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1 | 00:00:03,960 | 00:00:07,400 | This is the River Clyde in Glasgow. | This is the River Clyde in Glasgow. |
2 | 00:00:09,880 | 00:00:15,280 | 250 years ago, this was one of Britain's great trading centres. | 250 years ago, this was one of Britain's great trading centres. |
3 | 00:00:16,400 | 00:00:18,360 | It was the hub of a huge empire | It was the hub of a huge empire |
4 | 00:00:18,360 | 00:00:22,320 | that stretched from the Caribbean to China. | that stretched from the Caribbean to China. |
5 | 00:00:24,240 | 00:00:26,160 | An empire founded on trade | An empire founded on trade |
6 | 00:00:26,160 | 00:00:30,160 | in which simple plants were transformed by human labour | in which simple plants were transformed by human labour |
7 | 00:00:30,160 | 00:00:33,720 | to become hugely profitable global commodities. | to become hugely profitable global commodities. |
8 | 00:00:37,720 | 00:00:40,240 | The trade in sugar... | The trade in sugar... |
9 | 00:00:40,240 | 00:00:43,160 | tobacco... | tobacco... |
10 | 00:00:43,160 | 00:00:45,160 | opium... | opium... |
11 | 00:00:45,160 | 00:00:46,400 | and whisky... | and whisky... |
12 | 00:00:46,400 | 00:00:51,240 | transformed our society, our bodies and our minds. | transformed our society, our bodies and our minds. |
13 | 00:00:53,880 | 00:00:56,400 | Over the centuries, we've learned to love these products. | Over the centuries, we've learned to love these products. |
14 | 00:00:56,400 | 00:00:59,920 | Their smell, their taste, the effect they've had on us. | Their smell, their taste, the effect they've had on us. |
15 | 00:00:59,920 | 00:01:02,480 | They've become increasingly guilty pleasures... | They've become increasingly guilty pleasures... |
16 | 00:01:04,160 | 00:01:06,600 | ..which are still with us, still part of us. | ..which are still with us, still part of us. |
17 | 00:01:08,640 | 00:01:12,640 | Today, millions of us can't do without at least some of them. | Today, millions of us can't do without at least some of them. |
18 | 00:01:13,800 | 00:01:15,080 | So... | So... |
19 | 00:01:15,080 | 00:01:17,160 | how did we become so hooked? | how did we become so hooked? |
20 | 00:01:19,200 | 00:01:22,960 | 'The answer will take me on a journey across the world...' | 'The answer will take me on a journey across the world...' |
21 | 00:01:22,960 | 00:01:25,840 | Oh, my God! That's powerful. | Oh, my God! That's powerful. |
22 | 00:01:25,840 | 00:01:30,120 | '..and inside our minds and bodies too...' Bye! | '..and inside our minds and bodies too...' Bye! |
23 | 00:01:31,320 | 00:01:33,200 | HE SNIFFS | HE SNIFFS |
24 | 00:01:33,200 | 00:01:35,200 | HE LAUGHS | HE LAUGHS |
25 | 00:01:35,200 | 00:01:36,840 | Gosh, that's good, isn't it? | Gosh, that's good, isn't it? |
26 | 00:01:37,880 | 00:01:41,080 | ..in the pursuit of pleasure. | ..in the pursuit of pleasure. |
27 | 00:01:42,000 | 00:01:45,074 | Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org | Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org |
28 | 00:01:55,520 | 00:02:03,200 | ||
29 | 00:02:03,240 | 00:02:12,448 | # Sugar that's what I'll name you You just want to dive into t I have | # Sugar that's what I'll name you You just want to dive into t I have |
30 | 00:02:12,488 | 00:02:16,696 | been looking at it. I could shave. It's hard to imagine that sugar was | been looking at it. I could shave. It's hard to imagine that sugar was |
31 | 00:02:16,736 | 00:02:20,588 | virtually unknown just a few hundred years ago. Its emergence | virtually unknown just a few hundred years ago. Its emergence |
32 | 00:02:20,628 | 00:02:25,620 | led Britain into a consumer revolution, delivering us not just | led Britain into a consumer revolution, delivering us not just |
33 | 00:02:25,660 | 00:02:30,076 | sugar for our tea and coffee, but fizzy drinks, puddings, ice-cream, | sugar for our tea and coffee, but fizzy drinks, puddings, ice-cream, |
34 | 00:02:30,116 | 00:02:34,400 | cakes and chocolate. This Scottish biscuit factory, epitomises the | cakes and chocolate. This Scottish biscuit factory, epitomises the |
35 | 00:02:34,440 | 00:02:38,248 | last 100 years of that revolution. The business began a century ago as | last 100 years of that revolution. The business began a century ago as |
36 | 00:02:38,288 | 00:02:43,544 | a small family baker, producing just enough for the local community. | a small family baker, producing just enough for the local community. |
37 | 00:02:43,584 | 00:02:50,640 | Now it makes ten million biscuits a week. We're eating them like | Now it makes ten million biscuits a week. We're eating them like |
38 | 00:02:50,680 | 00:02:55,120 | there's no tomorrow. This is my beginnings, this is how | there's no tomorrow. This is my beginnings, this is how |
39 | 00:02:55,160 | 00:03:03,076 | I started, broken biscuits. We used to go to the stop on the way to | I started, broken biscuits. We used to go to the stop on the way to |
40 | 00:03:03,116 | 00:03:08,496 | school, and you would get a penny bag of broken biscuits, if it was | school, and you would get a penny bag of broken biscuits, if it was |
41 | 00:03:08,536 | 00:03:18,088 | Tunnocks it would be more expensive. I fear we may be paying the price | Tunnocks it would be more expensive. I fear we may be paying the price |
42 | 00:03:18,128 | 00:03:26,232 | for our indulge begins, I know I am. -- indelgynsence, I know I am. | for our indulge begins, I know I am. -- indelgynsence, I know I am. |
43 | 00:03:26,272 | 00:03:31,560 | indulgence. I know I am. I have always had a sweet tooth, | indulgence. I know I am. I have always had a sweet tooth, |
44 | 00:03:31,600 | 00:03:35,856 | little gems, I love liquorice. I'm a diabetic, that is my confession. | little gems, I love liquorice. I'm a diabetic, that is my confession. |
45 | 00:03:35,896 | 00:03:40,388 | I have been a diabetic since 1988, late on set. I discovered it first | I have been a diabetic since 1988, late on set. I discovered it first |
46 | 00:03:40,428 | 00:03:43,700 | by going to the toilet, regularly. I thought it was another problem, | by going to the toilet, regularly. I thought it was another problem, |
47 | 00:03:43,740 | 00:03:48,652 | and I went to the doctor, he said your blood sugar is through the | and I went to the doctor, he said your blood sugar is through the |
48 | 00:03:48,692 | 00:03:54,496 | roof. The type II diabetes I developed is | roof. The type II diabetes I developed is |
49 | 00:03:54,536 | 00:04:00,404 | caused by the overconsumption of calories from fatty and sugary food. | caused by the overconsumption of calories from fatty and sugary food. |
50 | 00:04:00,444 | 00:04:04,484 | I have to be careful now not to eat too much sweet stuff, as my body | I have to be careful now not to eat too much sweet stuff, as my body |
51 | 00:04:04,524 | 00:04:10,344 | finds it much hard Tory store or process sugar. Even if I eat a | finds it much hard Tory store or process sugar. Even if I eat a |
52 | 00:04:10,384 | 00:04:14,528 | square of chocolate it can make me feel ill, a whole bar might send me | square of chocolate it can make me feel ill, a whole bar might send me |
53 | 00:04:14,568 | 00:04:21,544 | into a bettic coma. One -- a diabetic coma. | into a bettic coma. One -- a diabetic coma. |
54 | 00:04:21,584 | 00:04:26,808 | One of the things I want to find out is how much, culturally, as we | One of the things I want to find out is how much, culturally, as we |
55 | 00:04:26,848 | 00:04:30,596 | have become as a culture addicted to sugark and how much we take it | have become as a culture addicted to sugark and how much we take it |
56 | 00:04:30,636 | 00:04:34,160 | for grant -- sugar, and how much we take it for granted in our life. | for grant -- sugar, and how much we take it for granted in our life. |
57 | 00:04:34,200 | 00:04:37,516 | Sugar is impossible, it is in everything. I'm kind of against it, | Sugar is impossible, it is in everything. I'm kind of against it, |
58 | 00:04:37,556 | 00:04:42,500 | but at the same time I'm for it, I'm caught in a dilemma, I do like | but at the same time I'm for it, I'm caught in a dilemma, I do like |
59 | 00:04:42,540 | 00:04:50,216 | the taste of it. Occasionally I will say, yeah I'll just have a | the taste of it. Occasionally I will say, yeah I'll just have a |
60 | 00:04:50,256 | 00:04:54,236 | sweet, it ain't good for me. I grew up in Dundee, and since | sweet, it ain't good for me. I grew up in Dundee, and since |
61 | 00:04:54,276 | 00:05:02,624 | becoming diabetic, I have given a lot of thought to what might have | becoming diabetic, I have given a lot of thought to what might have |
62 | 00:05:02,664 | 00:05:07,316 | led me to develop the disease. This must be Chester. I'm the | led me to develop the disease. This must be Chester. I'm the |
63 | 00:05:07,356 | 00:05:12,316 | youngest of five children, four of whom developed diabetes in later | youngest of five children, four of whom developed diabetes in later |
64 | 00:05:12,356 | 00:05:15,520 | life. I was practically brought up by my older sisters Betty and May, | life. I was practically brought up by my older sisters Betty and May, |
65 | 00:05:15,560 | 00:05:20,500 | we have all rather different views about how healthy or otherwise we | we have all rather different views about how healthy or otherwise we |
66 | 00:05:20,540 | 00:05:26,064 | might have been, and how much sugar we actually ate. | might have been, and how much sugar we actually ate. |
67 | 00:05:26,104 | 00:05:34,280 | I certainly as a kid ate a lot of sweets. A lot of sweets. I also | I certainly as a kid ate a lot of sweets. A lot of sweets. I also |
68 | 00:05:34,320 | 00:05:39,268 | used to eat. Sweets? Brian, remember. Did you not eat sweets as | used to eat. Sweets? Brian, remember. Did you not eat sweets as |
69 | 00:05:39,308 | 00:05:45,472 | kids? We could have helped ourselves. Why are you diabetics? | kids? We could have helped ourselves. Why are you diabetics? |
70 | 00:05:45,512 | 00:05:49,844 | You're not? I am. I'm not diabetic. There were sweets galore for us, we | You're not? I am. I'm not diabetic. There were sweets galore for us, we |
71 | 00:05:49,884 | 00:05:54,736 | had the sweets in the shop. We were fortunate my father had a shop, | had the sweets in the shop. We were fortunate my father had a shop, |
72 | 00:05:54,776 | 00:05:59,036 | even at that we did not eat sweets. We did eat a lot of sweet stuff, | even at that we did not eat sweets. We did eat a lot of sweet stuff, |
73 | 00:05:59,076 | 00:06:07,240 | there was a lot of sweet stuff in the house. I remember bowls of | there was a lot of sweet stuff in the house. I remember bowls of |
74 | 00:06:07,280 | 00:06:11,688 | biscuit as opposed to bowls of fruit. Yeah, we used today eat it. | biscuit as opposed to bowls of fruit. Yeah, we used today eat it. |
75 | 00:06:11,728 | 00:06:18,600 | Look an ice-cream van, why do we have a photograph of an ice-cream | Look an ice-cream van, why do we have a photograph of an ice-cream |
76 | 00:06:18,640 | 00:06:23,004 | van, that is proof, proof positive! They do have ice-cream vans in | van, that is proof, proof positive! They do have ice-cream vans in |
77 | 00:06:23,044 | 00:06:28,096 | Dundee. We're not denying it. you never eat ice-cream? Yeah. | Dundee. We're not denying it. you never eat ice-cream? Yeah. |
78 | 00:06:28,136 | 00:06:31,864 | There you go. Why are you making us feel guilty because we like ice- | There you go. Why are you making us feel guilty because we like ice- |
79 | 00:06:31,904 | 00:06:36,016 | cream. I'm not trying to make you feel guilty, I'm trying to | cream. I'm not trying to make you feel guilty, I'm trying to |
80 | 00:06:36,056 | 00:06:40,720 | establish your eating habits. I think my sisters and I are | establish your eating habits. I think my sisters and I are |
81 | 00:06:40,760 | 00:06:45,520 | typical of the problem. We all love sugar, it clearly became embedded | typical of the problem. We all love sugar, it clearly became embedded |
82 | 00:06:45,560 | 00:06:48,568 | in our diet very early on. As well as my sisters and I, there | in our diet very early on. As well as my sisters and I, there |
83 | 00:06:48,608 | 00:06:53,252 | are three million other diabetes sufferers in Britain. This figure | are three million other diabetes sufferers in Britain. This figure |
84 | 00:06:53,292 | 00:06:57,600 | is set to double in the next 20 years, as a result of the sugar- | is set to double in the next 20 years, as a result of the sugar- |
85 | 00:06:57,640 | 00:07:03,784 | rich diet we are eating, and the rise of obesity. | rich diet we are eating, and the rise of obesity. |
86 | 00:07:03,824 | 00:07:13,784 | The Scottish diet in particular is notoriously unhealthy. Sugar | The Scottish diet in particular is notoriously unhealthy. Sugar |
87 | 00:07:13,824 | 00:07:15,600 | ||
88 | 00:07:15,640 | 00:07:19,084 | sandwiches, a wee biscuit, sugary tea, simply steeped in sugar. | sandwiches, a wee biscuit, sugary tea, simply steeped in sugar. |
89 | 00:07:19,124 | 00:07:24,944 | Back in the Middle Ages, sugar was only available to our ancestors | Back in the Middle Ages, sugar was only available to our ancestors |
90 | 00:07:24,984 | 00:07:31,756 | part of the year, as fruit or honey. Sweetness was in short supply, so | part of the year, as fruit or honey. Sweetness was in short supply, so |
91 | 00:07:31,796 | 00:07:36,428 | where did sugar, as we know it, come from? Well, it originated | where did sugar, as we know it, come from? Well, it originated |
