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1 | 00:00:33,040 | 00:00:34,800 | DAVID ATTENBOROUGH: A Perfect' Planet'. | DAVID ATTENBOROUGH: A Perfect' Planet'. |
2 | 00:00:44,480 | 00:00:49,000 | There is a nuclear reactor 93 million miles away. | There is a nuclear reactor 93 million miles away. |
3 | 00:00:53,560 | 00:00:55,040 | We call it the sun. | We call it the sun. |
4 | 00:00:57,840 | 00:01:00,920 | Its rays, travelling through space, | Its rays, travelling through space, |
5 | 00:01:01,040 | 00:01:04,160 | reach the Earth in just eight minutes... | reach the Earth in just eight minutes... |
6 | 00:01:06,520 | 00:01:07,680 | ...and give power to life | ...and give power to life |
7 | 00:01:07,800 | 00:01:10,200 | throughout the planet. | throughout the planet. |
8 | 00:01:15,680 | 00:01:18,760 | Its daily and yearly rhythms | Its daily and yearly rhythms |
9 | 00:01:18,880 | 00:01:22,800 | shape the existence of every creature on Earth... | shape the existence of every creature on Earth... |
10 | 00:01:26,600 | 00:01:30,880 | ...and has clone so for over three billion years. | ...and has clone so for over three billion years. |
11 | 00:01:42,080 | 00:01:43,720 | In the beginning... | In the beginning... |
12 | 00:01:45,320 | 00:01:47,560 | ...there was light. | ...there was light. |
13 | 00:02:02,640 | 00:02:06,720 | Surprisingly, perhaps, almost every part of the Earth's surface | Surprisingly, perhaps, almost every part of the Earth's surface |
14 | 00:02:06,840 | 00:02:11,360 | receives the same quantity of sunlight each year... | receives the same quantity of sunlight each year... |
15 | 00:02:12,880 | 00:02:16,240 | ...4,380 hours of it. | ...4,380 hours of it. |
16 | 00:02:19,080 | 00:02:24,200 | But it's delivered in varying amounts at different times of the year, | But it's delivered in varying amounts at different times of the year, |
17 | 00:02:24,320 | 00:02:26,480 | depending on where you are. | depending on where you are. |
18 | 00:02:31,400 | 00:02:35,080 | It's only here in the tropics, close to the equator, | It's only here in the tropics, close to the equator, |
19 | 00:02:35,200 | 00:02:40,320 | that there are 12 hours of guaranteed daily sunlight the year round. | that there are 12 hours of guaranteed daily sunlight the year round. |
20 | 00:02:44,840 | 00:02:49,400 | And here, that has created a great richness of life - | And here, that has created a great richness of life - |
21 | 00:02:49,520 | 00:02:50,960 | the tropical forest. | the tropical forest. |
22 | 00:02:54,520 | 00:02:59,480 | Each leaf is a natural solar panel which collects the sun's energy | Each leaf is a natural solar panel which collects the sun's energy |
23 | 00:02:59,600 | 00:03:02,840 | and fuels a multitude of plants. | and fuels a multitude of plants. |
24 | 00:03:04,960 | 00:03:08,400 | And in Southeast Asia, gibbons live here. | And in Southeast Asia, gibbons live here. |
25 | 00:03:12,080 | 00:03:15,440 | (WHOOPS) | (WHOOPS) |
26 | 00:03:15,560 | 00:03:16,720 | (CALLS) | (CALLS) |
27 | 00:03:16,840 | 00:03:19,760 | A five-year-old female... | A five-year-old female... |
28 | 00:03:21,440 | 00:03:24,800 | ...and her lifelong partner are on a mission. | ...and her lifelong partner are on a mission. |
29 | 00:03:30,520 | 00:03:35,000 | Every morning, they head out across their territory to look for ripe fruit. | Every morning, they head out across their territory to look for ripe fruit. |
30 | 00:03:42,760 | 00:03:46,920 | There is one kind of tree here that they need more than any other. | There is one kind of tree here that they need more than any other. |
31 | 00:03:52,000 | 00:03:53,160 | The fig tree. | The fig tree. |
32 | 00:03:58,800 | 00:04:03,480 | These are the only plants in the entire forest that produce fruit | These are the only plants in the entire forest that produce fruit |
33 | 00:04:03,600 | 00:04:05,800 | all year round. | all year round. |
34 | 00:04:05,920 | 00:04:09,080 | Their flowers grow in dense clusters | Their flowers grow in dense clusters |
35 | 00:04:09,200 | 00:04:12,560 | inside undeveloped figs, | inside undeveloped figs, |
36 | 00:04:12,680 | 00:04:15,360 | but these have not yet been pollinated | but these have not yet been pollinated |
37 | 00:04:15,480 | 00:04:17,480 | and are not yet edible. | and are not yet edible. |
38 | 00:04:17,600 | 00:04:20,440 | The gibbons will have to wait. | The gibbons will have to wait. |
39 | 00:04:25,000 | 00:04:29,040 | To produce ripe fruit, the fig still needs two things... | To produce ripe fruit, the fig still needs two things... |
40 | 00:04:30,240 | 00:04:32,040 | ...a large dose of sunlight | ...a large dose of sunlight |
41 | 00:04:32,160 | 00:04:36,520 | and some of the smallest creatures in the forest. | and some of the smallest creatures in the forest. |
42 | 00:04:39,480 | 00:04:42,080 | Tiny fig wasps. | Tiny fig wasps. |
43 | 00:04:42,200 | 00:04:45,080 | They're only two millimetres long. | They're only two millimetres long. |
44 | 00:04:47,240 | 00:04:51,560 | The figs have a unique partnership with these insects. | The figs have a unique partnership with these insects. |
45 | 00:04:53,920 | 00:04:57,840 | A female wasp has the space of just a single day | A female wasp has the space of just a single day |
46 | 00:04:57,960 | 00:05:02,560 | when the fig will allow her to burrow into the undeveloped fruit. | when the fig will allow her to burrow into the undeveloped fruit. |
47 | 00:05:03,960 | 00:05:07,760 | It's such a tight squeeze that her wings are ripped off. | It's such a tight squeeze that her wings are ripped off. |
48 | 00:05:10,160 | 00:05:13,600 | But she's not going to use them again. | But she's not going to use them again. |
49 | 00:05:16,680 | 00:05:22,680 | Once inside, she makes her way to the tiny, tightly packed internal flowers. | Once inside, she makes her way to the tiny, tightly packed internal flowers. |
50 | 00:05:26,320 | 00:05:29,680 | And here within, she lays hundreds of eggs. | And here within, she lays hundreds of eggs. |
51 | 00:05:32,200 | 00:05:36,520 | She then carefully unpacks fig pollen from her abdomen... | She then carefully unpacks fig pollen from her abdomen... |
52 | 00:05:38,960 | 00:05:42,320 | ...and with it fertilises the tiny flowers. | ...and with it fertilises the tiny flowers. |
53 | 00:05:44,800 | 00:05:46,320 | When she's finished laying, | When she's finished laying, |
54 | 00:05:46,440 | 00:05:48,800 | she dies... | she dies... |
55 | 00:05:48,920 | 00:05:51,320 | ...inside the unripe fig | ...inside the unripe fig |
56 | 00:05:51,440 | 00:05:54,400 | alongside her eggs. | alongside her eggs. |
57 | 00:05:56,440 | 00:05:59,840 | The sunlight now slowly ripens the figs | The sunlight now slowly ripens the figs |
58 | 00:05:59,960 | 00:06:03,240 | and helps the young wasps inside to develop. | and helps the young wasps inside to develop. |
59 | 00:06:06,000 | 00:06:10,640 | After just five weeks, the eggs start to hatch. | After just five weeks, the eggs start to hatch. |
60 | 00:06:11,880 | 00:06:15,920 | The first to emerge are the golden, wingless males. | The first to emerge are the golden, wingless males. |
61 | 00:06:19,120 | 00:06:22,400 | Things now become stranger than fiction. | Things now become stranger than fiction. |
62 | 00:06:25,880 | 00:06:30,720 | These males start to mate with their unhatched sisters. | These males start to mate with their unhatched sisters. |
63 | 00:06:33,280 | 00:06:37,280 | To reach them, they use a telescopic penis | To reach them, they use a telescopic penis |
64 | 00:06:37,400 | 00:06:39,520 | that's twice their body length. | that's twice their body length. |
65 | 00:06:49,040 | 00:06:53,160 | While their now-pregnant sisters are beginning to hatch, | While their now-pregnant sisters are beginning to hatch, |
66 | 00:06:53,280 | 00:06:58,280 | the males themselves burrow their way to the outside world. | the males themselves burrow their way to the outside world. |
67 | 00:07:14,600 | 00:07:18,360 | The brothers' final act is a chivalrous one. | The brothers' final act is a chivalrous one. |
68 | 00:07:23,040 | 00:07:28,280 | They sacrifice themselves to marauding ants. | They sacrifice themselves to marauding ants. |
69 | 00:07:32,760 | 00:07:34,520 | They're serving as decoys | They're serving as decoys |
