676 the adult. Because we will then anchor that brand with all those the adult. Because we will then anchor that brand with all those
540 00:47:04,716 00:47:11,240 pleasant, happy memories we had as children. Look at this historic Kit pleasant, happy memories we had as children. Look at this historic Kit
541 00:47:11,280 00:47:17,520 Kat add, "Polly put the Kit Kat on and we will all have tea". There is Kat add, "Polly put the Kit Kat on and we will all have tea". There is
542 00:47:17,560 00:47:23,520 the Rowntree's fruit gum boy. wanted to be him. Cadburys milk the Rowntree's fruit gum boy. wanted to be him. Cadburys milk
543 00:47:23,560 00:47:27,504 chocolate buttons. The backin the box. Big -- the Jack in the box, chocolate buttons. The backin the box. Big -- the Jack in the box,
544 00:47:27,544 00:47:33,128 big smiling things. It is the happiness, I look at this, and go, big smiling things. It is the happiness, I look at this, and go,
545 00:47:33,168 00:47:39,488 yeah, I remember when Opal Fruits started, Love Hearts, I would love yeah, I remember when Opal Fruits started, Love Hearts, I would love
546 00:47:39,528 00:47:45,504 them and look at them and see the mottos they had. The names as well. them and look at them and see the mottos they had. The names as well.
547 00:47:45,544 00:47:50,128 Bounty, Bounty giving you excess. Life Savers, a Marathon, making you Bounty, Bounty giving you excess. Life Savers, a Marathon, making you
548 00:47:50,168 00:47:54,724 run forever. Unbelievable. The names themselves there. The amount run forever. Unbelievable. The names themselves there. The amount
549 00:47:54,764 00:47:59,972 of time these brands spent getting the name right, and the design of time these brands spent getting the name right, and the design
550 00:48:00,012 00:48:03,536 right, getting their brand position right, so you will open the doors right, getting their brand position right, so you will open the doors
551 00:48:03,576 00:48:10,928 to your mind, and the brands will run in and sit there and lodge to your mind, and the brands will run in and sit there and lodge
552 00:48:10,968 00:48:16,520 there for the rest of your life. That is how they work. there for the rest of your life. That is how they work.
553 00:48:16,560 00:48:21,816 At the turn of the 20th century, the average Briton ate just shy of At the turn of the 20th century, the average Briton ate just shy of
554 00:48:21,856 00:48:29,648 a pound of sugar a week. Our intake was accelerating at a frightening a pound of sugar a week. Our intake was accelerating at a frightening
555 00:48:29,688 00:48:35,556 rate. Because sugar was now finding its way into virtually everything. rate. Because sugar was now finding its way into virtually everything.
556 00:48:35,596 00:48:42,536 One loaf of bread, two-and-a-half tablespoonfuls of sugar. And it One loaf of bread, two-and-a-half tablespoonfuls of sugar. And it
557 00:48:42,576 00:48:46,320 doesn't even taste sweet. Other sugar, like high fructose corn doesn't even taste sweet. Other sugar, like high fructose corn
558 00:48:46,360 00:48:51,444 syrup, are also in a bewildering variety of both sweet and savoury syrup, are also in a bewildering variety of both sweet and savoury
559 00:48:51,484 00:48:55,972 foods. Corn syrup was an American foods. Corn syrup was an American
560 00:48:56,012 00:49:02,196 invention from the 1950s, when the post-war, post-rationing world, was invention from the 1950s, when the post-war, post-rationing world, was
561 00:49:02,236 00:49:07,556 looking for more plentiful supplies of food. Corn syrup was much looking for more plentiful supplies of food. Corn syrup was much
562 00:49:07,596 00:49:12,256 cheerer than granulated sugar, -- cheaper than granulated sugar, so cheerer than granulated sugar, -- cheaper than granulated sugar, so
563 00:49:12,296 00:49:16,428 one by one the companies started to use it as the flavour enhancer of one by one the companies started to use it as the flavour enhancer of
564 00:49:16,468 00:49:21,584 Joyce. The wide use of corn syrup may explain why sugar consumption Joyce. The wide use of corn syrup may explain why sugar consumption
565 00:49:21,624 00:49:26,428 has rocketed over the last 50 years. Going from a two pound supermarket has rocketed over the last 50 years. Going from a two pound supermarket
566 00:49:26,468 00:49:36,428 bag each a week in the 1960s, to three-times that today. That's six bag each a week in the 1960s, to three-times that today. That's six
567 00:49:36,468 00:49:36,944
568 00:49:36,984 00:49:43,848 pounds a week each. And one of the biggest users of pounds a week each. And one of the biggest users of
569 00:49:43,888 00:49:47,960 corn syrup is this, fizzy drinks. It is the most recent Trojan horse corn syrup is this, fizzy drinks. It is the most recent Trojan horse
570 00:49:48,000 00:49:52,568 to invisibly steal sugar into our diet. Over the last 30 years our to invisibly steal sugar into our diet. Over the last 30 years our
571 00:49:52,608 00:49:57,148 habits have changed. There has been a huge upsurge in their popularity. habits have changed. There has been a huge upsurge in their popularity.