92 | 00:07:36,468 | 00:07:41,972 | centuries before as a giant wild grass in the South Pacific. Where | centuries before as a giant wild grass in the South Pacific. Where |
93 | 00:07:42,012 | 00:07:47,912 | its value was so recognised. Legends from there twelve a story | its value was so recognised. Legends from there twelve a story |
94 | 00:07:47,952 | 00:07:53,320 | of how sugar cane sprouted a man and a woman, who founded the human | of how sugar cane sprouted a man and a woman, who founded the human |
95 | 00:07:53,360 | 00:07:57,304 | race. Wild cane was first tamed and farmed in new Guinea, and over time, | race. Wild cane was first tamed and farmed in new Guinea, and over time, |
96 | 00:07:57,344 | 00:08:00,880 | spread by travellers, across the globe. By the 13th century, it had | spread by travellers, across the globe. By the 13th century, it had |
97 | 00:08:00,920 | 00:08:06,556 | migrated to the Middle East, where traders discovered it, and carried | migrated to the Middle East, where traders discovered it, and carried |
98 | 00:08:06,596 | 00:08:16,556 | it to Europe. A commodity so rare, sugar's value equaled that of | it to Europe. A commodity so rare, sugar's value equaled that of |
99 | 00:08:16,596 | 00:08:21,916 | ||
100 | 00:08:21,956 | 00:08:27,728 | What about its first appearance in Britain? My journey begins in | What about its first appearance in Britain? My journey begins in |
101 | 00:08:27,768 | 00:08:33,024 | Cumbria, where I'm going to meet a sugar historian, whom I'm told has | Cumbria, where I'm going to meet a sugar historian, whom I'm told has |
102 | 00:08:33,064 | 00:08:38,196 | a rather hands-on approach to his subject. All the sugar we imported | a rather hands-on approach to his subject. All the sugar we imported |
103 | 00:08:38,236 | 00:08:40,928 | into this country came from the Arab world, via the Venetian, they | into this country came from the Arab world, via the Venetian, they |
104 | 00:08:40,968 | 00:08:44,148 | were the sugar controllers, they bought it from the Middle East, and | were the sugar controllers, they bought it from the Middle East, and |
105 | 00:08:44,188 | 00:08:48,992 | shipped it out to every other European nation. They put a huge | shipped it out to every other European nation. They put a huge |
106 | 00:08:49,032 | 00:08:53,600 | premium on it. If we go back into the 13th century, small quantities | premium on it. If we go back into the 13th century, small quantities |
107 | 00:08:53,640 | 00:08:57,636 | of it are coming to this country, but they are only being purchased | of it are coming to this country, but they are only being purchased |
108 | 00:08:57,676 | 00:09:03,804 | by royal palaces. It was quite expensive? It was very expensive, | by royal palaces. It was quite expensive? It was very expensive, |
109 | 00:09:03,844 | 00:09:10,600 | and it was rare. Sugar in the early modern period is very much a symbol | and it was rare. Sugar in the early modern period is very much a symbol |
110 | 00:09:10,640 | 00:09:17,712 | of status. But it was used as a plastic medium, as an art form. | of status. But it was used as a plastic medium, as an art form. |
111 | 00:09:17,752 | 00:09:22,820 | We have some marvellously detailed images of these sugar sculptures. | We have some marvellously detailed images of these sugar sculptures. |
112 | 00:09:22,860 | 00:09:27,840 | My gosh. There is one piece of sculpture that was six-feet high, | My gosh. There is one piece of sculpture that was six-feet high, |
113 | 00:09:27,880 | 00:09:34,524 | entirely made out of sugar. Six- feet high. So it is standing like | entirely made out of sugar. Six- feet high. So it is standing like |
114 | 00:09:34,564 | 00:09:42,400 | that on the table. This would be consumed, it wouldn't be | that on the table. This would be consumed, it wouldn't be |
115 | 00:09:42,440 | 00:09:45,664 | ornamental? It was totally ornamental. You are talking about a | ornamental? It was totally ornamental. You are talking about a |
116 | 00:09:45,704 | 00:09:51,964 | kind of decadence. Ordinary people eat food just to sustain themselves, | kind of decadence. Ordinary people eat food just to sustain themselves, |
117 | 00:09:52,004 | 00:09:57,368 | but the very wealthy use it to show off. Having a sugar sculpture, six- | but the very wealthy use it to show off. Having a sugar sculpture, six- |
118 | 00:09:57,408 | 00:10:02,464 | foot high, on your table, is the equivalent of having a Maserati | foot high, on your table, is the equivalent of having a Maserati |
119 | 00:10:02,504 | 00:10:06,104 | nowadays. All we have is this evidence of it. The only evidence | nowadays. All we have is this evidence of it. The only evidence |
120 | 00:10:06,144 | 00:10:10,308 | we have is the images we have of them. The other bit of evidence, | we have is the images we have of them. The other bit of evidence, |
121 | 00:10:10,348 | 00:10:18,560 | that is not really obvious, we also have some of the tools we used to | that is not really obvious, we also have some of the tools we used to |
122 | 00:10:18,600 | 00:10:24,152 | create it. So, for instance, this lovely wooden mould has got these | create it. So, for instance, this lovely wooden mould has got these |
123 | 00:10:24,192 | 00:10:33,996 | four -- little godesses on it. I will get you to have a go at making | four -- little godesses on it. I will get you to have a go at making |
124 | 00:10:34,036 | 00:10:37,980 | it. If you drop it on to the surface, you have your perfect | it. If you drop it on to the surface, you have your perfect |
125 | 00:10:38,020 | 00:10:44,840 | grinning gibbons. One of the first recorded royal | grinning gibbons. One of the first recorded royal |
126 | 00:10:44,880 | 00:10:54,840 | requests for sugar was Henry III in the 13th century, if ordered three | requests for sugar was Henry III in the 13th century, if ordered three |
127 | 00:10:54,880 | 00:10:55,056 | ||
128 | 00:10:55,096 | 00:11:00,248 | pounds of if -- it if it was to be had. So three bags of sugar from a | pounds of if -- it if it was to be had. So three bags of sugar from a |
129 | 00:11:00,288 | 00:11:07,796 | supermarket might be all there was across the kingdom. You have | supermarket might be all there was across the kingdom. You have |
130 | 00:11:07,836 | 00:11:12,608 | created your own little thing. you impressed? I am, I'm normally | created your own little thing. you impressed? I am, I'm normally |
131 | 00:11:12,648 | 00:11:17,184 | kak-handed. Over the 14th and 15th century, sugar was still too rare | kak-handed. Over the 14th and 15th century, sugar was still too rare |
132 | 00:11:17,224 | 00:11:21,056 | and expensive to eat. Its primary use was pharmaceutical, a spoonful | and expensive to eat. Its primary use was pharmaceutical, a spoonful |
133 | 00:11:21,096 | 00:11:26,184 | of sugar really did help the medicine go down, especially when | of sugar really did help the medicine go down, especially when |
134 | 00:11:26,224 | 00:11:33,728 | ailments were commonly cured using minced worm, burnt snakeskin, or | ailments were commonly cured using minced worm, burnt snakeskin, or |
135 | 00:11:33,768 | 00:11:43,168 | animal faeces. We need a couple of birds to come. | animal faeces. We need a couple of birds to come. |
136 | 00:11:43,208 | 00:11:48,312 | Maybe we could make the gold finchs. I have a bird mould somewhere. | Maybe we could make the gold finchs. I have a bird mould somewhere. |
137 | 00:11:48,352 | 00:11:56,528 | By the 16th century sugar was still exceptionally rare. But, it was now | By the 16th century sugar was still exceptionally rare. But, it was now |
138 | 00:11:56,568 | 00:12:00,232 | eaten as well as carved. Elizabeth I was so notoriously sweet-toothed, | eaten as well as carved. Elizabeth I was so notoriously sweet-toothed, |
139 | 00:12:00,272 | 00:12:04,480 | that her own became blackened and decayed. Black teeth were, | that her own became blackened and decayed. Black teeth were, |
140 | 00:12:04,520 | 00:12:11,292 | therefore, trendy, several fashionable ladies at court had | therefore, trendy, several fashionable ladies at court had |
141 | 00:12:11,332 | 00:12:16,952 | their's blackened too. So if sugar was still so rare by | their's blackened too. So if sugar was still so rare by |
142 | 00:12:16,992 | 00:12:20,060 | the time of Elizabeth i, when exactly did it reach the tables -- | the time of Elizabeth i, when exactly did it reach the tables -- |
143 | 00:12:20,100 | 00:12:30,060 | Elizabeth I, when exactly did it reach the tables of us ordinary | Elizabeth I, when exactly did it reach the tables of us ordinary |
144 | 00:12:30,100 | 00:12:42,312 | ||
145 | 00:12:42,352 | 00:12:46,656 | The answer lies here, on a coral spit, only 20 miles long, in the | The answer lies here, on a coral spit, only 20 miles long, in the |
146 | 00:12:46,696 | 00:12:52,920 | heart of the Caribbean. I have come to discover exactly how | heart of the Caribbean. I have come to discover exactly how |
147 | 00:12:52,960 | 00:12:59,012 | it is that this tiny island came to be so inextricably linked to our | it is that this tiny island came to be so inextricably linked to our |
148 | 00:12:59,052 | 00:13:04,344 | love affair with sugar. At the start of the 1600s, Barbados was an | love affair with sugar. At the start of the 1600s, Barbados was an |
149 | 00:13:04,384 | 00:13:08,236 | insignificant and far-flung British colony, in the early days of an | insignificant and far-flung British colony, in the early days of an |
150 | 00:13:08,276 | 00:13:12,608 | expanding empire. A handful of British settlers were working out | expanding empire. A handful of British settlers were working out |
151 | 00:13:12,648 | 00:13:17,452 | how to make a living here as farmers. Cotton and tobacco had | how to make a living here as farmers. Cotton and tobacco had |
152 | 00:13:17,492 | 00:13:22,452 | already failed, they needed a crop that suited the stoney soil and | already failed, they needed a crop that suited the stoney soil and |
153 | 00:13:22,492 | 00:13:28,956 | tropical climate. Turns out it was this. | tropical climate. Turns out it was this. |
154 | 00:13:28,996 | 00:13:33,828 | Oh my God. Takes you back to my days as a teenager. When we would | Oh my God. Takes you back to my days as a teenager. When we would |
155 | 00:13:33,868 | 00:13:40,376 | be driving and stop by a country field and break some cane, | be driving and stop by a country field and break some cane, |
156 | 00:13:40,416 | 00:13:45,688 | illegally, and suck away merrily. Very nice. Very nice. People must | illegally, and suck away merrily. Very nice. Very nice. People must |
157 | 00:13:45,728 | 00:13:50,888 | have just sat in the fields and chewed on this all day! Of course. | have just sat in the fields and chewed on this all day! Of course. |
158 | 00:13:50,928 | 00:13:54,956 | It is amazingly juicy. Very, very juicy. | It is amazingly juicy. Very, very juicy. |
159 | 00:13:54,996 | 00:14:00,812 | This is one of the original plantations on the island, and | This is one of the original plantations on the island, and |
160 | 00:14:00,852 | 00:14:06,016 | dates back to 1658. The estate produced sugar for more than three | dates back to 1658. The estate produced sugar for more than three |
161 | 00:14:06,056 | 00:14:10,316 | centuries, in its very early years, must have witnessed the whirlwind | centuries, in its very early years, must have witnessed the whirlwind |
162 | 00:14:10,356 | 00:14:18,172 | of change, as cane was introduced for the very first time. This is a | of change, as cane was introduced for the very first time. This is a |
163 | 00:14:18,212 | 00:14:24,440 | fascinating book, it is Ligon's History of Bar days could, | fascinating book, it is Ligon's History of Bar days could, |
164 | 00:14:24,480 | 00:14:30,924 | published in 1647, an original first edition. He produces a map of | published in 1647, an original first edition. He produces a map of |
165 | 00:14:30,964 | 00:14:35,160 | Barbados. If you hold that there, I will open it up. This is very old | Barbados. If you hold that there, I will open it up. This is very old |
166 | 00:14:35,200 | 00:14:39,268 | this book! We have to handle it delicately. If you want a visual | this book! We have to handle it delicately. If you want a visual |
167 | 00:14:39,308 | 00:14:44,048 | explanation of what we call the sugar ref will you, this was drawn | explanation of what we call the sugar ref will you, this was drawn |
168 | 00:14:44,088 | 00:14:50,144 | in 1635. It shows the island being settled along the coastline. These | in 1635. It shows the island being settled along the coastline. These |
169 | 00:14:50,184 | 00:14:55,240 | names, these are names of settlers? Fledgling planters who had come in. | names, these are names of settlers? Fledgling planters who had come in. |
170 | 00:14:55,280 | 00:15:00,568 | This is seven years after settlement. Most of the island is | This is seven years after settlement. Most of the island is |
171 | 00:15:00,608 | 00:15:09,192 | vacant. This is the island 1635, before sugar. And if we compare | vacant. This is the island 1635, before sugar. And if we compare |
172 | 00:15:09,232 | 00:15:14,960 | this following map, which was drawn in 1727. This shows how the island | this following map, which was drawn in 1727. This shows how the island |
173 | 00:15:15,000 | 00:15:19,724 | was completely transformed. Every single square inch of soil is taken | was completely transformed. Every single square inch of soil is taken |