70 | 00:07:34,640 | 00:07:37,360 | so their sisters can take to the skies. | so their sisters can take to the skies. |
71 | 00:07:42,120 | 00:07:46,120 | The young females, loaded with pollen, live for just 48 hours, | The young females, loaded with pollen, live for just 48 hours, |
72 | 00:07:46,240 | 00:07:51,520 | in which time they must find another fig tree at just the right stage | in which time they must find another fig tree at just the right stage |
73 | 00:07:51,640 | 00:07:56,080 | into which they themselves can burrow, as their mothers did. | into which they themselves can burrow, as their mothers did. |
74 | 00:08:00,160 | 00:08:04,280 | With the sun's helping hand, the figs are now ready to eat. | With the sun's helping hand, the figs are now ready to eat. |
75 | 00:08:13,200 | 00:08:16,640 | The gibbons know all the fig trees in their territory. | The gibbons know all the fig trees in their territory. |
76 | 00:08:18,240 | 00:08:21,560 | And each day they travel up to two miles | And each day they travel up to two miles |
77 | 00:08:21,680 | 00:08:25,400 | to find one with fruit that's ready to eat. | to find one with fruit that's ready to eat. |
78 | 00:08:34,240 | 00:08:37,200 | Ripe figs at last... | Ripe figs at last... |
79 | 00:08:38,480 | 00:08:42,240 | ...a major part of their diet and available the year round. | ...a major part of their diet and available the year round. |
80 | 00:08:46,640 | 00:08:49,800 | Thousands of animals rely on fig trees. | Thousands of animals rely on fig trees. |
81 | 00:08:54,360 | 00:09:00,160 | This abundance is only possible in a world without seasons | This abundance is only possible in a world without seasons |
82 | 00:09:00,280 | 00:09:03,040 | and constant daily sunlight. | and constant daily sunlight. |
83 | 00:09:10,880 | 00:09:14,240 | But this 12-hour cycle of light and darkness | But this 12-hour cycle of light and darkness |
84 | 00:09:14,360 | 00:09:17,000 | only happens close to the equator. | only happens close to the equator. |
85 | 00:09:19,120 | 00:09:22,960 | Elsewhere, the amount of sunlight fluctuates across the year. | Elsewhere, the amount of sunlight fluctuates across the year. |
86 | 00:09:25,120 | 00:09:30,040 | That is because the Earth does not spin in an upright way. | That is because the Earth does not spin in an upright way. |
87 | 00:09:30,160 | 00:09:33,080 | Its axis is on a tilt. | Its axis is on a tilt. |
88 | 00:09:33,200 | 00:09:35,840 | 23.5 degrees. | 23.5 degrees. |
89 | 00:09:37,280 | 00:09:41,080 | So as the Earth makes its annual orbit around the sun, | So as the Earth makes its annual orbit around the sun, |
90 | 00:09:41,200 | 00:09:43,880 | keep your eye on the North Pole. | keep your eye on the North Pole. |
91 | 00:09:45,840 | 00:09:49,840 | For the first half of the year, it's angled away from the sun, | For the first half of the year, it's angled away from the sun, |
92 | 00:09:49,960 | 00:09:53,960 | bringing darkness and winter to the northern hemisphere. | bringing darkness and winter to the northern hemisphere. |
93 | 00:09:54,080 | 00:09:56,200 | For the second part of the year, | For the second part of the year, |
94 | 00:09:56,320 | 00:10:00,560 | the North Pole swings towards the sun, bringing summer. | the North Pole swings towards the sun, bringing summer. |
95 | 00:10:03,640 | 00:10:06,520 | The Earth's tilt gives us the seasons. | The Earth's tilt gives us the seasons. |
96 | 00:10:10,120 | 00:10:15,920 | And life has adapted to deal with even the most extreme changes in light. | And life has adapted to deal with even the most extreme changes in light. |
97 | 00:10:17,520 | 00:10:19,280 | The High Arctic. | The High Arctic. |
98 | 00:10:19,400 | 00:10:22,640 | After six months of being angled towards the sun, | After six months of being angled towards the sun, |
99 | 00:10:22,760 | 00:10:26,800 | it begins six months of freezing darkness. | it begins six months of freezing darkness. |
100 | 00:10:33,000 | 00:10:35,720 | This is Ellesmere Island, | This is Ellesmere Island, |
101 | 00:10:35,840 | 00:10:38,320 | the closest land to the North Pole. | the closest land to the North Pole. |
102 | 00:10:40,000 | 00:10:40,960 | It's winter, | It's winter, |
103 | 00:10:41,080 | 00:10:47,760 | and for the last four long months, the only light here has come from the moon. | and for the last four long months, the only light here has come from the moon. |
104 | 00:10:50,200 | 00:10:53,880 | Few creatures can survive this sustained darkness. | Few creatures can survive this sustained darkness. |
105 | 00:10:55,160 | 00:11:00,160 | They have become specialists in living for months without sunlight. | They have become specialists in living for months without sunlight. |
106 | 00:11:00,280 | 00:11:02,720 | (WIND HOWLS) | (WIND HOWLS) |
107 | 00:11:04,880 | 00:11:06,480 | Muskox. | Muskox. |
108 | 00:11:06,600 | 00:11:09,040 | Remnants of the last ice age. | Remnants of the last ice age. |
109 | 00:11:13,840 | 00:11:17,600 | Having grazed all summer, they've built up fat reserves | Having grazed all summer, they've built up fat reserves |
110 | 00:11:17,720 | 00:11:21,680 | that will enable them to survive the brutal cold of winter. | that will enable them to survive the brutal cold of winter. |
111 | 00:11:23,800 | 00:11:29,320 | And this makes them a prime target for other sub-zero specialists. | And this makes them a prime target for other sub-zero specialists. |
112 | 00:11:37,760 | 00:11:39,960 | (GROWLS) | (GROWLS) |
113 | 00:11:40,080 | 00:11:42,320 | Arctic wolves. | Arctic wolves. |
114 | 00:11:45,000 | 00:11:49,440 | The moon provides just enough light for them to see. | The moon provides just enough light for them to see. |
115 | 00:11:53,680 | 00:11:55,560 | (SNIFFS) | (SNIFFS) |
116 | 00:11:58,000 | 00:12:01,480 | This alpha female leads the hunt. | This alpha female leads the hunt. |
117 | 00:12:07,680 | 00:12:09,680 | Target in sight. | Target in sight. |
118 | 00:12:11,080 | 00:12:16,040 | If her pack is to survive, they need to make a large kill | If her pack is to survive, they need to make a large kill |
119 | 00:12:16,160 | 00:12:19,240 | at least once every three weeks. | at least once every three weeks. |
120 | 00:12:30,760 | 00:12:34,720 | The alpha female signals the start of the attack. | The alpha female signals the start of the attack. |
121 | 00:12:47,280 | 00:12:51,760 | They run at the muskox and the herd panics. | They run at the muskox and the herd panics. |
122 | 00:13:04,960 | 00:13:07,640 | The muskox close ranks. | The muskox close ranks. |
123 | 00:13:11,480 | 00:13:14,440 | The wolves look for weakness. | The wolves look for weakness. |
124 | 00:13:16,200 | 00:13:18,240 | (ROARS) | (ROARS) |
125 | 00:13:23,080 | 00:13:25,480 | (ROARS) | (ROARS) |
126 | 00:13:25,600 | 00:13:26,960 | (WOLVES WHINE E) | (WOLVES WHINE E) |
127 | 00:13:29,680 | 00:13:33,560 | Charging risks isolation from the crowd. | Charging risks isolation from the crowd. |
128 | 00:13:33,680 | 00:13:35,440 | (ROARS) | (ROARS) |
129 | 00:13:39,760 | 00:13:42,680 | And that is just what the wolf pack wants. | And that is just what the wolf pack wants. |
130 | 00:13:42,800 | 00:13:45,200 | (ROARS) | (ROARS) |
131 | 00:14:00,720 | 00:14:03,000 | The wolves can sense victory. | The wolves can sense victory. |
132 | 00:14:18,760 | 00:14:21,120 | But the herd comes to the rescue. | But the herd comes to the rescue. |
133 | 00:14:29,520 | 00:14:33,080 | And once again, they close ranks. | And once again, they close ranks. |
134 | 00:14:36,560 | 00:14:41,120 | Most winter hunts end in failure for the wolves. | Most winter hunts end in failure for the wolves. |
135 | 00:14:41,240 | 00:14:43,080 | - (ROARS) - (WHINES) | - (ROARS) - (WHINES) |
136 | 00:14:52,640 | 00:14:55,480 | As the long polar nights drag on, | As the long polar nights drag on, |
137 | 00:14:55,600 | 00:15:00,680 | the hungry wolves turn to their only other source of food... | the hungry wolves turn to their only other source of food... |
138 | 00:15:03,880 | 00:15:06,320 | ...arctic hares. | ...arctic hares. |
139 | 00:15:14,560 | 00:15:18,480 | They've gathered together in their hundreds for safety. | They've gathered together in their hundreds for safety. |
140 | 00:15:36,000 | 00:15:40,960 | Trying to catch one hare among hundreds is harder than you might think. | Trying to catch one hare among hundreds is harder than you might think. |