572 00:49:57,188 00:50:03,400 In America, consumption of these soft drinks has doubled since the In America, consumption of these soft drinks has doubled since the
573 00:50:03,440 00:50:07,072 1970s. Here, they make up 20% of all the drinks we buy. 1970s. Here, they make up 20% of all the drinks we buy.
574 00:50:07,112 00:50:11,884 Today I'm meeting someone who is lucky to be alive he has got to the Today I'm meeting someone who is lucky to be alive he has got to the
575 00:50:11,924 00:50:16,648 point where he was drinking six litres of fizzy drinks a day, and point where he was drinking six litres of fizzy drinks a day, and
576 00:50:16,688 00:50:26,648 couldn't stop. How did it escalate? It just got into a habit of not couldn't stop. How did it escalate? It just got into a habit of not
577 00:50:26,688 00:50:30,088
578 00:50:30,128 00:50:38,024 drinking water. It was always, IronBru. My sister won't drink drinking water. It was always, IronBru. My sister won't drink
579 00:50:38,064 00:50:42,040 water, she's the same. How bad did it get? I had to have it. You were water, she's the same. How bad did it get? I had to have it. You were
580 00:50:42,080 00:50:45,744 completely addicted? Yes. Totally. What about nightime? If I didn't completely addicted? Yes. Totally. What about nightime? If I didn't
581 00:50:45,784 00:50:50,928 have any through the night I would wake up in the morning, wanting to have any through the night I would wake up in the morning, wanting to
582 00:50:50,968 00:50:54,492 throw up, sore head, sweating. you didn't have any? If I didn't throw up, sore head, sweating. you didn't have any? If I didn't
583 00:50:54,532 00:50:57,840 have any through the night. So you are saying to me, that if you have any through the night. So you are saying to me, that if you
584 00:50:57,880 00:51:03,512 didn't have anything through the night you would be sick, and this didn't have anything through the night you would be sick, and this
585 00:51:03,552 00:51:08,088 kept you from being sick? Yeah. That defines an addict, when you kept you from being sick? Yeah. That defines an addict, when you
586 00:51:08,128 00:51:16,200 are that dependant? Definite addiction. Definitely an addiction. are that dependant? Definite addiction. Definitely an addiction.
587 00:51:16,240 00:51:20,840 I would have done anything to get Ir nBru! I would have done anything to get Ir nBru!
588 00:51:20,880 00:51:25,840 I wanted to ask the manufacturers about the impact of iron brew on I wanted to ask the manufacturers about the impact of iron brew on
589 00:51:25,880 00:51:28,464 the health of the people who drink it, but they declined to do an the health of the people who drink it, but they declined to do an
590 00:51:28,504 00:51:33,920 interview, instead they sent a statement that basically says that interview, instead they sent a statement that basically says that
591 00:51:33,960 00:51:38,184 the drink should be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet, and that they the drink should be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet, and that they
592 00:51:38,224 00:51:47,640 would never advocate overconsumption. But what of that would never advocate overconsumption. But what of that
593 00:51:47,680 00:51:51,308 choice being out of your hands. Andrew said he felt he was addicted choice being out of your hands. Andrew said he felt he was addicted
594 00:51:51,348 00:51:54,232 to IronBru. You were completely addicted? Yes. It has been to IronBru. You were completely addicted? Yes. It has been
595 00:51:54,272 00:51:58,920 scientifically proven that drinking and smoking can be addictive, but scientifically proven that drinking and smoking can be addictive, but
596 00:51:58,960 00:52:02,808 it is much more controversial to suggest that sugar might have the it is much more controversial to suggest that sugar might have the
597 00:52:02,848 00:52:06,000 same effect. So, what did you make of that? same effect. So, what did you make of that?
598 00:52:06,040 00:52:09,932 I think clearly sugar is very addictive. There has been some I think clearly sugar is very addictive. There has been some
599 00:52:09,972 00:52:14,404 research done in rats that has shown that when given free access research done in rats that has shown that when given free access
600 00:52:14,444 00:52:19,248 to either sugar or to cocaine, a lot of rats will actually prefer to either sugar or to cocaine, a lot of rats will actually prefer
601 00:52:19,288 00:52:25,264 the sugar. Suggesting that there is an even stronger association with the sugar. Suggesting that there is an even stronger association with
602 00:52:25,304 00:52:28,360 the sugar than with something else addictive like cocaine. the sugar than with something else addictive like cocaine.