174 | 00:15:19,764 | 00:15:24,176 | up. This, all these names indicate the mass of sugar plantations. | up. This, all these names indicate the mass of sugar plantations. |
175 | 00:15:24,216 | 00:15:32,084 | There are over 7,000 functioning sugar plantations. Every single | There are over 7,000 functioning sugar plantations. Every single |
176 | 00:15:32,124 | 00:15:35,552 | square inch. In fact, bar bay doss was the only -- Barbados was the | square inch. In fact, bar bay doss was the only -- Barbados was the |
177 | 00:15:35,592 | 00:15:39,768 | only English-speaking island in the Caribbean that had no vacant land. | only English-speaking island in the Caribbean that had no vacant land. |
178 | 00:15:39,808 | 00:15:44,196 | There is so many names? We were the most densely-populated place on | There is so many names? We were the most densely-populated place on |
179 | 00:15:44,236 | 00:15:52,664 | earth. Did people come thinking it was a goldrush, the sugar | earth. Did people come thinking it was a goldrush, the sugar |
180 | 00:15:52,704 | 00:15:56,536 | equivalent of a goldrush? That is A brilliant way of putting it. It was | equivalent of a goldrush? That is A brilliant way of putting it. It was |
181 | 00:15:56,576 | 00:16:02,196 | a goldrush, people came with a desire to become as wealthy as they | a goldrush, people came with a desire to become as wealthy as they |
182 | 00:16:02,236 | 00:16:06,960 | possibly could. And sugar cane would make them rich. It gave the | possibly could. And sugar cane would make them rich. It gave the |
183 | 00:16:07,000 | 00:16:15,380 | farmers three harvests ay, and its juice was packed with more energy - | farmers three harvests ay, and its juice was packed with more energy - |
184 | 00:16:15,420 | 00:16:20,836 | - a year, and the juice was packed with more energy than anything on | - a year, and the juice was packed with more energy than anything on |
185 | 00:16:20,876 | 00:16:23,740 | earth. The cane came off though, so creating sugar was a race against | earth. The cane came off though, so creating sugar was a race against |
186 | 00:16:23,780 | 00:16:30,536 | time. This is fresh, raw sugar cane juice, straight from the mill, | time. This is fresh, raw sugar cane juice, straight from the mill, |
187 | 00:16:30,576 | 00:16:37,568 | where the cane has been crushed. Keith Laurie is a retired sugar | where the cane has been crushed. Keith Laurie is a retired sugar |
188 | 00:16:37,608 | 00:16:41,524 | technologyist, he will show me how to transform cane juice into a | technologyist, he will show me how to transform cane juice into a |
189 | 00:16:41,564 | 00:16:51,524 | product with an almost indefinite shelf life. Once it goes into the | product with an almost indefinite shelf life. Once it goes into the |
190 | 00:16:51,564 | 00:16:52,224 | ||
191 | 00:16:52,264 | 00:17:01,664 | pan it cools rapidly, and theoretically, it will crystalise. | pan it cools rapidly, and theoretically, it will crystalise. |
192 | 00:17:01,704 | 00:17:05,960 | The cooling helps the syrup to solidify quickly. It is | The cooling helps the syrup to solidify quickly. It is |
193 | 00:17:06,000 | 00:17:10,568 | crystalising. What does it actually mean when it is crystalising, apart | crystalising. What does it actually mean when it is crystalising, apart |
194 | 00:17:10,608 | 00:17:14,600 | from it going hard, what is the process, or is that the process? | from it going hard, what is the process, or is that the process? |
195 | 00:17:14,640 | 00:17:19,288 | Very fine crystals are growing rapidly. Creating sugar is not as | Very fine crystals are growing rapidly. Creating sugar is not as |
196 | 00:17:19,328 | 00:17:25,276 | easy as it looks, and despite being an expert, Keith is not happy with | easy as it looks, and despite being an expert, Keith is not happy with |
197 | 00:17:25,316 | 00:17:29,480 | the way things are going. Come on, thing. | the way things are going. Come on, thing. |
198 | 00:17:29,520 | 00:17:36,120 | I would have preferred it to have gone absolutely solid. It's on its | I would have preferred it to have gone absolutely solid. It's on its |
199 | 00:17:36,160 | 00:17:43,152 | way, you can see there is some bits here which are really quite ...what | way, you can see there is some bits here which are really quite ...what |
200 | 00:17:43,192 | 00:17:48,336 | do you think? Ha ha. This is supposed to go to a powder. It is | do you think? Ha ha. This is supposed to go to a powder. It is |
201 | 00:17:48,376 | 00:17:55,208 | still sticky, but I see what you mean, we could call this a semi- | still sticky, but I see what you mean, we could call this a semi- |
202 | 00:17:55,248 | 00:18:02,772 | triumph. Absolutely. Let us call this a semi-triumph, look, sugar. | triumph. Absolutely. Let us call this a semi-triumph, look, sugar. |
203 | 00:18:02,812 | 00:18:06,384 | Crystal sugar. Wow-wee! Keith showed me some of the industrial- | Crystal sugar. Wow-wee! Keith showed me some of the industrial- |
204 | 00:18:06,424 | 00:18:10,540 | scale kitchens that were built to meet the growing demand for | scale kitchens that were built to meet the growing demand for |
205 | 00:18:10,580 | 00:18:17,528 | crystalised sugar. Here, the cane juice was boiled and reduced to a | crystalised sugar. Here, the cane juice was boiled and reduced to a |
206 | 00:18:17,568 | 00:18:22,040 | syrup, and shaken into crystals. This was the eureka moment, their | syrup, and shaken into crystals. This was the eureka moment, their |
207 | 00:18:22,080 | 00:18:26,040 | gem-like precious product was now brown sugar. Of course, none of | gem-like precious product was now brown sugar. Of course, none of |
208 | 00:18:26,080 | 00:18:31,132 | this could have been achieved without a plentiful supply of | this could have been achieved without a plentiful supply of |
209 | 00:18:31,172 | 00:18:35,368 | labour. Although some of the first indentureed servants had been white | labour. Although some of the first indentureed servants had been white |
210 | 00:18:35,408 | 00:18:41,436 | Scots and Irishmen, they were soon replaced by a cheaper option. The | Scots and Irishmen, they were soon replaced by a cheaper option. The |
211 | 00:18:41,476 | 00:18:48,640 | cane came to be planted and cut and the cauldrons boiling syrup sweated | cane came to be planted and cut and the cauldrons boiling syrup sweated |
212 | 00:18:48,680 | 00:18:54,008 | over, by an army of black slaves from Africa's west coast. By the | over, by an army of black slaves from Africa's west coast. By the |
213 | 00:18:54,048 | 00:18:58,648 | time of emancipation 200 years later, Manufactures and Tradersers | time of emancipation 200 years later, Manufactures and Tradersers |
214 | 00:18:58,688 | 00:19:02,168 | had traffiked some 40,40,20 million souls worldwide, and the sugar | had traffiked some 40,40,20 million souls worldwide, and the sugar |
215 | 00:19:02,208 | 00:19:11,512 | industry had been one of the major customers. | industry had been one of the major customers. |
216 | 00:19:11,552 | 00:19:20,168 | I have come to the -- Manufacturers and traders had traffiked some 40 | I have come to the -- Manufacturers and traders had traffiked some 40 |
217 | 00:19:20,208 | 00:19:24,168 | million souls worldwide, and the sugar industry had been one of the | million souls worldwide, and the sugar industry had been one of the |
218 | 00:19:24,208 | 00:19:28,572 | majority customers. With enslavement the child took its | majority customers. With enslavement the child took its |
219 | 00:19:28,612 | 00:19:34,136 | status from its mother, from the maternal, not the paternal line. A | status from its mother, from the maternal, not the paternal line. A |
220 | 00:19:34,176 | 00:19:39,088 | child born of any enslaved woman was enslaved, for life. And that is | child born of any enslaved woman was enslaved, for life. And that is |
221 | 00:19:39,128 | 00:19:43,292 | the system on which, not only sugar plantations, you talk about | the system on which, not only sugar plantations, you talk about |
222 | 00:19:43,332 | 00:19:48,840 | Barbados, but plantations around the region, wherever they were | Barbados, but plantations around the region, wherever they were |
223 | 00:19:48,880 | 00:19:52,920 | growing coffee, rice, or even those engaged in mining for salt. It is, | growing coffee, rice, or even those engaged in mining for salt. It is, |
224 | 00:19:52,960 | 00:19:59,088 | in fact, the traumatic side, the side that people don't want to talk | in fact, the traumatic side, the side that people don't want to talk |
225 | 00:19:59,128 | 00:20:04,360 | about, the quiet, silent side. But a side without which sugar would | about, the quiet, silent side. But a side without which sugar would |
226 | 00:20:04,400 | 00:20:11,000 | not have become the major mass consumption product that it did | not have become the major mass consumption product that it did |
227 | 00:20:11,040 | 00:20:16,544 | become, by the 18th century. In Europe. | become, by the 18th century. In Europe. |
228 | 00:20:16,584 | 00:20:21,496 | And there it was, the birth of an industry that made the mass | And there it was, the birth of an industry that made the mass |
229 | 00:20:21,536 | 00:20:24,328 | production of sugar possible. Windmills like this one were built | production of sugar possible. Windmills like this one were built |
230 | 00:20:24,368 | 00:20:28,236 | using technology from half way around the world. Enabling the | using technology from half way around the world. Enabling the |
231 | 00:20:28,276 | 00:20:31,920 | farmers to crush the cane faster and in greater volumes. Greater | farmers to crush the cane faster and in greater volumes. Greater |
232 | 00:20:31,960 | 00:20:36,448 | volumes meant cheaper price, sugar had become a commodity, available, | volumes meant cheaper price, sugar had become a commodity, available, |
233 | 00:20:36,488 | 00:20:40,404 | for the first time, on the tables of at least some, if not all | for the first time, on the tables of at least some, if not all |
234 | 00:20:40,444 | 00:20:49,652 | British households. It was our first taste of things to come. | British households. It was our first taste of things to come. |
235 | 00:20:49,692 | 00:20:54,516 | Slaves from Africa, technology from Holland, cranks and shafts from | Slaves from Africa, technology from Holland, cranks and shafts from |
236 | 00:20:54,556 | 00:21:04,516 | Derby, further cranks from Glasgow, and who says that globalisation is | Derby, further cranks from Glasgow, and who says that globalisation is |
237 | 00:21:04,556 | 00:21:04,984 | ||
238 | 00:21:05,024 | 00:21:08,080 | a new thing? It seems to be as old as this island. All this effort, it | a new thing? It seems to be as old as this island. All this effort, it |
239 | 00:21:08,120 | 00:21:18,080 | is unbelievable. All this effort for a cup of tea, some sugar in | is unbelievable. All this effort for a cup of tea, some sugar in |
240 | 00:21:18,120 | 00:21:27,048 | ||
241 | 00:21:27,088 | 00:21:31,112 | As the very landscape and population were transformed in | As the very landscape and population were transformed in |
242 | 00:21:31,152 | 00:21:35,248 | Barbados, Scotland was also undergoing radical, visible change. | Barbados, Scotland was also undergoing radical, visible change. |
243 | 00:21:35,288 | 00:21:39,500 | Walking around Glasgow you can see the way the city flourished and | Walking around Glasgow you can see the way the city flourished and |
244 | 00:21:39,540 | 00:21:44,452 | expanded in the 18th century. Individual buildings are a | expanded in the 18th century. Individual buildings are a |
245 | 00:21:44,492 | 00:21:52,284 | testament to the eye-watering profits from sugar. The modern art | testament to the eye-watering profits from sugar. The modern art |
246 | 00:21:52,324 | 00:21:57,036 | gallery was built as the family home of a single sugar merchant. | gallery was built as the family home of a single sugar merchant. |
247 | 00:21:57,076 | 00:22:04,800 | Driving down through Ayrshire, every 18th century big house tells | Driving down through Ayrshire, every 18th century big house tells |
248 | 00:22:04,840 | 00:22:14,800 | the same story. In Ayrshire there were dozens of houses, built by | the same story. In Ayrshire there were dozens of houses, built by |
249 | 00:22:14,840 | 00:22:16,284 | ||
250 | 00:22:16,324 | 00:22:21,472 | some of the best architects of the age. Rosell, Bellisle, a role call | some of the best architects of the age. Rosell, Bellisle, a role call |
251 | 00:22:21,512 | 00:22:26,520 | of showy new estates, reinventing the landscape with this inflation | of showy new estates, reinventing the landscape with this inflation |
252 | 00:22:26,560 | 00:22:34,608 | of sugar millions. As you pass, you might glimpse a Robert Adams summer | of sugar millions. As you pass, you might glimpse a Robert Adams summer |
253 | 00:22:34,648 | 00:22:44,128 | house, here, a games Gibb wing there, -- a James Gibb wing there, | house, here, a games Gibb wing there, -- a James Gibb wing there, |
254 | 00:22:44,168 | 00:22:54,128 | boasting of the owner's fast-track to gentcation. Osgoods may have | boasting of the owner's fast-track to gentcation. Osgoods may have |
255 | 00:22:54,168 | 00:22:57,240 | ||
256 | 00:22:57,280 | 00:23:03,396 | been the most aspirational of them all. They would eventually own | been the most aspirational of them all. They would eventually own |
257 | 00:23:03,436 | 00:23:08,176 | 100,000 acres in Ayrshire. They got �10,000 a year from the Jamaican | 100,000 acres in Ayrshire. They got �10,000 a year from the Jamaican |