141 | 00:15:47,120 | 00:15:51,320 | Even if they do catch one, it's not much of a meal. | Even if they do catch one, it's not much of a meal. |
142 | 00:16:02,240 | 00:16:06,240 | Sometimes you just have to admit defeat. | Sometimes you just have to admit defeat. |
143 | 00:16:12,240 | 00:16:15,120 | (GROWLS) | (GROWLS) |
144 | 00:16:16,960 | 00:16:20,480 | But life is about to get better for the wolves. | But life is about to get better for the wolves. |
145 | 00:16:32,560 | 00:16:38,880 | For the first time in six months, the sun rises above the horizon. | For the first time in six months, the sun rises above the horizon. |
146 | 00:16:48,320 | 00:16:54,520 | Its appearance marks the beginning of half a year of continuous light. | Its appearance marks the beginning of half a year of continuous light. |
147 | 00:16:56,800 | 00:17:01,600 | The sun's warmth will allow the muskox to give birth, | The sun's warmth will allow the muskox to give birth, |
148 | 00:17:01,720 | 00:17:06,840 | and that will provide easier hunting for the wolves. | and that will provide easier hunting for the wolves. |
149 | 00:17:19,160 | 00:17:21,240 | It's early spring, | It's early spring, |
150 | 00:17:21,360 | 00:17:25,760 | and much of North America is still locked in ice. | and much of North America is still locked in ice. |
151 | 00:17:29,120 | 00:17:31,920 | As our tilted planet orbits the sun, | As our tilted planet orbits the sun, |
152 | 00:17:32,040 | 00:17:35,640 | the northern hemisphere receives increasing sunlight... | the northern hemisphere receives increasing sunlight... |
153 | 00:17:38,760 | 00:17:43,160 | ...and wakens an animal with an almost supernatural ability. | ...and wakens an animal with an almost supernatural ability. |
154 | 00:17:51,840 | 00:17:54,400 | It is frozen solid, | It is frozen solid, |
155 | 00:17:54,520 | 00:17:56,320 | like a block of ice, | like a block of ice, |
156 | 00:17:56,440 | 00:17:59,360 | and has been all winter. | and has been all winter. |
157 | 00:18:02,600 | 00:18:04,440 | An ordinary-looking frog... | An ordinary-looking frog... |
158 | 00:18:06,400 | 00:18:08,880 | ...but an extraordinary one. | ...but an extraordinary one. |
159 | 00:18:10,000 | 00:18:11,760 | A wood frog. | A wood frog. |
160 | 00:18:12,920 | 00:18:15,680 | Its heart has stopped beating completely. | Its heart has stopped beating completely. |
161 | 00:18:21,360 | 00:18:23,400 | But as the sun's power increases, | But as the sun's power increases, |
162 | 00:18:23,520 | 00:18:26,760 | almost miraculously, it begins to change. | almost miraculously, it begins to change. |
163 | 00:18:35,920 | 00:18:38,000 | Its frozen blood is melting | Its frozen blood is melting |
164 | 00:18:38,120 | 00:18:41,320 | and begins to flow through its veins... | and begins to flow through its veins... |
165 | 00:18:44,040 | 00:18:47,600 | ...as its heart begins to beat again. | ...as its heart begins to beat again. |
166 | 00:18:47,720 | 00:18:51,120 | (HEARTBEAT) | (HEARTBEAT) |
167 | 00:18:55,000 | 00:18:58,240 | The wood frog is cryogenic. | The wood frog is cryogenic. |
168 | 00:19:01,160 | 00:19:03,480 | In just 12 hours, | In just 12 hours, |
169 | 00:19:03,600 | 00:19:08,000 | it thaws and comes back to life, as if by magic. | it thaws and comes back to life, as if by magic. |
170 | 00:19:13,000 | 00:19:14,800 | This defrosting ability | This defrosting ability |
171 | 00:19:14,920 | 00:19:18,760 | means it's ready for the moment when, at last, | means it's ready for the moment when, at last, |
172 | 00:19:18,880 | 00:19:21,360 | spring arrives. | spring arrives. |
173 | 00:19:24,880 | 00:19:27,200 | All across the northern hemisphere, | All across the northern hemisphere, |
174 | 00:19:27,320 | 00:19:30,400 | the sun's warmth is bringing dramatic change. | the sun's warmth is bringing dramatic change. |
175 | 00:19:54,200 | 00:19:57,960 | As the sun rises higher and spring takes hold, | As the sun rises higher and spring takes hold, |
176 | 00:19:58,080 | 00:20:01,960 | the warming air reaches the ground and the rocks beneath. | the warming air reaches the ground and the rocks beneath. |
177 | 00:20:07,160 | 00:20:11,200 | Here, thousands of animals begin to stir. | Here, thousands of animals begin to stir. |
178 | 00:20:15,240 | 00:20:16,800 | Garter snakes, | Garter snakes, |
179 | 00:20:16,920 | 00:20:20,600 | one of Canada's most northerly reptiles. | one of Canada's most northerly reptiles. |
180 | 00:20:22,880 | 00:20:25,240 | After six months of hibernation, | After six months of hibernation, |
181 | 00:20:25,360 | 00:20:28,160 | the males are the first to emerge. | the males are the first to emerge. |
182 | 00:20:29,200 | 00:20:32,160 | They haven't eaten for months. | They haven't eaten for months. |
183 | 00:20:32,280 | 00:20:37,400 | Even so, it's not food that is on their minds, it's something else... | Even so, it's not food that is on their minds, it's something else... |
184 | 00:20:39,360 | 00:20:41,760 | ...females. | ...females. |
185 | 00:20:41,880 | 00:20:45,480 | But they stand no chance of doing anything about that | But they stand no chance of doing anything about that |
186 | 00:20:45,600 | 00:20:48,480 | until they've charged their batteries. | until they've charged their batteries. |
187 | 00:20:55,000 | 00:20:56,960 | Snakes are cold-blooded | Snakes are cold-blooded |
188 | 00:20:57,080 | 00:21:01,880 | and they need to absorb the sun's heat before they're able to move quickly. | and they need to absorb the sun's heat before they're able to move quickly. |
189 | 00:21:08,280 | 00:21:12,000 | After a few hours, the males are raring to go. | After a few hours, the males are raring to go. |
190 | 00:21:15,880 | 00:21:18,160 | 20,000 snakes, | 20,000 snakes, |
191 | 00:21:18,280 | 00:21:20,680 | the largest emergence of reptiles | the largest emergence of reptiles |
192 | 00:21:20,800 | 00:21:23,280 | anywhere on Earth. | anywhere on Earth. |
193 | 00:21:37,520 | 00:21:40,760 | Now a few females appear. | Now a few females appear. |
194 | 00:21:44,360 | 00:21:46,920 | They're much bigger than the males... | They're much bigger than the males... |
195 | 00:21:49,080 | 00:21:51,800 | ...and warming will take them longer. | ...and warming will take them longer. |
196 | 00:21:53,040 | 00:21:55,080 | She releases a scent, a pheromone, | She releases a scent, a pheromone, |
197 | 00:21:55,200 | 00:21:58,160 | that attracts the males. | that attracts the males. |
198 | 00:21:58,280 | 00:22:01,400 | They outnumber her a hundred to one. | They outnumber her a hundred to one. |
199 | 00:22:05,360 | 00:22:10,800 | To speed her own return to activity, she will absorb heat from them. | To speed her own return to activity, she will absorb heat from them. |
200 | 00:22:17,840 | 00:22:20,760 | Intoxicated by her scent, the males compete for her, | Intoxicated by her scent, the males compete for her, |
201 | 00:22:20,880 | 00:22:24,120 | wrapping themselves around her. | wrapping themselves around her. |
202 | 00:22:41,360 | 00:22:44,360 | She now has hundreds of males on top of her, | She now has hundreds of males on top of her, |
203 | 00:22:44,480 | 00:22:47,000 | making mating near impossible. | making mating near impossible. |
204 | 00:22:48,360 | 00:22:52,760 | But she has a way of weeding out the men from the boys. | But she has a way of weeding out the men from the boys. |
205 | 00:22:54,680 | 00:22:59,760 | She'll make a daring ascent of the nearby cliff. | She'll make a daring ascent of the nearby cliff. |
206 | 00:23:02,280 | 00:23:07,040 | She barges her way through the crowd to get to the rock face. | She barges her way through the crowd to get to the rock face. |
207 | 00:23:18,400 | 00:23:22,960 | As she climbs, only the strongest, fittest males can keep up with her. | As she climbs, only the strongest, fittest males can keep up with her. |
208 | 00:23:58,800 | 00:24:00,680 | She's made it to the top. | She's made it to the top. |
209 | 00:24:00,800 | 00:24:05,840 | Only a few of her suitors have managed to rise to the occasion, | Only a few of her suitors have managed to rise to the occasion, |
210 | 00:24:05,960 | 00:24:08,800 | and she may reward them all. | and she may reward them all. |
211 | 00:24:14,760 | 00:24:19,640 | This entire mating jamboree only lasts for one short week | This entire mating jamboree only lasts for one short week |