603 00:52:28,400 00:52:34,184 The research into addiction shows that the warm glow of pleasure that The research into addiction shows that the warm glow of pleasure that
604 00:52:34,224 00:52:38,328 we feel when we drink a sugary drink, for example, is generated by we feel when we drink a sugary drink, for example, is generated by
605 00:52:38,368 00:52:43,796 different parts of the brain communicating with each other. The different parts of the brain communicating with each other. The
606 00:52:43,836 00:52:48,468 feelings of wanting that drink then liking it as you drink it live in feelings of wanting that drink then liking it as you drink it live in
607 00:52:48,508 00:52:53,344 different parts of the brain. But in the brains of addicts, they different parts of the brain. But in the brains of addicts, they
608 00:52:53,384 00:52:56,280 refuse to communicate at all. The stand-off between these two refuse to communicate at all. The stand-off between these two
609 00:52:56,320 00:53:01,528 feelings results in addictive behaviour. feelings results in addictive behaviour.
610 00:53:01,568 00:53:06,328 The more you want to drink, the less you actually enjoy it, which The more you want to drink, the less you actually enjoy it, which
611 00:53:06,368 00:53:09,920 leads you to look for more. I think one of the interesting leads you to look for more. I think one of the interesting
612 00:53:09,960 00:53:13,440 things about that is you can explain a lot of human behaviour in things about that is you can explain a lot of human behaviour in
613 00:53:13,480 00:53:16,344 that way. You can think of how they would normally go together, and that way. You can think of how they would normally go together, and
614 00:53:16,384 00:53:21,640 sometimes they don't. When the balance of that goes wrong, is that sometimes they don't. When the balance of that goes wrong, is that
615 00:53:21,680 00:53:26,484 when we are, as it were, vulnerable? I think the moment that when we are, as it were, vulnerable? I think the moment that
616 00:53:26,524 00:53:31,468 we are no longer able to actually get pleasure out of something, and we are no longer able to actually get pleasure out of something, and
617 00:53:31,508 00:53:34,672 we just start to expecting or pursuing that particular pleasure we just start to expecting or pursuing that particular pleasure
618 00:53:34,712 00:53:38,688 more than actually getting any, there is clearly something wrong. A more than actually getting any, there is clearly something wrong. A
619 00:53:38,728 00:53:42,704 lot of your brain then becomes out of balance. That in itself then lot of your brain then becomes out of balance. That in itself then
620 00:53:42,744 00:53:46,520 create behaviour which is out of balance, and one of the things that create behaviour which is out of balance, and one of the things that
621 00:53:46,560 00:53:50,596 can happen with that is it can lead to things like obesity, or can happen with that is it can lead to things like obesity, or
622 00:53:50,636 00:53:54,576 addiction, or all sorts of other problems. addiction, or all sorts of other problems.
623 00:53:54,616 00:54:00,784 For Andrew, what began as a pleasurable experience, eventually For Andrew, what began as a pleasurable experience, eventually
624 00:54:00,824 00:54:05,704 became an addiction. He has managed to recover, but only became an addiction. He has managed to recover, but only
625 00:54:05,744 00:54:10,220 after severe illness. He was saved by a quadruple heart bypass after severe illness. He was saved by a quadruple heart bypass
626 00:54:10,260 00:54:16,548 operation, and the careful monitoring of this doctor, who operation, and the careful monitoring of this doctor, who
627 00:54:16,588 00:54:19,768 helped him give ups daily fix. The cholesterol was around about 9- helped him give ups daily fix. The cholesterol was around about 9-
628 00:54:19,808 00:54:25,240 10, it plummeted once you changed your behaviour. It is amazing what 10, it plummeted once you changed your behaviour. It is amazing what
629 00:54:25,280 00:54:31,532 a change it has been. That coincides exactly with when you cut a change it has been. That coincides exactly with when you cut
630 00:54:31,572 00:54:37,248 out your fizzy drinks. The doctor is convinced that people can change out your fizzy drinks. The doctor is convinced that people can change
631 00:54:37,288 00:54:41,064 and wean themselves off sugar. young child is given excessive and wean themselves off sugar. young child is given excessive
632 00:54:41,104 00:54:46,452 amounts of sugar in their diet, they will develop tastebuds and amounts of sugar in their diet, they will develop tastebuds and
633 00:54:46,492 00:54:50,296 their palate will be programmed to have sweet substance from there on their palate will be programmed to have sweet substance from there on
634 00:54:50,336 00:54:56,504 afterwards, if their tastebuds are never challenged or over a period afterwards, if their tastebuds are never challenged or over a period