258 | 00:23:08,216 | 00:23:13,080 | plantation, a million a year just for that. When he died, Richard | plantation, a million a year just for that. When he died, Richard |
259 | 00:23:13,120 | 00:23:16,048 | Osgood's estate was valued at �50 million in modern terms. Funded not | Osgood's estate was valued at �50 million in modern terms. Funded not |
260 | 00:23:16,088 | 00:23:19,832 | only from sugar, but another lucrative business, selling on | only from sugar, but another lucrative business, selling on |
261 | 00:23:19,872 | 00:23:24,644 | slaves to other planters, from a small fortified island he bought | slaves to other planters, from a small fortified island he bought |
262 | 00:23:24,684 | 00:23:30,456 | off the coast of Africa. It was there he can be credited as the | off the coast of Africa. It was there he can be credited as the |
263 | 00:23:30,496 | 00:23:34,408 | inventor of corporate hospitality. The only private slaving fortress | inventor of corporate hospitality. The only private slaving fortress |
264 | 00:23:34,448 | 00:23:43,304 | in the British Empire belongs to them. They even have a little golf | in the British Empire belongs to them. They even have a little golf |
265 | 00:23:43,344 | 00:23:47,972 | course, two holes, where the slaves wear tartan loin cloths as your | course, two holes, where the slaves wear tartan loin cloths as your |
266 | 00:23:48,012 | 00:23:51,304 | caddies. Yet not a word when you get back to Ayrshire. Was there any | caddies. Yet not a word when you get back to Ayrshire. Was there any |
267 | 00:23:51,344 | 00:23:56,708 | record of how many slaves they traffiked in? Yeah, we know that | record of how many slaves they traffiked in? Yeah, we know that |
268 | 00:23:56,748 | 00:24:01,196 | from their records. What was it? They got up to 13,000 slaves. | from their records. What was it? They got up to 13,000 slaves. |
269 | 00:24:01,236 | 00:24:06,788 | don't know, I just find it disgusting, I really do. I just | don't know, I just find it disgusting, I really do. I just |
270 | 00:24:06,828 | 00:24:11,096 | find it, all this, I think people should be ashamed of themselves. | find it, all this, I think people should be ashamed of themselves. |
271 | 00:24:11,136 | 00:24:18,272 | Are people not ashamed of their ancestry? It is not mentioned, in | Are people not ashamed of their ancestry? It is not mentioned, in |
272 | 00:24:18,312 | 00:24:22,476 | the Scottish curriculum, not word, but every house around here has the | the Scottish curriculum, not word, but every house around here has the |
273 | 00:24:22,516 | 00:24:26,848 | saifpl example. If you have a big house in the 18th century, what | saifpl example. If you have a big house in the 18th century, what |
274 | 00:24:26,888 | 00:24:30,632 | paid for it. The more I know about history, the more I feel that human | paid for it. The more I know about history, the more I feel that human |
275 | 00:24:30,672 | 00:24:40,632 | beings are ultimately very disappointing? I would agree with | beings are ultimately very disappointing? I would agree with |
276 | 00:24:40,672 | 00:24:40,836 | ||
277 | 00:24:40,876 | 00:24:44,760 | that. As Glasgow and Ayrshire flourished with the Midas touch of | that. As Glasgow and Ayrshire flourished with the Midas touch of |
278 | 00:24:44,800 | 00:24:52,836 | sugar, so would the ports, and what was known as the white gold would | sugar, so would the ports, and what was known as the white gold would |
279 | 00:24:52,876 | 00:24:56,428 | be landed there. Grenoch, just north of Glasgow was the most | be landed there. Grenoch, just north of Glasgow was the most |
280 | 00:24:56,468 | 00:25:03,600 | important sugar refiner outside of London. There were 12 refineries | important sugar refiner outside of London. There were 12 refineries |
281 | 00:25:03,640 | 00:25:08,368 | here, it was known as Sugar Opolus. The refining process wasn't | here, it was known as Sugar Opolus. The refining process wasn't |
282 | 00:25:08,408 | 00:25:13,008 | strictlinessry, removing the last vestiges of molasses and brown | strictlinessry, removing the last vestiges of molasses and brown |
283 | 00:25:13,048 | 00:25:18,584 | sugar, created the tryer product with a longer shelf life -- dryer | sugar, created the tryer product with a longer shelf life -- dryer |
284 | 00:25:18,624 | 00:25:23,448 | product, and a longer shelf life, and made receipt finers rich. It | product, and a longer shelf life, and made receipt finers rich. It |
285 | 00:25:23,488 | 00:25:33,448 | squeezed out any vitamins and mineral, leaving Snow White grains | squeezed out any vitamins and mineral, leaving Snow White grains |
286 | 00:25:33,488 | 00:25:39,840 | ||
287 | 00:25:39,880 | 00:25:48,944 | ready to deliver a rush of energy and pleasure. I'm here in a lab in | ready to deliver a rush of energy and pleasure. I'm here in a lab in |
288 | 00:25:48,984 | 00:25:54,884 | enough field Hospital -- the Nuffield Hospital, to measure why | enough field Hospital -- the Nuffield Hospital, to measure why |
289 | 00:25:54,924 | 00:25:58,256 | sugar was the hit in the 17th century. This doctor is researching | sugar was the hit in the 17th century. This doctor is researching |
290 | 00:25:58,296 | 00:26:02,884 | sugar's effects on the brain, he has been experimenting with all | sugar's effects on the brain, he has been experimenting with all |
291 | 00:26:02,924 | 00:26:09,792 | kinds of food. He has found that sugar creates a lot of activity in | kinds of food. He has found that sugar creates a lot of activity in |
292 | 00:26:09,832 | 00:26:13,132 | certain parts of the brain, known as pleasure zones, or hidonic hot | certain parts of the brain, known as pleasure zones, or hidonic hot |
293 | 00:26:13,172 | 00:26:19,568 | spots. These areas of the brain are responsible for making us feel good | spots. These areas of the brain are responsible for making us feel good |
294 | 00:26:19,608 | 00:26:23,480 | in response to our actions. I know I shouldn't be drinking a | in response to our actions. I know I shouldn't be drinking a |
295 | 00:26:23,520 | 00:26:28,384 | chocolate milkshake, but it is only a small amount, and I'm in the best | chocolate milkshake, but it is only a small amount, and I'm in the best |
296 | 00:26:28,424 | 00:26:32,680 | possible place if anything goes wrong. Now, if you look at that, | possible place if anything goes wrong. Now, if you look at that, |
297 | 00:26:32,720 | 00:26:38,808 | with the MRI scanner, you find this part of the brain, just over the | with the MRI scanner, you find this part of the brain, just over the |
298 | 00:26:38,848 | 00:26:42,900 | eyeball, just about two centimeters in over your eyeball, is the part | eyeball, just about two centimeters in over your eyeball, is the part |
299 | 00:26:42,940 | 00:26:46,544 | of the brain that seems to encode how pleasant something is. That | of the brain that seems to encode how pleasant something is. That |
300 | 00:26:46,584 | 00:26:50,716 | seems in humans to be the most important part that allows us to | seems in humans to be the most important part that allows us to |
301 | 00:26:50,756 | 00:26:53,824 | feel whether something is nice or nasty. Throughout human history, | feel whether something is nice or nasty. Throughout human history, |
302 | 00:26:53,864 | 00:26:58,728 | you would find anything you could eat could potentially kill you. We | you would find anything you could eat could potentially kill you. We |
303 | 00:26:58,768 | 00:27:03,008 | have to have ways of controlling what it is that we put in our mouth. | have to have ways of controlling what it is that we put in our mouth. |
304 | 00:27:03,048 | 00:27:07,400 | Only five or six receptors on the tongue. Only one of them is really | Only five or six receptors on the tongue. Only one of them is really |
305 | 00:27:07,440 | 00:27:11,808 | nice. That is the sweet receptor. It is about making sure that what | nice. That is the sweet receptor. It is about making sure that what |
306 | 00:27:11,848 | 00:27:21,528 | we do is something that not only will provide us pleasure, but is | we do is something that not only will provide us pleasure, but is |
307 | 00:27:21,568 | 00:27:27,308 | also safe. This was all very well when we were cavemen pick up | also safe. This was all very well when we were cavemen pick up |
308 | 00:27:27,348 | 00:27:30,008 | berries, thanks to our own ingenuity, we had sugar in a | berries, thanks to our own ingenuity, we had sugar in a |
309 | 00:27:30,048 | 00:27:35,776 | calorie-ridden form, not as safe as our minds were leading us to | calorie-ridden form, not as safe as our minds were leading us to |
310 | 00:27:35,816 | 00:27:41,264 | believe. By the mid-1600s, sugar began to | believe. By the mid-1600s, sugar began to |
311 | 00:27:41,304 | 00:27:46,684 | take hold in many new dishes. Cook books teaching the arts of | take hold in many new dishes. Cook books teaching the arts of |
312 | 00:27:46,724 | 00:27:51,360 | syllabubs and plum duff, were published for the first time. Some | syllabubs and plum duff, were published for the first time. Some |
313 | 00:27:51,400 | 00:27:55,060 | so popular they sold more than the Bible. A new use was soon | so popular they sold more than the Bible. A new use was soon |
314 | 00:27:55,100 | 00:27:59,576 | discovered, even more popular than pudding, the sweetening of tea, | discovered, even more popular than pudding, the sweetening of tea, |
315 | 00:27:59,616 | 00:28:09,576 | coffee and chocolate, led to the invention of the coffee house. The | coffee and chocolate, led to the invention of the coffee house. The |
316 | 00:28:09,616 | 00:28:10,124 | ||
317 | 00:28:10,164 | 00:28:15,156 | first in Scotland opened in 1673, in the centre of Glasgow. By 1675, | first in Scotland opened in 1673, in the centre of Glasgow. By 1675, |
318 | 00:28:15,196 | 00:28:19,344 | there were 3,000 coffee houses across England alone, and every one | there were 3,000 coffee houses across England alone, and every one |
319 | 00:28:19,384 | 00:28:23,200 | was a Trojan horse pushing pleasure into the centre of our lives, | was a Trojan horse pushing pleasure into the centre of our lives, |
320 | 00:28:23,240 | 00:28:32,624 | almost unnoticed. Releasing a huge rush of sugar into our diet, that | almost unnoticed. Releasing a huge rush of sugar into our diet, that |
321 | 00:28:32,664 | 00:28:36,876 | had simply not existed before. It became places frequented by the | had simply not existed before. It became places frequented by the |
322 | 00:28:36,916 | 00:28:40,528 | merchants and traders, they could discuss business, and remain sober, | merchants and traders, they could discuss business, and remain sober, |
323 | 00:28:40,568 | 00:28:46,672 | with their brains supercharged with caffeine, so they were sharp. | with their brains supercharged with caffeine, so they were sharp. |
324 | 00:28:46,712 | 00:28:52,280 | Rather than being bruank on ale. So -- drunk on ale. The coffee house | Rather than being bruank on ale. So -- drunk on ale. The coffee house |
325 | 00:28:52,320 | 00:28:57,000 | becomes an alternative to the ale house, underlying all this is sugar, | becomes an alternative to the ale house, underlying all this is sugar, |
326 | 00:28:57,040 | 00:29:01,956 | because without the sugar, they are unpalatable, and it means you sell | because without the sugar, they are unpalatable, and it means you sell |
327 | 00:29:01,996 | 00:29:05,236 | more sugar. As the drinking habits sort of become more widespread, and | more sugar. As the drinking habits sort of become more widespread, and |
328 | 00:29:05,276 | 00:29:08,312 | eventually, at least tea drinking goes out to the order wry people of | eventually, at least tea drinking goes out to the order wry people of |
329 | 00:29:08,352 | 00:29:12,048 | the country, the sugar con-- ordinary people of the country, the | the country, the sugar con-- ordinary people of the country, the |
330 | 00:29:12,088 | 00:29:16,280 | sugar consumption is going up and up. We move from being a nation | sugar consumption is going up and up. We move from being a nation |
331 | 00:29:16,320 | 00:29:22,124 | whose main drink at breakfast is beer, to a nation whose main drink | whose main drink at breakfast is beer, to a nation whose main drink |
332 | 00:29:22,164 | 00:29:26,528 | at breakfast is tea. Or coffee. Or in some cases | at breakfast is tea. Or coffee. Or in some cases |
333 | 00:29:26,568 | 00:29:31,016 | chocolate. It means, at that one meal your sugar consumption has | chocolate. It means, at that one meal your sugar consumption has |
334 | 00:29:31,056 | 00:29:35,372 | rocketed. I remember as a child, people would have six spoonfuls of | rocketed. I remember as a child, people would have six spoonfuls of |
335 | 00:29:35,412 | 00:29:42,360 | sugar, five, four. I used to have four spoonfuls when I was a kid. Of | sugar, five, four. I used to have four spoonfuls when I was a kid. Of |
336 | 00:29:42,400 | 00:29:52,360 | course, the idea of that now is an and the ma to me now. | course, the idea of that now is an and the ma to me now. |
337 | 00:29:52,400 | 00:29:53,608 | ||
338 | 00:29:53,648 | 00:30:00,280 | -- an anathema to me. Sugar was great, but was it good for us As | -- an anathema to me. Sugar was great, but was it good for us As |
339 | 00:30:00,320 | 00:30:06,520 | early as 1864 there were signs that it might not be A doctor found a | early as 1864 there were signs that it might not be A doctor found a |
340 | 00:30:06,560 | 00:30:10,128 | sweetish taste in urine and blamed excessive sugar consumption. | sweetish taste in urine and blamed excessive sugar consumption. |