212 | 00:24:19,760 | 00:24:21,520 | in the year. | in the year. |
213 | 00:24:27,960 | 00:24:29,040 | And when it's over, | And when it's over, |
214 | 00:24:29,160 | 00:24:31,920 | they all move off into the forest. | they all move off into the forest. |
215 | 00:24:34,400 | 00:24:38,160 | There, they disperse to lead solitary lives | There, they disperse to lead solitary lives |
216 | 00:24:38,280 | 00:24:39,880 | searching for food | searching for food |
217 | 00:24:40,000 | 00:24:42,040 | until winter drives them back | until winter drives them back |
218 | 00:24:42,160 | 00:24:45,640 | to the shelter of the rocks below ground. | to the shelter of the rocks below ground. |
219 | 00:24:54,560 | 00:24:59,520 | It's June, halfway through the Earth's annual journey around the sun, | It's June, halfway through the Earth's annual journey around the sun, |
220 | 00:24:59,640 | 00:25:03,440 | and summer has arrived in the northern hemisphere. | and summer has arrived in the northern hemisphere. |
221 | 00:25:07,680 | 00:25:12,400 | Karak Lake in Canada, north of the Arctic Circle. | Karak Lake in Canada, north of the Arctic Circle. |
222 | 00:25:14,640 | 00:25:16,360 | The summer will be brief, | The summer will be brief, |
223 | 00:25:16,480 | 00:25:19,640 | but there is sunlight for 24 hours every clay... | but there is sunlight for 24 hours every clay... |
224 | 00:25:23,200 | 00:25:27,560 | ...so the next few months are vital for every living thing here. | ...so the next few months are vital for every living thing here. |
225 | 00:25:33,200 | 00:25:35,880 | And this arctic fox knows it. | And this arctic fox knows it. |
226 | 00:25:40,560 | 00:25:41,720 | (SQUEAKS) | (SQUEAKS) |
227 | 00:25:43,320 | 00:25:46,480 | Winter has been hard for her, | Winter has been hard for her, |
228 | 00:25:46,600 | 00:25:49,840 | and now with a new family to support, | and now with a new family to support, |
229 | 00:25:49,960 | 00:25:53,400 | she must make the most of the summer's abundance. | she must make the most of the summer's abundance. |
230 | 00:25:57,640 | 00:26:02,200 | Her three-week-old pups have just emerged from the den. | Her three-week-old pups have just emerged from the den. |
231 | 00:26:08,760 | 00:26:10,320 | (SQUEALS) | (SQUEALS) |
232 | 00:26:13,280 | 00:26:15,520 | Each of these little bundles of fur | Each of these little bundles of fur |
233 | 00:26:15,640 | 00:26:20,440 | needs nearly 300 calories of food every clay... | needs nearly 300 calories of food every clay... |
234 | 00:26:23,080 | 00:26:25,000 | ...a tall order for Mum. | ...a tall order for Mum. |
235 | 00:26:26,400 | 00:26:27,480 | (HONKING) | (HONKING) |
236 | 00:26:27,600 | 00:26:30,920 | But a solution for her problem is just arriving. | But a solution for her problem is just arriving. |
237 | 00:26:34,480 | 00:26:35,840 | Snow geese. | Snow geese. |
238 | 00:26:35,960 | 00:26:40,560 | They have flown over a thousand miles from the United States, | They have flown over a thousand miles from the United States, |
239 | 00:26:40,680 | 00:26:44,520 | timing their arrival to coincide with the end of the snow. | timing their arrival to coincide with the end of the snow. |
240 | 00:26:44,640 | 00:26:47,200 | (HONKING) | (HONKING) |
241 | 00:26:58,080 | 00:27:01,040 | More than half a million will spend the summer here, | More than half a million will spend the summer here, |
242 | 00:27:01,160 | 00:27:03,440 | nesting and feeding on the grass. | nesting and feeding on the grass. |
243 | 00:27:05,040 | 00:27:10,440 | There's fierce competition between couples for the safest nesting sites. | There's fierce competition between couples for the safest nesting sites. |
244 | 00:27:19,360 | 00:27:23,520 | The losers will have to nest on the outskirts of the colony, | The losers will have to nest on the outskirts of the colony, |
245 | 00:27:23,640 | 00:27:27,440 | the first part to be raided by the foxes. | the first part to be raided by the foxes. |
246 | 00:27:43,920 | 00:27:47,320 | Mother is after eggs. | Mother is after eggs. |
247 | 00:27:48,440 | 00:27:51,320 | But getting them is not going to be easy. | But getting them is not going to be easy. |
248 | 00:27:59,280 | 00:28:02,240 | (HONKING) | (HONKING) |
249 | 00:28:11,800 | 00:28:15,800 | The geese will risk their lives to protect their eggs. | The geese will risk their lives to protect their eggs. |
250 | 00:28:15,920 | 00:28:20,640 | If they lose them, they can't produce another clutch this season. | If they lose them, they can't produce another clutch this season. |
251 | 00:28:26,280 | 00:28:28,160 | The fox wins. | The fox wins. |
252 | 00:28:30,480 | 00:28:32,720 | (HONKS) | (HONKS) |
253 | 00:28:37,200 | 00:28:40,280 | She gives the first eggs to her young pups... | She gives the first eggs to her young pups... |
254 | 00:28:44,680 | 00:28:46,920 | ...and then heads back for more. | ...and then heads back for more. |
255 | 00:28:50,520 | 00:28:52,400 | (HONKS) | (HONKS) |
256 | 00:28:59,000 | 00:29:01,440 | (HONKING) | (HONKING) |
257 | 00:29:11,480 | 00:29:14,680 | Some of the eggs she stashes away. | Some of the eggs she stashes away. |
258 | 00:29:17,640 | 00:29:21,120 | They will be food to help her through the coming winter. | They will be food to help her through the coming winter. |
259 | 00:29:21,240 | 00:29:23,600 | (HONKS) | (HONKS) |
260 | 00:29:40,000 | 00:29:41,960 | In just three weeks, | In just three weeks, |
261 | 00:29:42,080 | 00:29:46,000 | she will steal over 800 eggs from the geese. | she will steal over 800 eggs from the geese. |
262 | 00:29:56,280 | 00:30:00,120 | But eating a big egg is not easy | But eating a big egg is not easy |
263 | 00:30:00,240 | 00:30:02,440 | if one is rather small. | if one is rather small. |
264 | 00:30:05,920 | 00:30:10,680 | It's a technique the pups haven't quite yet cracked. | It's a technique the pups haven't quite yet cracked. |
265 | 00:30:11,720 | 00:30:14,800 | Mum shows how it's clone. | Mum shows how it's clone. |
266 | 00:30:24,360 | 00:30:26,960 | (CHEEPS) | (CHEEPS) |
267 | 00:30:27,080 | 00:30:31,280 | Goslings are now hatching all across the colony. | Goslings are now hatching all across the colony. |
268 | 00:30:33,280 | 00:30:37,080 | And they will need all the food they can get to build up their fat | And they will need all the food they can get to build up their fat |
269 | 00:30:37,200 | 00:30:39,360 | before their journey south. | before their journey south. |
270 | 00:30:41,720 | 00:30:46,920 | Now that the chicks have hatched, they can all find safety on the water. | Now that the chicks have hatched, they can all find safety on the water. |
271 | 00:30:48,160 | 00:30:49,560 | (HONKING AND CHEEPING) | (HONKING AND CHEEPING) |
272 | 00:30:55,160 | 00:30:56,280 | (SQUEALS) | (SQUEALS) |
273 | 00:30:56,400 | 00:31:01,080 | In these brief sunlit months, there's time for the cubs to play. | In these brief sunlit months, there's time for the cubs to play. |
274 | 00:31:04,040 | 00:31:07,360 | But there is no playtime for Mum. | But there is no playtime for Mum. |
275 | 00:31:21,080 | 00:31:23,280 | But the Arctic is warming, | But the Arctic is warming, |
276 | 00:31:23,400 | 00:31:24,680 | and the timing of the seasons | and the timing of the seasons |
277 | 00:31:24,800 | 00:31:26,720 | and the migration of the geese | and the migration of the geese |
278 | 00:31:26,840 | 00:31:29,400 | is becoming unpredictable. | is becoming unpredictable. |
279 | 00:31:37,200 | 00:31:40,400 | Although the sun stays above the horizon continuously | Although the sun stays above the horizon continuously |
280 | 00:31:40,520 | 00:31:42,200 | throughout the Arctic summer, | throughout the Arctic summer, |
281 | 00:31:42,320 | 00:31:45,680 | its rays are comparatively feeble. | its rays are comparatively feeble. |
282 | 00:31:49,520 | 00:31:52,920 | Closer to the equator, in our planet's deserts, | Closer to the equator, in our planet's deserts, |
283 | 00:31:53,040 | 00:31:54,960 | cloud cover is rare. | cloud cover is rare. |
284 | 00:32:08,240 | 00:32:11,120 | The sun here is not a friend, | The sun here is not a friend, |
285 | 00:32:11,240 | 00:32:13,320 | but an enemy. | but an enemy. |
286 | 00:32:19,760 | 00:32:22,880 | (WIND GUSTS) | (WIND GUSTS) |