635 00:54:56,544 00:55:00,656 of time, they can become addicted to sugar, "addicted" in the of time, they can become addicted to sugar, "addicted" in the
636 00:55:00,696 00:55:05,252 broadest sense. People can take sugar out of their diet, and Andrew broadest sense. People can take sugar out of their diet, and Andrew
637 00:55:05,292 00:55:08,968 is an example, and are eating less sugar in food and drinks, still is an example, and are eating less sugar in food and drinks, still
638 00:55:09,008 00:55:12,112 enjoying their diet, to the same extent, if not more, by enjoying their diet, to the same extent, if not more, by
639 00:55:12,152 00:55:15,784 reprogramming their palate. That is the key point. What many of my reprogramming their palate. That is the key point. What many of my
640 00:55:15,824 00:55:18,456 colleagues don't recognise, and many of the people in the public colleagues don't recognise, and many of the people in the public
641 00:55:18,496 00:55:22,328 don't recognise, sometimes to reprogramme your palate can take a don't recognise, sometimes to reprogramme your palate can take a
642 00:55:22,368 00:55:24,864 couple of months to do so, but that they can achieve that change, and couple of months to do so, but that they can achieve that change, and
643 00:55:24,904 00:55:28,364 they can get to a point where something that might have been they can get to a point where something that might have been
644 00:55:28,404 00:55:38,364 considered to them really bland in the past is actually becoming quite considered to them really bland in the past is actually becoming quite
645 00:55:38,404 00:55:40,252
646 00:55:40,292 00:55:43,940 tasty. When I set out to discover why tasty. When I set out to discover why
647 00:55:43,980 00:55:48,252 sugar has become such a big part of your diet, I don't think I realised sugar has become such a big part of your diet, I don't think I realised
648 00:55:48,292 00:55:55,816 the extent that we depend on it. Or how serious the consequences have the extent that we depend on it. Or how serious the consequences have
649 00:55:55,856 00:56:02,116 become. From Elizabeth I's sweet tooth to become. From Elizabeth I's sweet tooth to
650 00:56:02,156 00:56:05,332 the working-man's jam-laden high tea. Our penchant for sugar has the working-man's jam-laden high tea. Our penchant for sugar has
651 00:56:05,372 00:56:09,020 become a particularly British infatuation. From the moment it was become a particularly British infatuation. From the moment it was
652 00:56:09,060 00:56:12,160 first mass produced in Barbados, and became one of the British first mass produced in Barbados, and became one of the British
653 00:56:12,200 00:56:17,288 Empire's most successful trading commodities, there was no turning Empire's most successful trading commodities, there was no turning
654 00:56:17,328 00:56:21,048 back. Our love of sugar knew no bounds. back. Our love of sugar knew no bounds.
655 00:56:21,088 00:56:25,612 In recent times it has spread like a virus through all the food and In recent times it has spread like a virus through all the food and
656 00:56:25,652 00:56:29,912 drink we consume, to the extent that we have been left in a world drink we consume, to the extent that we have been left in a world
657 00:56:29,952 00:56:36,800 where eating can be dangerous. The choices we make about our diet are where eating can be dangerous. The choices we make about our diet are
658 00:56:36,840 00:56:44,304 a matter of life or death. Science is telling us that our a matter of life or death. Science is telling us that our
659 00:56:44,344 00:56:49,804 brains and bodies can no longer cope with this conbombardment of brains and bodies can no longer cope with this conbombardment of
660 00:56:49,844 00:56:54,692 sweetness. My own -- this Bonn bombardment of sweetness. My own sweetness. My own -- this Bonn bombardment of sweetness. My own
661 00:56:54,732 00:56:59,444 body is sat Railtracked with sweetness, but -- saturated with body is sat Railtracked with sweetness, but -- saturated with
662 00:56:59,484 00:57:02,768 sweetness. But we can overcome our hard wiring and cravings if we sweetness. But we can overcome our hard wiring and cravings if we
663 00:57:02,808 00:57:07,304 choose. For the first time in our evolutionary history we have been choose. For the first time in our evolutionary history we have been
664 00:57:07,344 00:57:12,460 given a choice, and a pretty major one at that. We have all evidence, given a choice, and a pretty major one at that. We have all evidence,
665 00:57:12,500 00:57:17,148 but to act on it, the choice is your's. but to act on it, the choice is your's.
666 00:57:17,188 00:57:23,836 But in the meantime, to eat the cheesecake or not to eat the But in the meantime, to eat the cheesecake or not to eat the
667 00:57:23,876 00:57:26,224 cheesecake, that is the question. And you are not going to know the cheesecake, that is the question. And you are not going to know the
668 00:57:26,264 00:57:29,712 Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player
668 00:57:26,264 00:57:29,712 Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player