341 | 00:30:10,168 | 00:30:16,860 | Diabetes had been known about for centuries, but this link to sugar | Diabetes had been known about for centuries, but this link to sugar |
342 | 00:30:16,900 | 00:30:21,440 | was new, as was the label for it "the pissing evil". | was new, as was the label for it "the pissing evil". |
343 | 00:30:21,480 | 00:30:25,396 | My own type II pissing evil, means I have to go for regular check-ups, | My own type II pissing evil, means I have to go for regular check-ups, |
344 | 00:30:25,436 | 00:30:28,864 | which I dread. Because diabetes, as well as making me more vulnerable | which I dread. Because diabetes, as well as making me more vulnerable |
345 | 00:30:28,904 | 00:30:38,864 | to the more serious life- threatening health problems, can | to the more serious life- threatening health problems, can |
346 | 00:30:38,904 | 00:30:38,968 | ||
347 | 00:30:39,008 | 00:30:43,800 | have some really nasty side-effects. Shall we have a look at your feet | have some really nasty side-effects. Shall we have a look at your feet |
348 | 00:30:43,840 | 00:30:49,048 | and see what it's like. Let's check the pulses. You have good pulses, | and see what it's like. Let's check the pulses. You have good pulses, |
349 | 00:30:49,088 | 00:30:52,720 | that is good news. The key thing with feet, is if you can avoid an | that is good news. The key thing with feet, is if you can avoid an |
350 | 00:30:52,760 | 00:30:57,800 | ulcer, if you develop ulcer, it is more difficult for them to heal, | ulcer, if you develop ulcer, it is more difficult for them to heal, |
351 | 00:30:57,840 | 00:31:03,348 | and puts you at risk of amputation. Your eyes can reveal a lot about | and puts you at risk of amputation. Your eyes can reveal a lot about |
352 | 00:31:03,388 | 00:31:09,252 | how your diabetes is progressing. A retinal scan measures the blood | how your diabetes is progressing. A retinal scan measures the blood |
353 | 00:31:09,292 | 00:31:13,720 | vessels at the back of the eye for the danger signs. So, can you tell | vessels at the back of the eye for the danger signs. So, can you tell |
354 | 00:31:13,760 | 00:31:18,612 | us what my eye is showing up, if anything? Yes, the eye looks very | us what my eye is showing up, if anything? Yes, the eye looks very |
355 | 00:31:18,652 | 00:31:26,736 | good. There is really no signs of any diabetes-related change here, | good. There is really no signs of any diabetes-related change here, |
356 | 00:31:26,776 | 00:31:31,240 | that is good news. That's normal. Going through what I went through | that is good news. That's normal. Going through what I went through |
357 | 00:31:31,280 | 00:31:36,288 | now, always makes you nervous, especially with the retinal scan, | now, always makes you nervous, especially with the retinal scan, |
358 | 00:31:36,328 | 00:31:39,944 | if they do discover something there. The doctor will show me the results | if they do discover something there. The doctor will show me the results |
359 | 00:31:39,984 | 00:31:43,912 | any diabetic would dread. Fortunately, today at least, it is | any diabetic would dread. Fortunately, today at least, it is |
360 | 00:31:43,952 | 00:31:46,960 | not my eye we are looking at. Sometimes a whole eye might fill | not my eye we are looking at. Sometimes a whole eye might fill |
361 | 00:31:47,000 | 00:31:56,768 | with blood and they totally lose their vision. That can happen in | with blood and they totally lose their vision. That can happen in |
362 | 00:31:56,808 | 00:32:00,536 | just a matter of second. This is all sugar-induced? It is. | just a matter of second. This is all sugar-induced? It is. |
363 | 00:32:00,576 | 00:32:06,240 | So, even though I'm conscious, that I could go blind, or risk | So, even though I'm conscious, that I could go blind, or risk |
364 | 00:32:06,280 | 00:32:10,836 | amputation, I admit that I don't manage my diet as well as I could. | amputation, I admit that I don't manage my diet as well as I could. |
365 | 00:32:10,876 | 00:32:14,692 | This has been plaguing me all my life, my own sugar addict is the | This has been plaguing me all my life, my own sugar addict is the |
366 | 00:32:14,732 | 00:32:20,240 | fact I like sugar and sweeties, I still do, I'm not supposed to. And | fact I like sugar and sweeties, I still do, I'm not supposed to. And |
367 | 00:32:20,280 | 00:32:27,488 | I take my pills. I feel guilty about doing it. But, it is the | I take my pills. I feel guilty about doing it. But, it is the |
368 | 00:32:27,528 | 00:32:32,196 | habit of a lifetime, that is very hard to break. | habit of a lifetime, that is very hard to break. |
369 | 00:32:32,236 | 00:32:37,164 | There is some cutting-edge science being done at the Hammersmith | There is some cutting-edge science being done at the Hammersmith |
370 | 00:32:37,204 | 00:32:39,836 | Hospital in London, that might help me understand my predicament. Tony | Hospital in London, that might help me understand my predicament. Tony |
371 | 00:32:39,876 | 00:32:43,648 | Goldstone is carrying out a research product into why we find | Goldstone is carrying out a research product into why we find |
372 | 00:32:43,688 | 00:32:53,648 | it so hard to control what we eat. I'm going to be one of his Guinea | it so hard to control what we eat. I'm going to be one of his Guinea |
373 | 00:32:53,688 | 00:33:02,632 | ||
374 | 00:33:02,672 | 00:33:06,584 | pigs. This is his brain, it is all the 44 | pigs. This is his brain, it is all the 44 |
375 | 00:33:06,624 | 00:33:12,524 | slices. While a scanner monitors my brain activity, Tony is making me | slices. While a scanner monitors my brain activity, Tony is making me |
376 | 00:33:12,564 | 00:33:17,556 | look at pictures of all sorts of mouth-watering food. It is torture, | look at pictures of all sorts of mouth-watering food. It is torture, |
377 | 00:33:17,596 | 00:33:23,276 | particularly as he has forbidden me from eating breakfast beforehand. | particularly as he has forbidden me from eating breakfast beforehand. |
378 | 00:33:23,316 | 00:33:27,616 | From what you observed from me, what were my responses? You found | From what you observed from me, what were my responses? You found |
379 | 00:33:27,656 | 00:33:31,848 | the high-calorie food appealing when you were fasting, we bias our | the high-calorie food appealing when you were fasting, we bias our |
380 | 00:33:31,888 | 00:33:36,200 | brain towards the high-calorie sweet foods, particularly when we | brain towards the high-calorie sweet foods, particularly when we |
381 | 00:33:36,240 | 00:33:41,412 | are fasted. The vast majority of us are incline today like sugary foods, | are fasted. The vast majority of us are incline today like sugary foods, |
382 | 00:33:41,452 | 00:33:46,120 | most of us do, we have evolved that way. There is no point einvolveing | most of us do, we have evolved that way. There is no point einvolveing |
383 | 00:33:46,160 | 00:33:50,200 | a brain that went after lettuce the whole time, we wouldn't have | a brain that went after lettuce the whole time, we wouldn't have |
384 | 00:33:50,240 | 00:33:54,132 | survived. We would have embraced the sugar rush, and thought, there | survived. We would have embraced the sugar rush, and thought, there |
385 | 00:33:54,172 | 00:33:58,384 | it is t heaven. We are living with the consequences of that, as a | it is t heaven. We are living with the consequences of that, as a |
386 | 00:33:58,424 | 00:34:02,928 | result. The trouble is now we are in a toxic environment, where the | result. The trouble is now we are in a toxic environment, where the |
387 | 00:34:02,968 | 00:34:06,120 | sweet, high-calorie foods are all around us, we are hard-wired to | sweet, high-calorie foods are all around us, we are hard-wired to |
388 | 00:34:06,160 | 00:34:10,840 | like them, they are more readily available, they are cheap, and we | like them, they are more readily available, they are cheap, and we |
389 | 00:34:10,880 | 00:34:15,040 | are consume them in ever-increasing quantities. Are our bodies working | are consume them in ever-increasing quantities. Are our bodies working |
390 | 00:34:15,080 | 00:34:19,288 | against us? They are, our bodies are trying to defend our body | against us? They are, our bodies are trying to defend our body |
391 | 00:34:19,328 | 00:34:23,664 | weight. So we are hard-wired to like the sugary foods, and our | weight. So we are hard-wired to like the sugary foods, and our |
392 | 00:34:23,704 | 00:34:27,920 | bodies will do everything it can to keep our body weight where it is at, | bodies will do everything it can to keep our body weight where it is at, |
393 | 00:34:27,960 | 00:34:32,852 | and it will do that by making us want and like the high-calorie | and it will do that by making us want and like the high-calorie |
394 | 00:34:32,892 | 00:34:38,432 | sugary foods more. So every time we try to cut down on those foods, as | sugary foods more. So every time we try to cut down on those foods, as |
395 | 00:34:38,472 | 00:34:41,824 | we need to to lose weight or treat diabetes, our bodies are conspiring | we need to to lose weight or treat diabetes, our bodies are conspiring |
396 | 00:34:41,864 | 00:34:47,544 | against us, not necessarily consciously, we may not be Ayew | against us, not necessarily consciously, we may not be Ayew |
397 | 00:34:47,584 | 00:34:54,792 | ware of it. Where is the alarm -- Aware of it. Where is the alarm | ware of it. Where is the alarm -- Aware of it. Where is the alarm |
398 | 00:34:54,832 | 00:34:59,464 | system? We maybe don't. We maybe don't have it. We have no | system? We maybe don't. We maybe don't have it. We have no |
399 | 00:34:59,504 | 00:35:05,588 | control mechanism to lose weight. It is a one-way trade. I can't stop, | control mechanism to lose weight. It is a one-way trade. I can't stop, |
400 | 00:35:05,628 | 00:35:10,588 | and it's not my fault! What a catastrophic bit of evolutionary | and it's not my fault! What a catastrophic bit of evolutionary |
401 | 00:35:10,628 | 00:35:14,648 | hard-wiring, from the survival of the fit he isest to the survival of | hard-wiring, from the survival of the fit he isest to the survival of |
402 | 00:35:14,688 | 00:35:19,400 | the fattest. It meant as soon as we had more calories available to us | the fattest. It meant as soon as we had more calories available to us |
403 | 00:35:19,440 | 00:35:29,400 | than we needed, we were doomed. In the 19th century, that balance was | than we needed, we were doomed. In the 19th century, that balance was |
404 | 00:35:29,440 | 00:35:30,400 | ||
405 | 00:35:30,440 | 00:35:36,028 | about to be tipped. At the start of the 19th century, | about to be tipped. At the start of the 19th century, |
406 | 00:35:36,068 | 00:35:41,008 | Britain had a monoply on sugar, having jealously guarded her | Britain had a monoply on sugar, having jealously guarded her |
407 | 00:35:41,048 | 00:35:44,932 | Caribbean supply for over a century. But as a result of the Napoleonic | Caribbean supply for over a century. But as a result of the Napoleonic |
408 | 00:35:44,972 | 00:35:50,248 | wars, French trade lines to the Caribbean were being blockaded by | wars, French trade lines to the Caribbean were being blockaded by |
409 | 00:35:50,288 | 00:35:56,528 | the British Navy, and France was desperately short of sugar. But | the British Navy, and France was desperately short of sugar. But |
410 | 00:35:56,568 | 00:36:04,968 | then, scientists presented Napoleon with two loaves of sugar, made, not | then, scientists presented Napoleon with two loaves of sugar, made, not |
411 | 00:36:05,008 | 00:36:09,436 | from sugar cane, but this, sugar beet. Napoleon was so impressed, he | from sugar cane, but this, sugar beet. Napoleon was so impressed, he |
412 | 00:36:09,476 | 00:36:13,184 | decreed that sugar beet should be mass planted, and provided the cash | decreed that sugar beet should be mass planted, and provided the cash |
413 | 00:36:13,224 | 00:36:18,156 | to get the farms and factories up and running. Within a few more | to get the farms and factories up and running. Within a few more |
414 | 00:36:18,196 | 00:36:23,156 | years, more than 40 sugar beet factories were established. Mostly | years, more than 40 sugar beet factories were established. Mostly |
415 | 00:36:23,196 | 00:36:29,952 | in northern France. In a two- fringeered gesture to the British, | in northern France. In a two- fringeered gesture to the British, |
416 | 00:36:29,992 | 00:36:33,776 | Napoleon embargoed the sale of sugar beet to Britain. | Napoleon embargoed the sale of sugar beet to Britain. |
417 | 00:36:33,816 | 00:36:38,328 | The stand-off didn't last, however, and within a matter of decades, the | The stand-off didn't last, however, and within a matter of decades, the |
418 | 00:36:38,368 | 00:36:44,608 | forces of the free market prevailed. Sugar beet flooded the British | forces of the free market prevailed. Sugar beet flooded the British |
419 | 00:36:44,648 | 00:36:52,344 | market, and the price dropped. By 1850, it was a commodity that | market, and the price dropped. By 1850, it was a commodity that |
420 | 00:36:52,384 | 00:36:56,720 | everyone could afford. And this was the result, teatime. This very | everyone could afford. And this was the result, teatime. This very |
421 | 00:36:56,760 | 00:37:00,968 | British institution was how working people got through the day. | British institution was how working people got through the day. |
422 | 00:37:01,008 | 00:37:05,672 | Jealousy guarded tea breaks at the factory, with tea loaded with sugar, | Jealousy guarded tea breaks at the factory, with tea loaded with sugar, |