287 | 00:32:23,000 | 00:32:24,600 | Africa. | Africa. |
288 | 00:32:25,840 | 00:32:28,600 | The Sahara. | The Sahara. |
289 | 00:32:31,800 | 00:32:34,400 | Few creatures can live here. | Few creatures can live here. |
290 | 00:32:38,480 | 00:32:40,080 | Get caught out in the open | Get caught out in the open |
291 | 00:32:40,200 | 00:32:42,080 | at the wrong time of day | at the wrong time of day |
292 | 00:32:42,200 | 00:32:44,360 | and it's game over. | and it's game over. |
293 | 00:32:44,480 | 00:32:46,760 | (WIND GUSTS) | (WIND GUSTS) |
294 | 00:32:50,360 | 00:32:51,680 | By ten in the morning, | By ten in the morning, |
295 | 00:32:51,800 | 00:32:54,280 | the temperature on the surface of the sand | the temperature on the surface of the sand |
296 | 00:32:54,400 | 00:32:56,640 | is pushing 60 degrees Celsius. | is pushing 60 degrees Celsius. |
297 | 00:32:58,040 | 00:33:02,000 | Even the toughest will soon have to take cover. | Even the toughest will soon have to take cover. |
298 | 00:33:06,160 | 00:33:12,320 | But one creature is waiting underground for the sun to get even hotter. | But one creature is waiting underground for the sun to get even hotter. |
299 | 00:33:18,560 | 00:33:20,680 | Temperatures are now so high | Temperatures are now so high |
300 | 00:33:20,800 | 00:33:24,360 | that everything else has to shelter. | that everything else has to shelter. |
301 | 00:33:30,080 | 00:33:35,440 | The desert now belongs to the Earth's greatest solar specialist... | The desert now belongs to the Earth's greatest solar specialist... |
302 | 00:33:36,680 | 00:33:39,760 | ...the Saharan silver ant. | ...the Saharan silver ant. |
303 | 00:33:42,240 | 00:33:43,240 | At midday, | At midday, |
304 | 00:33:43,360 | 00:33:45,560 | when the sun is at its fiercest, | when the sun is at its fiercest, |
305 | 00:33:45,680 | 00:33:46,920 | they emerge | they emerge |
306 | 00:33:47,040 | 00:33:49,440 | to look for creatures killed by the scorching heat. | to look for creatures killed by the scorching heat. |
307 | 00:33:52,160 | 00:33:55,920 | They're one of the fastest insects on Earth, and they need to be, | They're one of the fastest insects on Earth, and they need to be, |
308 | 00:33:56,040 | 00:33:59,520 | with just five minutes to find food before the heat kills them. | with just five minutes to find food before the heat kills them. |
309 | 00:34:03,320 | 00:34:06,680 | Getting lost would mean certain death, | Getting lost would mean certain death, |
310 | 00:34:06,800 | 00:34:09,280 | so every few seconds they spin round, | so every few seconds they spin round, |
311 | 00:34:09,400 | 00:34:11,680 | taking a bearing from the sun. | taking a bearing from the sun. |
312 | 00:34:20,680 | 00:34:22,080 | When others are frying, | When others are frying, |
313 | 00:34:22,200 | 00:34:25,120 | these ants have solar tech | these ants have solar tech |
314 | 00:34:25,240 | 00:34:28,200 | to stop them from overheating... | to stop them from overheating... |
315 | 00:34:32,120 | 00:34:35,680 | ...special glassy hairs and shining bodies | ...special glassy hairs and shining bodies |
316 | 00:34:35,800 | 00:34:38,760 | that reflect the sun's lethal rays. | that reflect the sun's lethal rays. |
317 | 00:34:41,080 | 00:34:43,400 | It buys them precious time. | It buys them precious time. |
318 | 00:34:51,200 | 00:34:53,920 | To get their prize back as quickly as possible | To get their prize back as quickly as possible |
319 | 00:34:54,040 | 00:34:57,680 | to their underground den demands teamwork. | to their underground den demands teamwork. |
320 | 00:35:04,920 | 00:35:08,800 | But shelter is a long way away. | But shelter is a long way away. |
321 | 00:35:10,680 | 00:35:13,400 | Any technique will do. | Any technique will do. |
322 | 00:35:13,520 | 00:35:16,160 | The push-and-slide. | The push-and-slide. |
323 | 00:35:19,280 | 00:35:21,000 | The spin. | The spin. |
324 | 00:35:24,160 | 00:35:26,680 | Even dune-surfing. | Even dune-surfing. |
325 | 00:35:37,400 | 00:35:40,720 | The nest is still 70 metres away. | The nest is still 70 metres away. |
326 | 00:35:51,480 | 00:35:54,600 | Some are already collapsing in the heat. | Some are already collapsing in the heat. |
327 | 00:35:57,000 | 00:35:59,840 | Reinforcements are needed urgently. | Reinforcements are needed urgently. |
328 | 00:36:01,560 | 00:36:06,400 | Now the heat whips up violent gusts of hot desert air. | Now the heat whips up violent gusts of hot desert air. |
329 | 00:36:10,080 | 00:36:12,280 | For an ant, these are hurricanes. | For an ant, these are hurricanes. |
330 | 00:36:18,280 | 00:36:20,200 | (WIND HOWLS) | (WIND HOWLS) |
331 | 00:36:33,480 | 00:36:36,280 | They must get their prize underground as soon as possible, | They must get their prize underground as soon as possible, |
332 | 00:36:36,400 | 00:36:40,960 | and blown sand has blocked the entrance to their den. | and blown sand has blocked the entrance to their den. |
333 | 00:36:41,080 | 00:36:44,680 | Any longer out here and they will be toast. | Any longer out here and they will be toast. |
334 | 00:36:50,640 | 00:36:53,360 | One final effort. | One final effort. |
335 | 00:37:07,320 | 00:37:10,080 | The last of the team race home. | The last of the team race home. |
336 | 00:37:13,520 | 00:37:17,080 | Shade at last. | Shade at last. |
337 | 00:37:25,040 | 00:37:29,680 | Much of the land on our planet could become as scorched and lifeless as this | Much of the land on our planet could become as scorched and lifeless as this |
338 | 00:37:29,800 | 00:37:34,920 | if we allow our activities to continue to change the atmosphere. | if we allow our activities to continue to change the atmosphere. |
339 | 00:37:39,320 | 00:37:44,200 | The Sahara alone has expanded by an area twice the size of France | The Sahara alone has expanded by an area twice the size of France |
340 | 00:37:44,320 | 00:37:47,120 | in just the last hundred years... | in just the last hundred years... |
341 | 00:37:47,240 | 00:37:50,080 | (WIND GUSTS) | (WIND GUSTS) |
342 | 00:37:50,200 | 00:37:55,480 | ...part of a global desert invasion that threatens a third of all land. | ...part of a global desert invasion that threatens a third of all land. |
343 | 00:38:00,960 | 00:38:03,800 | The sun can certainly be a lethal threat, | The sun can certainly be a lethal threat, |
344 | 00:38:03,920 | 00:38:05,720 | but it could also be our saviour. | but it could also be our saviour. |
345 | 00:38:07,240 | 00:38:10,360 | The solar energy that strikes our planet in just an hour | The solar energy that strikes our planet in just an hour |
346 | 00:38:10,480 | 00:38:14,960 | contains more power than that used by all of humanity | contains more power than that used by all of humanity |
347 | 00:38:15,080 | 00:38:17,400 | in an entire year. | in an entire year. |
348 | 00:38:26,840 | 00:38:31,880 | By October, as the Earth completes its annual journey around the sun, | By October, as the Earth completes its annual journey around the sun, |
349 | 00:38:32,000 | 00:38:36,720 | day lengths in the northern hemisphere are shortening once again. | day lengths in the northern hemisphere are shortening once again. |
350 | 00:38:38,920 | 00:38:40,680 | (BIRDSONG) | (BIRDSONG) |
351 | 00:38:40,800 | 00:38:44,360 | The sun's power is diminishing. | The sun's power is diminishing. |
352 | 00:38:44,480 | 00:38:49,600 | Trees are beginning to shut down their solar panels. | Trees are beginning to shut down their solar panels. |
353 | 00:38:49,720 | 00:38:54,240 | The green chlorophyll with which they collected the sun's energy | The green chlorophyll with which they collected the sun's energy |
354 | 00:38:54,360 | 00:38:57,800 | is broken down chemically and reabsorbed. | is broken down chemically and reabsorbed. |
355 | 00:39:06,200 | 00:39:10,480 | And the forests turn from emerald to gold. | And the forests turn from emerald to gold. |
356 | 00:39:12,760 | 00:39:14,760 | It's autumn. | It's autumn. |
357 | 00:39:18,200 | 00:39:23,000 | Once again, the living world away from the tropics is transformed. | Once again, the living world away from the tropics is transformed. |
358 | 00:39:26,480 | 00:39:28,760 | Plants stop growing, | Plants stop growing, |
359 | 00:39:28,880 | 00:39:33,400 | and many animals begin to prepare for tough times ahead. | and many animals begin to prepare for tough times ahead. |