423 | 00:37:05,712 | 00:37:10,344 | it was a consolation, a reward for dull and difficult days. Sugar | it was a consolation, a reward for dull and difficult days. Sugar |
424 | 00:37:10,384 | 00:37:16,808 | became the fuel which drove the Industrial Revolution. Sugar | became the fuel which drove the Industrial Revolution. Sugar |
425 | 00:37:16,848 | 00:37:20,936 | changed, not just what we drank, but what we ate. If you look at the | changed, not just what we drank, but what we ate. If you look at the |
426 | 00:37:20,976 | 00:37:24,596 | diet of the working-class, at the beginning of the 19th century, we | diet of the working-class, at the beginning of the 19th century, we |
427 | 00:37:24,636 | 00:37:32,608 | are pretty much looking at bread, potato, cheese, butter if you are | are pretty much looking at bread, potato, cheese, butter if you are |
428 | 00:37:32,648 | 00:37:38,908 | lucky, maybe a bit of bacon fat, by the end you are looking at bread, | lucky, maybe a bit of bacon fat, by the end you are looking at bread, |
429 | 00:37:38,948 | 00:37:42,520 | butter or margarine, jam or cake. One of the big things the | butter or margarine, jam or cake. One of the big things the |
430 | 00:37:42,560 | 00:37:50,828 | Victorians were good at leftover recipes. This is a sponge cake, you | Victorians were good at leftover recipes. This is a sponge cake, you |
431 | 00:37:50,868 | 00:37:56,484 | take a steal sponge cake, cut it in slice, and cover it in jam and mask | take a steal sponge cake, cut it in slice, and cover it in jam and mask |
432 | 00:37:56,524 | 00:38:06,484 | it with meringue. High tea became an essential for the working-class. | it with meringue. High tea became an essential for the working-class. |
433 | 00:38:06,524 | 00:38:06,624 | ||
434 | 00:38:06,664 | 00:38:11,240 | It was an echo of the aristocratic shadow. High tea was a meal, its | It was an echo of the aristocratic shadow. High tea was a meal, its |
435 | 00:38:11,280 | 00:38:16,580 | signature ingredient was jam. An avalanche of it, with pound-for- | signature ingredient was jam. An avalanche of it, with pound-for- |
436 | 00:38:16,620 | 00:38:20,564 | pound as much sugar as fruit. It was still there a century later, in | pound as much sugar as fruit. It was still there a century later, in |
437 | 00:38:20,604 | 00:38:26,080 | my own working-class Dundee childhood, where it rolled off a | my own working-class Dundee childhood, where it rolled off a |
438 | 00:38:26,120 | 00:38:30,376 | production line, a mile from my house. | production line, a mile from my house. |
439 | 00:38:30,416 | 00:38:34,768 | What was this thing you were putting on, this apricot, it looked | What was this thing you were putting on, this apricot, it looked |
440 | 00:38:34,808 | 00:38:41,864 | like apricot jam? That was carrot jam. What? It is jam made with | like apricot jam? That was carrot jam. What? It is jam made with |
441 | 00:38:41,904 | 00:38:47,752 | carrots to look like apricot jam. shouldn't do this, but carrot jam? | carrots to look like apricot jam. shouldn't do this, but carrot jam? |
442 | 00:38:47,792 | 00:38:52,456 | Get out of here! It tastes like almonds, and I would have said | Get out of here! It tastes like almonds, and I would have said |
443 | 00:38:52,496 | 00:38:57,160 | apricots? If you don't know what it is, nearly everybody says apricots. | apricots? If you don't know what it is, nearly everybody says apricots. |
444 | 00:38:57,200 | 00:39:01,488 | It is rather nice. I think it is lovely, there is bitter almonds in | It is rather nice. I think it is lovely, there is bitter almonds in |
445 | 00:39:01,528 | 00:39:05,036 | there. It is gorgeous, but it is deadly as far as sugar is concerned. | there. It is gorgeous, but it is deadly as far as sugar is concerned. |
446 | 00:39:05,076 | 00:39:08,532 | There must have been old wives who said, get the carrot jam, that | There must have been old wives who said, get the carrot jam, that |
447 | 00:39:08,572 | 00:39:13,816 | really gives the baiorns lots of energy, and they get a lot of | really gives the baiorns lots of energy, and they get a lot of |
448 | 00:39:13,856 | 00:39:16,988 | bounce and tough. There must have probably been that kind of chat? | bounce and tough. There must have probably been that kind of chat? |
449 | 00:39:17,028 | 00:39:20,756 | think there was. There is a question of are your children going | think there was. There is a question of are your children going |
450 | 00:39:20,796 | 00:39:25,240 | to eat that dry bread, no, if you spread it with a bit of jam, can | to eat that dry bread, no, if you spread it with a bit of jam, can |
451 | 00:39:25,280 | 00:39:28,612 | you get them to eat it. So they will eat a lot more and bread, and | you get them to eat it. So they will eat a lot more and bread, and |
452 | 00:39:28,652 | 00:39:36,532 | they will take more food if they have a little bit of jam. For the | they will take more food if they have a little bit of jam. For the |
453 | 00:39:36,572 | 00:39:39,736 | poor in the 19th century, a lot of their kal rific intake came from | poor in the 19th century, a lot of their kal rific intake came from |
454 | 00:39:39,776 | 00:39:44,768 | sugar dcalorific intake came from sugar, they could have taken it | sugar dcalorific intake came from sugar, they could have taken it |
455 | 00:39:44,808 | 00:39:48,240 | from other nutrients, but they were eating sugar, there is no vitamins, | from other nutrients, but they were eating sugar, there is no vitamins, |
456 | 00:39:48,280 | 00:39:52,892 | good fats, or protein. It is just sugar. They are getting the buzz | good fats, or protein. It is just sugar. They are getting the buzz |
457 | 00:39:52,932 | 00:39:57,552 | they want or need, but they are not getting the nutrients they need. | they want or need, but they are not getting the nutrients they need. |
458 | 00:39:57,592 | 00:40:03,020 | And malnutrition among the poorer classes in the 19th century, it was | And malnutrition among the poorer classes in the 19th century, it was |
459 | 00:40:03,060 | 00:40:08,504 | awful. By the beginning of the 19th century how many pounds of sugar | awful. By the beginning of the 19th century how many pounds of sugar |
460 | 00:40:08,544 | 00:40:13,096 | are we consuming? 12 pound a head. By the end of the 19th century? | are we consuming? 12 pound a head. By the end of the 19th century? |
461 | 00:40:13,136 | 00:40:16,692 | pound a head. A huge increase? Massive increase. The arguments we | pound a head. A huge increase? Massive increase. The arguments we |
462 | 00:40:16,732 | 00:40:20,332 | have that the poor are spending money on the wrong things, busy | have that the poor are spending money on the wrong things, busy |
463 | 00:40:20,372 | 00:40:25,740 | drinking and spending their money on chocolates and take-out food, | drinking and spending their money on chocolates and take-out food, |
464 | 00:40:25,780 | 00:40:30,052 | are exactly the same arguments in the 19th century. People say the | are exactly the same arguments in the 19th century. People say the |
465 | 00:40:30,092 | 00:40:35,068 | working-classes should be eating boiled sheep heads, and they forget | working-classes should be eating boiled sheep heads, and they forget |
466 | 00:40:35,108 | 00:40:40,584 | about the cost of fuel and the time to cook meals that are long to | about the cost of fuel and the time to cook meals that are long to |
467 | 00:40:40,624 | 00:40:45,320 | process. They fall back on what is cheap and easy. 1886 was the year | process. They fall back on what is cheap and easy. 1886 was the year |
468 | 00:40:45,360 | 00:40:49,100 | the Swiss invented milk chocolate, that was bold, new and very popular. | the Swiss invented milk chocolate, that was bold, new and very popular. |
469 | 00:40:49,140 | 00:40:54,632 | With a recipe that consisted of huge amounts of sugar, sweetened | With a recipe that consisted of huge amounts of sugar, sweetened |
470 | 00:40:54,672 | 00:41:00,100 | milk. Britain's confexers competed to | milk. Britain's confexers competed to |
471 | 00:41:00,140 | 00:41:05,148 | make their own. But for almost 20 years the secret elueted them. | make their own. But for almost 20 years the secret elueted them. |
472 | 00:41:05,188 | 00:41:12,508 | Rumour has it, that George Cadbury became so obsessed with the pursuit | Rumour has it, that George Cadbury became so obsessed with the pursuit |
473 | 00:41:12,548 | 00:41:15,600 | of milk chocolate, that he became a sleepwalker, and one night he | of milk chocolate, that he became a sleepwalker, and one night he |
474 | 00:41:15,640 | 00:41:25,600 | rolled his wife around the bedroom under the impression she was a milk | rolled his wife around the bedroom under the impression she was a milk |
475 | 00:41:25,640 | 00:41:30,304 | ||
476 | 00:41:30,344 | 00:41:40,304 | chuorn. I have come to discover the secrets | chuorn. I have come to discover the secrets |
477 | 00:41:40,344 | 00:41:42,072 | ||
478 | 00:41:42,112 | 00:41:46,928 | of making chocolate for myself. What am I doing, surrounding myself | of making chocolate for myself. What am I doing, surrounding myself |
479 | 00:41:46,968 | 00:41:52,804 | with more temptation. Take that bag and I will fill it up. It took | with more temptation. Take that bag and I will fill it up. It took |
480 | 00:41:52,844 | 00:41:59,464 | George Cadbury to create Britain's first milk chocolate. In 1905, | George Cadbury to create Britain's first milk chocolate. In 1905, |
481 | 00:41:59,504 | 00:42:08,744 | Cadbury's Dairy Milk was released to an eager market. It was a bar of | Cadbury's Dairy Milk was released to an eager market. It was a bar of |
482 | 00:42:08,784 | 00:42:12,696 | sugar, in a brown disguise. Do you I think I might have a job | sugar, in a brown disguise. Do you I think I might have a job |
483 | 00:42:12,736 | 00:42:17,824 | here, with this career of mine is fading by the hour. Milk chocolate | here, with this career of mine is fading by the hour. Milk chocolate |
484 | 00:42:17,864 | 00:42:21,024 | fell into a market gluted with sweetness. Britain was already the | fell into a market gluted with sweetness. Britain was already the |
485 | 00:42:21,064 | 00:42:30,852 | largest consumer of sugar in the world. Yet there was still no sense | largest consumer of sugar in the world. Yet there was still no sense |
486 | 00:42:30,892 | 00:42:33,636 | that it might be bad for you. isn't that amazing. | that it might be bad for you. isn't that amazing. |
487 | 00:42:33,676 | 00:42:38,568 | Very nerve racking all of this, you know. | Very nerve racking all of this, you know. |
488 | 00:42:38,608 | 00:42:43,492 | In this country we have a taste for milk chocolate, and I remember as a | In this country we have a taste for milk chocolate, and I remember as a |
489 | 00:42:43,532 | 00:42:46,964 | child, only eating milk chocolate. It makes a delicious recipe, if you | child, only eating milk chocolate. It makes a delicious recipe, if you |
490 | 00:42:47,004 | 00:42:51,696 | are making something very, very sweet, it is appealing to the | are making something very, very sweet, it is appealing to the |
491 | 00:42:51,736 | 00:42:56,336 | caveman instinct in us all. We all crave for sweet things. | caveman instinct in us all. We all crave for sweet things. |
492 | 00:42:56,376 | 00:43:00,872 | subsequently not very healthy? indeed. If you get a bar of milk | subsequently not very healthy? indeed. If you get a bar of milk |
493 | 00:43:00,912 | 00:43:06,136 | chocolate, now, and you read the wrapper, I think you would be lucky | chocolate, now, and you read the wrapper, I think you would be lucky |
494 | 00:43:06,176 | 00:43:09,872 | to get about 22% cocoa solids, and all the rest, which is almost 80%, | to get about 22% cocoa solids, and all the rest, which is almost 80%, |
495 | 00:43:09,912 | 00:43:13,640 | would be milk and sugar. And sometimes some other fats as well. | would be milk and sugar. And sometimes some other fats as well. |
496 | 00:43:13,680 | 00:43:20,980 | I would say that milk chocolate is not very healthy, not only because | I would say that milk chocolate is not very healthy, not only because |
497 | 00:43:21,020 | 00:43:25,620 | it has a lot of sugar, but it is also interestingly, the milk bonds | it has a lot of sugar, but it is also interestingly, the milk bonds |
498 | 00:43:25,660 | 00:43:30,948 | with all of the vitamins and the minerals in the chocolate, and you | with all of the vitamins and the minerals in the chocolate, and you |
499 | 00:43:30,988 | 00:43:35,904 | can't actually digest them. Really? It is really true, if you want to | can't actually digest them. Really? It is really true, if you want to |
500 | 00:43:35,944 | 00:43:38,980 | eat healthy chocolate, it has to be dark. | eat healthy chocolate, it has to be dark. |
501 | 00:43:39,020 | 00:43:45,136 | Of course, as the chocolate manufacturers might tell you, milk | Of course, as the chocolate manufacturers might tell you, milk |
502 | 00:43:45,176 | 00:43:53,212 | chocolate isn't unhealthy in itself. As long as it is eaten as an | chocolate isn't unhealthy in itself. As long as it is eaten as an |
503 | 00:43:53,252 | 00:43:57,560 | occasional treat. But there lies the problem. | occasional treat. But there lies the problem. |
504 | 00:43:57,600 | 00:44:00,888 | Oh my goodness. That is good. This is dark chocolate. It really is | Oh my goodness. That is good. This is dark chocolate. It really is |