360 | 00:39:42,480 | 00:39:45,520 | The forests of central China... | The forests of central China... |
361 | 00:39:47,120 | 00:39:50,640 | ...home to the golden snub-nosed monkey. | ...home to the golden snub-nosed monkey. |
362 | 00:39:55,120 | 00:39:57,920 | They will not survive the fast-approaching winter | They will not survive the fast-approaching winter |
363 | 00:39:58,040 | 00:40:02,000 | unless they stock up on calorie-rich food. | unless they stock up on calorie-rich food. |
364 | 00:40:04,760 | 00:40:09,720 | Top of their autumn menu - pine cones. | Top of their autumn menu - pine cones. |
365 | 00:40:11,000 | 00:40:13,120 | They grew during the summer sunlight | They grew during the summer sunlight |
366 | 00:40:13,240 | 00:40:15,040 | and are rich in fats. | and are rich in fats. |
367 | 00:40:20,080 | 00:40:21,840 | Few are now left, | Few are now left, |
368 | 00:40:21,960 | 00:40:24,640 | and time to gather them is running out. | and time to gather them is running out. |
369 | 00:40:31,560 | 00:40:34,480 | Dominant males patrol the troop, | Dominant males patrol the troop, |
370 | 00:40:34,600 | 00:40:37,120 | making sure they get the pick of the crop. | making sure they get the pick of the crop. |
371 | 00:40:37,240 | 00:40:39,880 | (SCREECHING) | (SCREECHING) |
372 | 00:40:40,000 | 00:40:42,600 | As the number of pine cones dwindles, | As the number of pine cones dwindles, |
373 | 00:40:42,720 | 00:40:45,440 | tensions between rival families increase. | tensions between rival families increase. |
374 | 00:40:45,560 | 00:40:47,840 | (SCREECHING) | (SCREECHING) |
375 | 00:40:54,080 | 00:40:59,640 | Mere threats between two males may not be enough to settle disputes. | Mere threats between two males may not be enough to settle disputes. |
376 | 00:41:03,720 | 00:41:06,400 | (SCREECHES) | (SCREECHES) |
377 | 00:41:06,520 | 00:41:09,160 | Conflict is in the air. | Conflict is in the air. |
378 | 00:41:11,120 | 00:41:13,320 | There's going to be a fight. | There's going to be a fight. |
379 | 00:41:42,600 | 00:41:45,040 | (SCREECHES) | (SCREECHES) |
380 | 00:41:45,160 | 00:41:47,000 | Vital food is at stake, | Vital food is at stake, |
381 | 00:41:47,120 | 00:41:49,920 | so every pine cone is worth fighting for. | so every pine cone is worth fighting for. |
382 | 00:42:14,000 | 00:42:15,000 | (SCREECHES) | (SCREECHES) |
383 | 00:42:16,320 | 00:42:20,960 | The victor and his family enjoy the spoils of war. | The victor and his family enjoy the spoils of war. |
384 | 00:42:25,120 | 00:42:28,400 | The losers get no more than a few dead leaves | The losers get no more than a few dead leaves |
385 | 00:42:28,520 | 00:42:32,680 | and will have fewer energy reserves for the coming winter. | and will have fewer energy reserves for the coming winter. |
386 | 00:42:36,880 | 00:42:39,400 | The sun's power dims. | The sun's power dims. |
387 | 00:42:41,120 | 00:42:43,240 | Temperatures drop. | Temperatures drop. |
388 | 00:42:47,680 | 00:42:50,680 | Everything slows down. | Everything slows down. |
389 | 00:42:53,440 | 00:42:57,520 | Ahead lies months of crippling cold. | Ahead lies months of crippling cold. |
390 | 00:42:57,640 | 00:42:59,160 | (WHINES) | (WHINES) |
391 | 00:43:16,440 | 00:43:20,280 | Most of the life on Earth away from the tropics | Most of the life on Earth away from the tropics |
392 | 00:43:20,400 | 00:43:24,240 | has managed to adapt to the changing seasons, | has managed to adapt to the changing seasons, |
393 | 00:43:24,360 | 00:43:26,320 | but there are some creatures | but there are some creatures |
394 | 00:43:26,440 | 00:43:30,800 | that have found a way to avoid the cold of winter altogether. | that have found a way to avoid the cold of winter altogether. |
395 | 00:43:32,120 | 00:43:34,880 | Snares Island, New Zealand, | Snares Island, New Zealand, |
396 | 00:43:35,000 | 00:43:37,360 | deep in the southern hemisphere. | deep in the southern hemisphere. |
397 | 00:43:37,480 | 00:43:38,960 | (CAWING) | (CAWING) |
398 | 00:43:39,080 | 00:43:43,760 | Here, sooty shearwaters have been nesting throughout the long summer | Here, sooty shearwaters have been nesting throughout the long summer |
399 | 00:43:43,880 | 00:43:46,200 | and gorging themselves on fish. | and gorging themselves on fish. |
400 | 00:43:48,160 | 00:43:51,880 | As a result, they've piled on quite a few pounds. | As a result, they've piled on quite a few pounds. |
401 | 00:43:54,880 | 00:43:56,120 | But the sun is now fading, | But the sun is now fading, |
402 | 00:43:56,240 | 00:43:58,960 | and the southern winter is approaching. | and the southern winter is approaching. |
403 | 00:44:00,480 | 00:44:02,960 | No time to hang around. | No time to hang around. |
404 | 00:44:03,080 | 00:44:04,960 | (CAWING) | (CAWING) |
405 | 00:44:11,440 | 00:44:13,360 | When you're a touch tubby, | When you're a touch tubby, |
406 | 00:44:13,480 | 00:44:14,960 | launching into the air... | launching into the air... |
407 | 00:44:16,680 | 00:44:18,000 | ...is a leap of faith. | ...is a leap of faith. |
408 | 00:44:20,920 | 00:44:24,600 | They won't see land again for four weeks. | They won't see land again for four weeks. |
409 | 00:44:30,120 | 00:44:32,200 | Setting off across the Pacific, | Setting off across the Pacific, |
410 | 00:44:32,320 | 00:44:37,200 | they're starting on one of the longest journeys made by any living thing. | they're starting on one of the longest journeys made by any living thing. |
411 | 00:44:39,800 | 00:44:42,320 | Their aim - to avoid the consequences | Their aim - to avoid the consequences |
412 | 00:44:42,440 | 00:44:44,320 | of the Earth's tilt | of the Earth's tilt |
413 | 00:44:44,440 | 00:44:48,840 | and follow the sun's warmth as it dwindles in the south | and follow the sun's warmth as it dwindles in the south |
414 | 00:44:48,960 | 00:44:51,160 | and increases in the north. | and increases in the north. |
415 | 00:45:03,080 | 00:45:06,840 | For those who survive the 10,000-mile marathon, | For those who survive the 10,000-mile marathon, |
416 | 00:45:06,960 | 00:45:09,560 | there will be a great prize. | there will be a great prize. |
417 | 00:45:14,280 | 00:45:17,920 | The reward for travelling from one end of the planet to the other | The reward for travelling from one end of the planet to the other |
418 | 00:45:18,040 | 00:45:21,200 | is long summer days the year round. | is long summer days the year round. |
419 | 00:45:24,720 | 00:45:26,600 | This is their destination... | This is their destination... |
420 | 00:45:28,800 | 00:45:31,040 | ...Alaska's Aleutian Islands. | ...Alaska's Aleutian Islands. |
421 | 00:45:35,040 | 00:45:38,240 | While the south of our planet is slipping into autumn... | While the south of our planet is slipping into autumn... |
422 | 00:45:39,840 | 00:45:42,840 | ...here, summer is just beginning. | ...here, summer is just beginning. |
423 | 00:45:52,840 | 00:45:54,680 | Below the waves, | Below the waves, |
424 | 00:45:54,800 | 00:45:58,000 | vast clouds of plankton are blooming... | vast clouds of plankton are blooming... |
425 | 00:45:59,680 | 00:46:01,920 | ...triggered by the sunlight. | ...triggered by the sunlight. |
426 | 00:46:02,040 | 00:46:04,600 | These tiny marine organisms | These tiny marine organisms |
427 | 00:46:04,720 | 00:46:07,600 | are food for crustaceans - krill. | are food for crustaceans - krill. |
428 | 00:46:10,880 | 00:46:13,120 | This is the sun-filled bounty | This is the sun-filled bounty |
429 | 00:46:13,240 | 00:46:16,200 | for which the shearwaters have crossed the planet. | for which the shearwaters have crossed the planet. |
430 | 00:46:23,240 | 00:46:24,600 | By cheating the tilt, | By cheating the tilt, |
431 | 00:46:24,720 | 00:46:28,520 | they're able to enjoy the riches of summer the year round. | they're able to enjoy the riches of summer the year round. |
432 | 00:46:35,440 | 00:46:40,640 | But shearwaters are not the only ones to visit the warming seas. | But shearwaters are not the only ones to visit the warming seas. |
433 | 00:46:42,360 | 00:46:45,680 | (WHALE SONG) | (WHALE SONG) |
434 | 00:46:47,200 | 00:46:49,400 | Humpback whales. | Humpback whales. |
435 | 00:46:51,520 | 00:46:53,480 | They've been breeding in the tropics... | They've been breeding in the tropics... |