505 | 00:44:00,928 | 00:44:05,436 | good. That is very little sugar in there. | good. That is very little sugar in there. |
506 | 00:44:05,476 | 00:44:09,748 | The figures speak for themselves, the invention of Dairy Milk made | The figures speak for themselves, the invention of Dairy Milk made |
507 | 00:44:09,788 | 00:44:17,012 | Cadburys the wealthiest chocolate company in Britain. With a turnover | Cadburys the wealthiest chocolate company in Britain. With a turnover |
508 | 00:44:17,052 | 00:44:22,592 | in today's money of �120 million. In 1914, at the beginning of the | in today's money of �120 million. In 1914, at the beginning of the |
509 | 00:44:22,632 | 00:44:28,436 | First World War, the British Government placed massive orders | First World War, the British Government placed massive orders |
510 | 00:44:28,476 | 00:44:37,328 | for bornville cocoa and Dairy Milk. Cadburys streamlined their | for bornville cocoa and Dairy Milk. Cadburys streamlined their |
511 | 00:44:37,368 | 00:44:43,236 | production to accommodate demand. German standard rations were plain | production to accommodate demand. German standard rations were plain |
512 | 00:44:43,276 | 00:44:46,264 | fare by example, bread, potatoes, but the standard rations of the | fare by example, bread, potatoes, but the standard rations of the |
513 | 00:44:46,304 | 00:44:50,796 | Britain contained Dairy Milk Chocolate, and good Caribbean rum, | Britain contained Dairy Milk Chocolate, and good Caribbean rum, |
514 | 00:44:50,836 | 00:44:55,032 | mooded food. Bravery, afterall, doesn't need to last. Reckoned in | mooded food. Bravery, afterall, doesn't need to last. Reckoned in |
515 | 00:44:55,072 | 00:44:58,888 | the span of a lifetime, it can be the merest blink, more than long | the span of a lifetime, it can be the merest blink, more than long |
516 | 00:44:58,928 | 00:45:08,888 | enough for the dopamine surge, delivered by sweetened chocolate, | enough for the dopamine surge, delivered by sweetened chocolate, |
517 | 00:45:08,928 | 00:45:10,344 | ||
518 | 00:45:10,384 | 00:45:17,496 | or the brief intokation, following a tot of rum, chemical courage. | or the brief intokation, following a tot of rum, chemical courage. |
519 | 00:45:17,536 | 00:45:23,160 | After the war, the shelves of grocers continued to fill with what | After the war, the shelves of grocers continued to fill with what |
520 | 00:45:23,200 | 00:45:29,528 | can be described as old friends, brands like Rowntree's Kit Kat from | can be described as old friends, brands like Rowntree's Kit Kat from |
521 | 00:45:29,568 | 00:45:33,936 | 1905, and Smarties from 1927, brands still unchanged today. The | 1905, and Smarties from 1927, brands still unchanged today. The |
522 | 00:45:33,976 | 00:45:40,140 | mass production of food had just begun, and the jockeying for | mass production of food had just begun, and the jockeying for |
523 | 00:45:40,180 | 00:45:46,236 | position to sell each new product was fierce. The philosopher Claude | position to sell each new product was fierce. The philosopher Claude |
524 | 00:45:46,276 | 00:45:51,828 | Levi straws, had raised the idea that food -- straus, had raised the | Levi straws, had raised the idea that food -- straus, had raised the |
525 | 00:45:51,868 | 00:45:55,392 | idea that food needed to appeal to the mind as well as the mouth. His | idea that food needed to appeal to the mind as well as the mouth. His |
526 | 00:45:55,432 | 00:46:03,188 | philosophy of messing with our minds, and making the slide towards | philosophy of messing with our minds, and making the slide towards |
527 | 00:46:03,228 | 00:46:08,768 | sugar more inevitable. There was an explosion of the brands at the | sugar more inevitable. There was an explosion of the brands at the |
528 | 00:46:08,808 | 00:46:15,880 | beginning of the century, when these appeared, 1920s, 1930s, a | beginning of the century, when these appeared, 1920s, 1930s, a |
529 | 00:46:15,920 | 00:46:21,328 | chap was working called Edward Bernase, he used the phrase, the | chap was working called Edward Bernase, he used the phrase, the |
530 | 00:46:21,368 | 00:46:25,532 | idea mind marketing and branding was to "engineer consent", to | idea mind marketing and branding was to "engineer consent", to |
531 | 00:46:25,572 | 00:46:30,240 | create brand loyalty and addictions. In the case of chocolate and sweets, | create brand loyalty and addictions. In the case of chocolate and sweets, |
532 | 00:46:30,280 | 00:46:33,784 | what is interesting to me, and I'm thinking about my own response, I | what is interesting to me, and I'm thinking about my own response, I |
533 | 00:46:33,824 | 00:46:39,892 | consume nearly everything here. But it seems to me that it goes back to | consume nearly everything here. But it seems to me that it goes back to |
534 | 00:46:39,932 | 00:46:43,644 | a very, very early point in my life, almost at the very begin of my | a very, very early point in my life, almost at the very begin of my |
535 | 00:46:43,684 | 00:46:47,036 | conscious life. This has been with me. It is a bit like the Jesuits | conscious life. This has been with me. It is a bit like the Jesuits |
536 | 00:46:47,076 | 00:46:50,812 | used to say about children, give me the boy until he's seven and I will | used to say about children, give me the boy until he's seven and I will |
537 | 00:46:50,852 | 00:46:55,328 | give you the man. That is how the brands work. You give me the child, | give you the man. That is how the brands work. You give me the child, |
538 | 00:46:55,368 | 00:46:59,284 | at pre-school age, and I will give you the adult, I will deliver you | at pre-school age, and I will give you the adult, I will deliver you |
539 | 00:46:59,324 | 00:47:04,676 | the adult. Because we will then anchor that brand with all those | the adult. Because we will then anchor that brand with all those |
540 | 00:47:04,716 | 00:47:11,240 | pleasant, happy memories we had as children. Look at this historic Kit | pleasant, happy memories we had as children. Look at this historic Kit |
541 | 00:47:11,280 | 00:47:17,520 | Kat add, "Polly put the Kit Kat on and we will all have tea". There is | Kat add, "Polly put the Kit Kat on and we will all have tea". There is |
542 | 00:47:17,560 | 00:47:23,520 | the Rowntree's fruit gum boy. wanted to be him. Cadburys milk | the Rowntree's fruit gum boy. wanted to be him. Cadburys milk |
543 | 00:47:23,560 | 00:47:27,504 | chocolate buttons. The backin the box. Big -- the Jack in the box, | chocolate buttons. The backin the box. Big -- the Jack in the box, |
544 | 00:47:27,544 | 00:47:33,128 | big smiling things. It is the happiness, I look at this, and go, | big smiling things. It is the happiness, I look at this, and go, |
545 | 00:47:33,168 | 00:47:39,488 | yeah, I remember when Opal Fruits started, Love Hearts, I would love | yeah, I remember when Opal Fruits started, Love Hearts, I would love |
546 | 00:47:39,528 | 00:47:45,504 | them and look at them and see the mottos they had. The names as well. | them and look at them and see the mottos they had. The names as well. |
547 | 00:47:45,544 | 00:47:50,128 | Bounty, Bounty giving you excess. Life Savers, a Marathon, making you | Bounty, Bounty giving you excess. Life Savers, a Marathon, making you |
548 | 00:47:50,168 | 00:47:54,724 | run forever. Unbelievable. The names themselves there. The amount | run forever. Unbelievable. The names themselves there. The amount |
549 | 00:47:54,764 | 00:47:59,972 | of time these brands spent getting the name right, and the design | of time these brands spent getting the name right, and the design |
550 | 00:48:00,012 | 00:48:03,536 | right, getting their brand position right, so you will open the doors | right, getting their brand position right, so you will open the doors |
551 | 00:48:03,576 | 00:48:10,928 | to your mind, and the brands will run in and sit there and lodge | to your mind, and the brands will run in and sit there and lodge |
552 | 00:48:10,968 | 00:48:16,520 | there for the rest of your life. That is how they work. | there for the rest of your life. That is how they work. |
553 | 00:48:16,560 | 00:48:21,816 | At the turn of the 20th century, the average Briton ate just shy of | At the turn of the 20th century, the average Briton ate just shy of |
554 | 00:48:21,856 | 00:48:29,648 | a pound of sugar a week. Our intake was accelerating at a frightening | a pound of sugar a week. Our intake was accelerating at a frightening |
555 | 00:48:29,688 | 00:48:35,556 | rate. Because sugar was now finding its way into virtually everything. | rate. Because sugar was now finding its way into virtually everything. |
556 | 00:48:35,596 | 00:48:42,536 | One loaf of bread, two-and-a-half tablespoonfuls of sugar. And it | One loaf of bread, two-and-a-half tablespoonfuls of sugar. And it |
557 | 00:48:42,576 | 00:48:46,320 | doesn't even taste sweet. Other sugar, like high fructose corn | doesn't even taste sweet. Other sugar, like high fructose corn |
558 | 00:48:46,360 | 00:48:51,444 | syrup, are also in a bewildering variety of both sweet and savoury | syrup, are also in a bewildering variety of both sweet and savoury |
559 | 00:48:51,484 | 00:48:55,972 | foods. Corn syrup was an American | foods. Corn syrup was an American |
560 | 00:48:56,012 | 00:49:02,196 | invention from the 1950s, when the post-war, post-rationing world, was | invention from the 1950s, when the post-war, post-rationing world, was |
561 | 00:49:02,236 | 00:49:07,556 | looking for more plentiful supplies of food. Corn syrup was much | looking for more plentiful supplies of food. Corn syrup was much |
562 | 00:49:07,596 | 00:49:12,256 | cheerer than granulated sugar, -- cheaper than granulated sugar, so | cheerer than granulated sugar, -- cheaper than granulated sugar, so |
563 | 00:49:12,296 | 00:49:16,428 | one by one the companies started to use it as the flavour enhancer of | one by one the companies started to use it as the flavour enhancer of |
564 | 00:49:16,468 | 00:49:21,584 | Joyce. The wide use of corn syrup may explain why sugar consumption | Joyce. The wide use of corn syrup may explain why sugar consumption |
565 | 00:49:21,624 | 00:49:26,428 | has rocketed over the last 50 years. Going from a two pound supermarket | has rocketed over the last 50 years. Going from a two pound supermarket |
566 | 00:49:26,468 | 00:49:36,428 | bag each a week in the 1960s, to three-times that today. That's six | bag each a week in the 1960s, to three-times that today. That's six |
567 | 00:49:36,468 | 00:49:36,944 | ||
568 | 00:49:36,984 | 00:49:43,848 | pounds a week each. And one of the biggest users of | pounds a week each. And one of the biggest users of |
569 | 00:49:43,888 | 00:49:47,960 | corn syrup is this, fizzy drinks. It is the most recent Trojan horse | corn syrup is this, fizzy drinks. It is the most recent Trojan horse |
570 | 00:49:48,000 | 00:49:52,568 | to invisibly steal sugar into our diet. Over the last 30 years our | to invisibly steal sugar into our diet. Over the last 30 years our |
571 | 00:49:52,608 | 00:49:57,148 | habits have changed. There has been a huge upsurge in their popularity. | habits have changed. There has been a huge upsurge in their popularity. |
572 | 00:49:57,188 | 00:50:03,400 | In America, consumption of these soft drinks has doubled since the | In America, consumption of these soft drinks has doubled since the |
573 | 00:50:03,440 | 00:50:07,072 | 1970s. Here, they make up 20% of all the drinks we buy. | 1970s. Here, they make up 20% of all the drinks we buy. |
574 | 00:50:07,112 | 00:50:11,884 | Today I'm meeting someone who is lucky to be alive he has got to the | Today I'm meeting someone who is lucky to be alive he has got to the |
575 | 00:50:11,924 | 00:50:16,648 | point where he was drinking six litres of fizzy drinks a day, and | point where he was drinking six litres of fizzy drinks a day, and |
576 | 00:50:16,688 | 00:50:26,648 | couldn't stop. How did it escalate? It just got into a habit of not | couldn't stop. How did it escalate? It just got into a habit of not |
577 | 00:50:26,688 | 00:50:30,088 | ||
578 | 00:50:30,128 | 00:50:38,024 | drinking water. It was always, IronBru. My sister won't drink | drinking water. It was always, IronBru. My sister won't drink |
579 | 00:50:38,064 | 00:50:42,040 | water, she's the same. How bad did it get? I had to have it. You were | water, she's the same. How bad did it get? I had to have it. You were |
580 | 00:50:42,080 | 00:50:45,744 | completely addicted? Yes. Totally. What about nightime? If I didn't | completely addicted? Yes. Totally. What about nightime? If I didn't |
581 | 00:50:45,784 | 00:50:50,928 | have any through the night I would wake up in the morning, wanting to | have any through the night I would wake up in the morning, wanting to |
582 | 00:50:50,968 | 00:50:54,492 | throw up, sore head, sweating. you didn't have any? If I didn't | throw up, sore head, sweating. you didn't have any? If I didn't |
583 | 00:50:54,532 | 00:50:57,840 | have any through the night. So you are saying to me, that if you | have any through the night. So you are saying to me, that if you |
584 | 00:50:57,880 | 00:51:03,512 | didn't have anything through the night you would be sick, and this | didn't have anything through the night you would be sick, and this |
585 | 00:51:03,552 | 00:51:08,088 | kept you from being sick? Yeah. That defines an addict, when you | kept you from being sick? Yeah. That defines an addict, when you |
586 | 00:51:08,128 | 00:51:16,200 | are that dependant? Definite addiction. Definitely an addiction. | are that dependant? Definite addiction. Definitely an addiction. |
587 | 00:51:16,240 | 00:51:20,840 | I would have done anything to get Ir nBru! | I would have done anything to get Ir nBru! |
588 | 00:51:20,880 | 00:51:25,840 | I wanted to ask the manufacturers about the impact of iron brew on | I wanted to ask the manufacturers about the impact of iron brew on |
589 | 00:51:25,880 | 00:51:28,464 | the health of the people who drink it, but they declined to do an | the health of the people who drink it, but they declined to do an |
590 | 00:51:28,504 | 00:51:33,920 | interview, instead they sent a statement that basically says that | interview, instead they sent a statement that basically says that |
591 | 00:51:33,960 | 00:51:38,184 | the drink should be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet, and that they | the drink should be enjoyed as part of a balanced diet, and that they |
592 | 00:51:38,224 | 00:51:47,640 | would never advocate overconsumption. But what of that | would never advocate overconsumption. But what of that |
593 | 00:51:47,680 | 00:51:51,308 | choice being out of your hands. Andrew said he felt he was addicted | choice being out of your hands. Andrew said he felt he was addicted |
594 | 00:51:51,348 | 00:51:54,232 | to IronBru. You were completely addicted? Yes. It has been | to IronBru. You were completely addicted? Yes. It has been |
595 | 00:51:54,272 | 00:51:58,920 | scientifically proven that drinking and smoking can be addictive, but | scientifically proven that drinking and smoking can be addictive, but |
596 | 00:51:58,960 | 00:52:02,808 | it is much more controversial to suggest that sugar might have the | it is much more controversial to suggest that sugar might have the |
597 | 00:52:02,848 | 00:52:06,000 | same effect. So, what did you make of that? | same effect. So, what did you make of that? |
598 | 00:52:06,040 | 00:52:09,932 | I think clearly sugar is very addictive. There has been some | I think clearly sugar is very addictive. There has been some |
599 | 00:52:09,972 | 00:52:14,404 | research done in rats that has shown that when given free access | research done in rats that has shown that when given free access |
600 | 00:52:14,444 | 00:52:19,248 | to either sugar or to cocaine, a lot of rats will actually prefer | to either sugar or to cocaine, a lot of rats will actually prefer |
601 | 00:52:19,288 | 00:52:25,264 | the sugar. Suggesting that there is an even stronger association with | the sugar. Suggesting that there is an even stronger association with |
602 | 00:52:25,304 | 00:52:28,360 | the sugar than with something else addictive like cocaine. | the sugar than with something else addictive like cocaine. |
603 | 00:52:28,400 | 00:52:34,184 | The research into addiction shows that the warm glow of pleasure that | The research into addiction shows that the warm glow of pleasure that |
604 | 00:52:34,224 | 00:52:38,328 | we feel when we drink a sugary drink, for example, is generated by | we feel when we drink a sugary drink, for example, is generated by |
605 | 00:52:38,368 | 00:52:43,796 | different parts of the brain communicating with each other. The | different parts of the brain communicating with each other. The |
606 | 00:52:43,836 | 00:52:48,468 | feelings of wanting that drink then liking it as you drink it live in | feelings of wanting that drink then liking it as you drink it live in |
607 | 00:52:48,508 | 00:52:53,344 | different parts of the brain. But in the brains of addicts, they | different parts of the brain. But in the brains of addicts, they |
608 | 00:52:53,384 | 00:52:56,280 | refuse to communicate at all. The stand-off between these two | refuse to communicate at all. The stand-off between these two |
609 | 00:52:56,320 | 00:53:01,528 | feelings results in addictive behaviour. | feelings results in addictive behaviour. |
610 | 00:53:01,568 | 00:53:06,328 | The more you want to drink, the less you actually enjoy it, which | The more you want to drink, the less you actually enjoy it, which |
611 | 00:53:06,368 | 00:53:09,920 | leads you to look for more. I think one of the interesting | leads you to look for more. I think one of the interesting |
612 | 00:53:09,960 | 00:53:13,440 | things about that is you can explain a lot of human behaviour in | things about that is you can explain a lot of human behaviour in |
613 | 00:53:13,480 | 00:53:16,344 | that way. You can think of how they would normally go together, and | that way. You can think of how they would normally go together, and |
614 | 00:53:16,384 | 00:53:21,640 | sometimes they don't. When the balance of that goes wrong, is that | sometimes they don't. When the balance of that goes wrong, is that |
615 | 00:53:21,680 | 00:53:26,484 | when we are, as it were, vulnerable? I think the moment that | when we are, as it were, vulnerable? I think the moment that |
616 | 00:53:26,524 | 00:53:31,468 | we are no longer able to actually get pleasure out of something, and | we are no longer able to actually get pleasure out of something, and |
617 | 00:53:31,508 | 00:53:34,672 | we just start to expecting or pursuing that particular pleasure | we just start to expecting or pursuing that particular pleasure |
618 | 00:53:34,712 | 00:53:38,688 | more than actually getting any, there is clearly something wrong. A | more than actually getting any, there is clearly something wrong. A |
619 | 00:53:38,728 | 00:53:42,704 | lot of your brain then becomes out of balance. That in itself then | lot of your brain then becomes out of balance. That in itself then |
620 | 00:53:42,744 | 00:53:46,520 | create behaviour which is out of balance, and one of the things that | create behaviour which is out of balance, and one of the things that |
621 | 00:53:46,560 | 00:53:50,596 | can happen with that is it can lead to things like obesity, or | can happen with that is it can lead to things like obesity, or |
622 | 00:53:50,636 | 00:53:54,576 | addiction, or all sorts of other problems. | addiction, or all sorts of other problems. |
623 | 00:53:54,616 | 00:54:00,784 | For Andrew, what began as a pleasurable experience, eventually | For Andrew, what began as a pleasurable experience, eventually |
624 | 00:54:00,824 | 00:54:05,704 | became an addiction. He has managed to recover, but only | became an addiction. He has managed to recover, but only |
625 | 00:54:05,744 | 00:54:10,220 | after severe illness. He was saved by a quadruple heart bypass | after severe illness. He was saved by a quadruple heart bypass |
626 | 00:54:10,260 | 00:54:16,548 | operation, and the careful monitoring of this doctor, who | operation, and the careful monitoring of this doctor, who |
627 | 00:54:16,588 | 00:54:19,768 | helped him give ups daily fix. The cholesterol was around about 9- | helped him give ups daily fix. The cholesterol was around about 9- |
628 | 00:54:19,808 | 00:54:25,240 | 10, it plummeted once you changed your behaviour. It is amazing what | 10, it plummeted once you changed your behaviour. It is amazing what |
629 | 00:54:25,280 | 00:54:31,532 | a change it has been. That coincides exactly with when you cut | a change it has been. That coincides exactly with when you cut |
630 | 00:54:31,572 | 00:54:37,248 | out your fizzy drinks. The doctor is convinced that people can change | out your fizzy drinks. The doctor is convinced that people can change |
631 | 00:54:37,288 | 00:54:41,064 | and wean themselves off sugar. young child is given excessive | and wean themselves off sugar. young child is given excessive |
632 | 00:54:41,104 | 00:54:46,452 | amounts of sugar in their diet, they will develop tastebuds and | amounts of sugar in their diet, they will develop tastebuds and |
633 | 00:54:46,492 | 00:54:50,296 | their palate will be programmed to have sweet substance from there on | their palate will be programmed to have sweet substance from there on |
634 | 00:54:50,336 | 00:54:56,504 | afterwards, if their tastebuds are never challenged or over a period | afterwards, if their tastebuds are never challenged or over a period |
635 | 00:54:56,544 | 00:55:00,656 | of time, they can become addicted to sugar, "addicted" in the | of time, they can become addicted to sugar, "addicted" in the |
636 | 00:55:00,696 | 00:55:05,252 | broadest sense. People can take sugar out of their diet, and Andrew | broadest sense. People can take sugar out of their diet, and Andrew |
637 | 00:55:05,292 | 00:55:08,968 | is an example, and are eating less sugar in food and drinks, still | is an example, and are eating less sugar in food and drinks, still |
638 | 00:55:09,008 | 00:55:12,112 | enjoying their diet, to the same extent, if not more, by | enjoying their diet, to the same extent, if not more, by |
639 | 00:55:12,152 | 00:55:15,784 | reprogramming their palate. That is the key point. What many of my | reprogramming their palate. That is the key point. What many of my |
640 | 00:55:15,824 | 00:55:18,456 | colleagues don't recognise, and many of the people in the public | colleagues don't recognise, and many of the people in the public |
641 | 00:55:18,496 | 00:55:22,328 | don't recognise, sometimes to reprogramme your palate can take a | don't recognise, sometimes to reprogramme your palate can take a |
642 | 00:55:22,368 | 00:55:24,864 | couple of months to do so, but that they can achieve that change, and | couple of months to do so, but that they can achieve that change, and |
643 | 00:55:24,904 | 00:55:28,364 | they can get to a point where something that might have been | they can get to a point where something that might have been |
644 | 00:55:28,404 | 00:55:38,364 | considered to them really bland in the past is actually becoming quite | considered to them really bland in the past is actually becoming quite |
645 | 00:55:38,404 | 00:55:40,252 | ||
646 | 00:55:40,292 | 00:55:43,940 | tasty. When I set out to discover why | tasty. When I set out to discover why |
647 | 00:55:43,980 | 00:55:48,252 | sugar has become such a big part of your diet, I don't think I realised | sugar has become such a big part of your diet, I don't think I realised |
648 | 00:55:48,292 | 00:55:55,816 | the extent that we depend on it. Or how serious the consequences have | the extent that we depend on it. Or how serious the consequences have |
649 | 00:55:55,856 | 00:56:02,116 | become. From Elizabeth I's sweet tooth to | become. From Elizabeth I's sweet tooth to |
650 | 00:56:02,156 | 00:56:05,332 | the working-man's jam-laden high tea. Our penchant for sugar has | the working-man's jam-laden high tea. Our penchant for sugar has |
651 | 00:56:05,372 | 00:56:09,020 | become a particularly British infatuation. From the moment it was | become a particularly British infatuation. From the moment it was |
652 | 00:56:09,060 | 00:56:12,160 | first mass produced in Barbados, and became one of the British | first mass produced in Barbados, and became one of the British |
653 | 00:56:12,200 | 00:56:17,288 | Empire's most successful trading commodities, there was no turning | Empire's most successful trading commodities, there was no turning |
654 | 00:56:17,328 | 00:56:21,048 | back. Our love of sugar knew no bounds. | back. Our love of sugar knew no bounds. |
655 | 00:56:21,088 | 00:56:25,612 | In recent times it has spread like a virus through all the food and | In recent times it has spread like a virus through all the food and |
656 | 00:56:25,652 | 00:56:29,912 | drink we consume, to the extent that we have been left in a world | drink we consume, to the extent that we have been left in a world |
657 | 00:56:29,952 | 00:56:36,800 | where eating can be dangerous. The choices we make about our diet are | where eating can be dangerous. The choices we make about our diet are |
658 | 00:56:36,840 | 00:56:44,304 | a matter of life or death. Science is telling us that our | a matter of life or death. Science is telling us that our |
659 | 00:56:44,344 | 00:56:49,804 | brains and bodies can no longer cope with this conbombardment of | brains and bodies can no longer cope with this conbombardment of |
660 | 00:56:49,844 | 00:56:54,692 | sweetness. My own -- this Bonn bombardment of sweetness. My own | sweetness. My own -- this Bonn bombardment of sweetness. My own |
661 | 00:56:54,732 | 00:56:59,444 | body is sat Railtracked with sweetness, but -- saturated with | body is sat Railtracked with sweetness, but -- saturated with |
662 | 00:56:59,484 | 00:57:02,768 | sweetness. But we can overcome our hard wiring and cravings if we | sweetness. But we can overcome our hard wiring and cravings if we |
663 | 00:57:02,808 | 00:57:07,304 | choose. For the first time in our evolutionary history we have been | choose. For the first time in our evolutionary history we have been |
664 | 00:57:07,344 | 00:57:12,460 | given a choice, and a pretty major one at that. We have all evidence, | given a choice, and a pretty major one at that. We have all evidence, |
665 | 00:57:12,500 | 00:57:17,148 | but to act on it, the choice is your's. | but to act on it, the choice is your's. |
666 | 00:57:17,188 | 00:57:23,836 | But in the meantime, to eat the cheesecake or not to eat the | But in the meantime, to eat the cheesecake or not to eat the |
667 | 00:57:23,876 | 00:57:26,224 | cheesecake, that is the question. And you are not going to know the | cheesecake, that is the question. And you are not going to know the |
668 | 00:57:26,264 | 00:57:29,712 | Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player | Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player |
668 | 00:57:26,264 | 00:57:29,712 | Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player | Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player |