436 | 00:46:54,720 | 00:46:57,400 | ...and haven't fed for six months. | ...and haven't fed for six months. |
437 | 00:47:08,040 | 00:47:10,080 | Up to 6,000 whales | Up to 6,000 whales |
438 | 00:47:10,200 | 00:47:13,000 | are now heading for these islands - | are now heading for these islands - |
439 | 00:47:13,120 | 00:47:16,240 | the only place where they can find food | the only place where they can find food |
440 | 00:47:16,360 | 00:47:18,720 | in the quantities they need. | in the quantities they need. |
441 | 00:47:23,480 | 00:47:27,880 | The shearwaters begin to dive into a huge shoal of krill. | The shearwaters begin to dive into a huge shoal of krill. |
442 | 00:47:33,880 | 00:47:36,320 | The humpbacks attack from below. | The humpbacks attack from below. |
443 | 00:47:43,240 | 00:47:48,160 | Each year, a million shearwaters join the whales | Each year, a million shearwaters join the whales |
444 | 00:47:48,280 | 00:47:50,880 | in these dramatic feeding frenzies. | in these dramatic feeding frenzies. |
445 | 00:48:04,320 | 00:48:08,360 | It's one of the greatest gatherings of life on Earth. | It's one of the greatest gatherings of life on Earth. |
446 | 00:48:09,720 | 00:48:12,640 | And it only happens because some whales | And it only happens because some whales |
447 | 00:48:12,760 | 00:48:14,480 | and some birds | and some birds |
448 | 00:48:14,600 | 00:48:18,640 | have found a way to live in a summer that never ends. | have found a way to live in a summer that never ends. |
449 | 00:48:38,520 | 00:48:43,560 | DAVID: Rolf Steinmann has Wanted to be a wildlife cameraman since he was a child, | DAVID: Rolf Steinmann has Wanted to be a wildlife cameraman since he was a child, |
450 | 00:48:43,680 | 00:48:47,240 | even if he has to remind himself from time to time. | even if he has to remind himself from time to time. |
451 | 00:48:47,360 | 00:48:50,160 | I'm a lucky cameraman. | I'm a lucky cameraman. |
452 | 00:48:50,280 | 00:48:51,840 | I'm a lucky cameraman. | I'm a lucky cameraman. |
453 | 00:48:51,960 | 00:48:54,080 | I'm a lucky cameraman... | I'm a lucky cameraman... |
454 | 00:48:54,200 | 00:48:58,520 | To those who've worked with Rolf, his love of the wild is legendary. | To those who've worked with Rolf, his love of the wild is legendary. |
455 | 00:48:58,640 | 00:48:59,800 | You know, if he's not on location, | You know, if he's not on location, |
456 | 00:48:59,920 | 00:49:02,680 | he's at home watching every other wildlife documentary that's ever been made. | he's at home watching every other wildlife documentary that's ever been made. |
457 | 00:49:02,800 | 00:49:06,560 | I think Rolf is motivated by the beauty in the world. | I think Rolf is motivated by the beauty in the world. |
458 | 00:49:06,680 | 00:49:09,000 | I think he really has this pure heart. | I think he really has this pure heart. |
459 | 00:49:09,120 | 00:49:11,960 | Rolf alone with nature is Rolf at his best. | Rolf alone with nature is Rolf at his best. |
460 | 00:49:12,080 | 00:49:14,400 | Rolf is a man obsessed. | Rolf is a man obsessed. |
461 | 00:49:14,520 | 00:49:19,920 | The opportunity to be the first to film arctic wolves in the polar night | The opportunity to be the first to film arctic wolves in the polar night |
462 | 00:49:20,040 | 00:49:22,840 | is Rolf's dream of a lifetime. | is Rolf's dream of a lifetime. |
463 | 00:49:22,960 | 00:49:25,080 | ROLF: We have a lot of luggage. | ROLF: We have a lot of luggage. |
464 | 00:49:25,200 | 00:49:27,320 | This is a major expedition. | This is a major expedition. |
465 | 00:49:27,440 | 00:49:29,960 | And there's one piece of luggage | And there's one piece of luggage |
466 | 00:49:30,080 | 00:49:32,840 | that is very, very special to me. And it's... | that is very, very special to me. And it's... |
467 | 00:49:32,960 | 00:49:34,640 | It's actually this book | It's actually this book |
468 | 00:49:34,760 | 00:49:36,280 | by jim Brandenburg. | by jim Brandenburg. |
469 | 00:49:36,400 | 00:49:37,880 | It's 30 years old. It's from the '80s. | It's 30 years old. It's from the '80s. |
470 | 00:49:38,000 | 00:49:40,320 | And when I saw this book the first time, | And when I saw this book the first time, |
471 | 00:49:40,440 | 00:49:42,080 | it really triggered a dream | it really triggered a dream |
472 | 00:49:42,200 | 00:49:44,560 | to become a wildlife cameraman. | to become a wildlife cameraman. |
473 | 00:49:44,680 | 00:49:46,560 | And this was the shot. | And this was the shot. |
474 | 00:49:46,680 | 00:49:48,120 | It's unmatched to this day. | It's unmatched to this day. |
475 | 00:49:48,240 | 00:49:51,480 | And when I saw it, I just wanted to experience it myself. | And when I saw it, I just wanted to experience it myself. |
476 | 00:49:51,600 | 00:49:53,360 | To go to Ellesmere now | To go to Ellesmere now |
477 | 00:49:53,480 | 00:49:55,600 | and to film wolves is... | and to film wolves is... |
478 | 00:49:55,720 | 00:49:57,920 | ...is my biggest dream coming true. | ...is my biggest dream coming true. |
479 | 00:49:58,960 | 00:50:02,720 | If I'm honest, I'm not just excited about this shoot, | If I'm honest, I'm not just excited about this shoot, |
480 | 00:50:02,840 | 00:50:05,160 | I'm also a little bit anxious. | I'm also a little bit anxious. |
481 | 00:50:05,280 | 00:50:08,160 | I haven't worked in minus-50 degrees, | I haven't worked in minus-50 degrees, |
482 | 00:50:08,280 | 00:50:10,960 | and actually trying to find wolves | and actually trying to find wolves |
483 | 00:50:11,080 | 00:50:13,240 | in darkness in the polar night is something | in darkness in the polar night is something |
484 | 00:50:13,360 | 00:50:16,800 | that has not even been tried by anyone. | that has not even been tried by anyone. |
485 | 00:50:23,520 | 00:50:29,040 | Ellesmere Island lies just 500 miles from the North Pole. | Ellesmere Island lies just 500 miles from the North Pole. |
486 | 00:50:29,160 | 00:50:33,760 | In the winter, the sun doesn't rise for four months. | In the winter, the sun doesn't rise for four months. |
487 | 00:50:34,840 | 00:50:38,440 | The temperature regularly drops to minus-50 degrees... | The temperature regularly drops to minus-50 degrees... |
488 | 00:50:39,800 | 00:50:43,320 | ...making it one of the coldest places on Earth. | ...making it one of the coldest places on Earth. |
489 | 00:50:45,200 | 00:50:49,920 | ROLF: It's such an unreal place. It's like a...like a frozen dream. | ROLF: It's such an unreal place. It's like a...like a frozen dream. |
490 | 00:50:52,120 | 00:50:54,680 | There's so much space. | There's so much space. |
491 | 00:50:54,800 | 00:50:57,160 | It's really like a different planet. | It's really like a different planet. |
492 | 00:51:00,280 | 00:51:03,200 | The wolves here can range for thousands of miles | The wolves here can range for thousands of miles |
493 | 00:51:03,320 | 00:51:05,720 | across the frozen landscape. | across the frozen landscape. |
494 | 00:51:07,120 | 00:51:10,120 | ROLF: If you look at that landscape, | ROLF: If you look at that landscape, |
495 | 00:51:10,240 | 00:51:12,040 | how vast it is, | how vast it is, |
496 | 00:51:12,160 | 00:51:15,680 | you can imagine how hard it is to find the wolves, | you can imagine how hard it is to find the wolves, |
497 | 00:51:15,800 | 00:51:18,720 | a white animal in a white landscape. | a white animal in a white landscape. |
498 | 00:51:21,480 | 00:51:24,280 | One wolf has a radio collar, | One wolf has a radio collar, |
499 | 00:51:24,400 | 00:51:29,520 | but this kind of telemetry only gives a rough direction to explore. | but this kind of telemetry only gives a rough direction to explore. |
500 | 00:51:30,800 | 00:51:32,120 | The fjord is just to the south, | The fjord is just to the south, |
501 | 00:51:32,240 | 00:51:35,600 | so I think the best plan is cut across on the ice and see if we can find a way up. | so I think the best plan is cut across on the ice and see if we can find a way up. |
502 | 00:51:36,640 | 00:51:40,440 | The team race towards the wolf's last broadcast position | The team race towards the wolf's last broadcast position |
503 | 00:51:40,560 | 00:51:41,520 | and get lucky. | and get lucky. |
504 | 00:51:41,640 | 00:51:44,800 | They find the whole pack, | They find the whole pack, |
505 | 00:51:44,920 | 00:51:47,760 | and something never seen before. | and something never seen before. |
506 | 00:51:49,080 | 00:51:50,680 | This is so incredible. | This is so incredible. |
507 | 00:51:50,800 | 00:51:52,000 | (LAUGHS) | (LAUGHS) |
508 | 00:51:52,120 | 00:51:54,840 | A herd of hundreds of arctic hares | A herd of hundreds of arctic hares |
509 | 00:51:54,960 | 00:51:57,840 | are under attack from Rolf's white wolves. | are under attack from Rolf's white wolves. |
510 | 00:52:00,200 | 00:52:01,600 | (LAUGHS) Wow. | (LAUGHS) Wow. |
511 | 00:52:03,080 | 00:52:04,920 | We found our... | We found our... |
512 | 00:52:05,040 | 00:52:07,760 | ...our pack of seven wolves, | ...our pack of seven wolves, |
513 | 00:52:07,880 | 00:52:10,800 | in their full beauty, which is amazing. | in their full beauty, which is amazing. |
514 | 00:52:12,400 | 00:52:16,640 | Filming the new behaviour ramps up the pressure on Rolf. | Filming the new behaviour ramps up the pressure on Rolf. |
515 | 00:52:16,760 | 00:52:20,520 | Oh, God, the situation is just right in the wrong spot. | Oh, God, the situation is just right in the wrong spot. |
516 | 00:52:22,640 | 00:52:25,640 | Rolf is well known for his self-criticism. | Rolf is well known for his self-criticism. |
517 | 00:52:26,960 | 00:52:28,320 | SOPHIE: He '5 a perfectionist. | SOPHIE: He '5 a perfectionist. |
518 | 00:52:28,440 | 00:52:30,720 | You know, he wants that image to be | You know, he wants that image to be |
519 | 00:52:30,840 | 00:52:31,960 | absolutely perfect. | absolutely perfect. |
520 | 00:52:33,360 | 00:52:36,960 | You're amazing, but I'm stupid, unfortunately. | You're amazing, but I'm stupid, unfortunately. |
521 | 00:52:40,440 | 00:52:43,720 | DAVID: A day later, the wolves disappear | DAVID: A day later, the wolves disappear |
522 | 00:52:43,840 | 00:52:46,480 | out of range of the telemetry. | out of range of the telemetry. |
523 | 00:52:46,600 | 00:52:48,080 | It said they were here, | It said they were here, |
524 | 00:52:48,200 | 00:52:52,800 | but now they aren't here and we don't get any signal from the telemetry, | but now they aren't here and we don't get any signal from the telemetry, |
525 | 00:52:52,920 | 00:52:58,240 | so now I think we realise how hard it will be to find the wolves | so now I think we realise how hard it will be to find the wolves |
526 | 00:52:58,360 | 00:53:00,280 | if we don't just run into them. | if we don't just run into them. |
527 | 00:53:01,720 | 00:53:04,240 | With no wolves to film, Rolf is determined | With no wolves to film, Rolf is determined |
528 | 00:53:04,360 | 00:53:07,600 | to capture the beauty of the landscape with a drone. | to capture the beauty of the landscape with a drone. |
529 | 00:53:18,080 | 00:53:20,280 | We just can't get the thing in the air. | We just can't get the thing in the air. |
530 | 00:53:20,400 | 00:53:24,280 | Um, the motors, they've physically frozen solid. | Um, the motors, they've physically frozen solid. |
531 | 00:53:24,400 | 00:53:27,520 | And the drone's not the only thing that's freezing. | And the drone's not the only thing that's freezing. |
532 | 00:53:27,640 | 00:53:31,480 | Look what I just found under my mask. | Look what I just found under my mask. |
533 | 00:53:31,600 | 00:53:32,720 | (LAUGHS) | (LAUGHS) |
534 | 00:53:50,680 | 00:53:55,120 | A plan to warm up the drone with a hairdryer and a duffel bag | A plan to warm up the drone with a hairdryer and a duffel bag |
535 | 00:53:55,240 | 00:53:59,400 | could mean that the world record for the coldest flight is still on. | could mean that the world record for the coldest flight is still on. |
536 | 00:54:01,880 | 00:54:03,120 | Success! | Success! |
537 | 00:54:10,400 | 00:54:13,400 | But the cold soon takes its toll on jesse, | But the cold soon takes its toll on jesse, |
538 | 00:54:13,520 | 00:54:14,960 | the drone operator. | the drone operator. |
539 | 00:54:15,080 | 00:54:18,360 | Argh! I'm sorry, I can't feel my hands. | Argh! I'm sorry, I can't feel my hands. |
540 | 00:54:18,480 | 00:54:22,120 | ROLF: I think we have to drift to the right a little bit more. | ROLF: I think we have to drift to the right a little bit more. |
541 | 00:54:22,240 | 00:54:24,240 | When you're on a shoot with Rolf, | When you're on a shoot with Rolf, |
542 | 00:54:24,360 | 00:54:26,560 | he'll just keep going and going | he'll just keep going and going |
543 | 00:54:26,680 | 00:54:28,400 | and 901719- | and 901719- |
544 | 00:54:28,520 | 00:54:31,520 | We can fly towards the big mountain. I can get the... | We can fly towards the big mountain. I can get the... |
545 | 00:54:31,640 | 00:54:33,480 | - Argh! - ...the big mountain, you know... | - Argh! - ...the big mountain, you know... |
546 | 00:54:33,600 | 00:54:35,840 | - Yeah. - ...like more centred. | - Yeah. - ...like more centred. |
547 | 00:54:35,960 | 00:54:38,280 | JESSE Argh! My hands! | JESSE Argh! My hands! |
548 | 00:54:38,400 | 00:54:42,000 | Come on, it's coming, it's coming. You just fly straight, Jesse. | Come on, it's coming, it's coming. You just fly straight, Jesse. |
549 | 00:54:42,120 | 00:54:44,960 | But I'm losing my sensation in my hands, Rolf. Let's... | But I'm losing my sensation in my hands, Rolf. Let's... |
550 | 00:54:45,080 | 00:54:46,720 | - KIERAN: Roll on it... -jESSE: Let's record. | - KIERAN: Roll on it... -jESSE: Let's record. |
551 | 00:54:46,840 | 00:54:48,640 | Come on, do it. | Come on, do it. |
552 | 00:54:51,040 | 00:54:54,400 | KIERAN: This feels like a totally different planet. It's really crazy. | KIERAN: This feels like a totally different planet. It's really crazy. |
553 | 00:54:54,520 | 00:54:57,560 | ROLF: OK, and I think now we could do a forward view. | ROLF: OK, and I think now we could do a forward view. |
554 | 00:54:57,680 | 00:54:58,600 | KIERAN: Yeah. | KIERAN: Yeah. |
555 | 00:54:58,720 | 00:55:02,520 | ROLF: Perfect, jesse. You can go a bit slower. If you can, go a bit slower. | ROLF: Perfect, jesse. You can go a bit slower. If you can, go a bit slower. |
556 | 00:55:02,640 | 00:55:04,320 | JESSE: My fingers are hurting. | JESSE: My fingers are hurting. |
557 | 00:55:06,200 | 00:55:07,280 | Argh! | Argh! |
558 | 00:55:07,400 | 00:55:08,960 | KIERAN: That looks really cool. | KIERAN: That looks really cool. |
559 | 00:55:09,080 | 00:55:11,600 | It's incredible. | It's incredible. |
560 | 00:55:15,760 | 00:55:18,400 | With no sighting of the wolves in weeks, | With no sighting of the wolves in weeks, |
561 | 00:55:18,520 | 00:55:21,920 | the team decide to follow their prey instead. | the team decide to follow their prey instead. |
562 | 00:55:23,280 | 00:55:24,440 | Muskoxen. | Muskoxen. |
563 | 00:55:25,680 | 00:55:26,920 | And the tactic pays off. | And the tactic pays off. |
564 | 00:55:28,640 | 00:55:30,920 | The herd is being shadowed by the wolves. | The herd is being shadowed by the wolves. |
565 | 00:55:31,040 | 00:55:33,680 | (ROARS) | (ROARS) |
566 | 00:55:37,120 | 00:55:39,320 | They are very close to a herd of muskoxen there | They are very close to a herd of muskoxen there |
567 | 00:55:39,440 | 00:55:41,080 | and something might happen. | and something might happen. |
568 | 00:55:45,960 | 00:55:49,400 | Rolf is in the perfect spot to capture the first arctic wolf hunt | Rolf is in the perfect spot to capture the first arctic wolf hunt |
569 | 00:55:49,520 | 00:55:53,000 | ever filmed in the polar night. | ever filmed in the polar night. |
570 | 00:56:00,720 | 00:56:04,640 | God, there was some good stuff, I think, if I got it in focus. | God, there was some good stuff, I think, if I got it in focus. |
571 | 00:56:06,440 | 00:56:11,160 | With the shots in the can, there is a magical experience for Rolf... | With the shots in the can, there is a magical experience for Rolf... |
572 | 00:56:12,320 | 00:56:15,240 | ...one he's dreamed of since he was a child. | ...one he's dreamed of since he was a child. |
573 | 00:56:22,400 | 00:56:24,400 | It doesn't get better than this. | It doesn't get better than this. |
574 | 00:56:29,520 | 00:56:32,240 | Oh, my God. This is an absolutely... | Oh, my God. This is an absolutely... |
575 | 00:56:32,360 | 00:56:34,440 | ...dream of a lifetime. | ...dream of a lifetime. |
576 | 00:56:38,600 | 00:56:42,560 | Honestly, you are the most beautiful living being I've ever seen. | Honestly, you are the most beautiful living being I've ever seen. |
577 | 00:56:44,000 | 00:56:45,360 | Incredible. | Incredible. |